I
PROPERTY
of '
IDT. s. AIR SERVICE,
TJ. S. ARMY,
Issued by t 'Urn
Library Division,
Air Service
This material is accountable
and non-expendable properly,
Will be turned in to the
Aif Service Supply Officer of this po:'_
for receipt.
HISTORY OF
UNITED STATES AKLTY
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
Berkeley, California*
Prepared under Memorandum Ho* 348, dated November 13, 1918,
from the Office of the director of Military Aeronautics,
Training Section, Ground Schools Branch*
By
First Lieutenant Gilbert M* Thomas*
Under the supervision of the following committee:
Major Charles B* Crane, Air Service, Aeronautics Commandant*
Dr* Baldwin M* "Woods, president Academic Board*
First lieutenant Gilbert HI*. Thomas, Air Service, Aeronautics*
Second Lieutenant Howard 1. McLean, Air Service, Aeronautics*
Period of operation of School
From Monday, May El, 1917, to Saturday, February 1, 1919*
Date of Completion of this History, March 1, 1919©
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UNITED STATES ARMY
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY
CIRCULAR OF INFORMATION
For the exclusive use of officers and stu dents of the
School of Military Aeronautics
DECEMBER, 1917
(First Revision)
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UNITED STATES ARMY
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY
CIRCULAR OF INFORMATION
For the exclusive use of officers and students of the
School of Military Aeronautics
DECEMBER, 1917
(First Revision)
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
BERKELEY
1917
CONTENTS
PAGE
Administrative Officers . 5
Standing Committees - 5
Organization Chart 6
Directory of Officers, Instructors, and Assistants — . 7,
General Statement 10
History 10
Administration 10
Organization 11
Status of Students 11
Admission Requirements 12
Graduation Requirements 12
Organization of Instruction 14
Curriculum 14
Syllabus of the Course of Stu^ly 14
Departmental Announcements 16
Equipment 22
Buildings and Facilities 22
Literature Available 22
General Regulations 24
Sources of Information 24
Officers in Charge „ 24
Discipline 24
Schedule of Calls 25
Rules for the Issuing of Equipment 25
Visitors 25
Photographs 26
Censorship 26
Uniforms 26
General Information 27
Location, Climate, and Transportation Facilities 27
Churches and Y. M. C. A 28
Housing of Students 29
University Library 29
Medical and Dental Treatment. 30
Maps 31
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS
Commandant
Geo. B. Hunter,
Major, Signal Corps, U. S. Army.
Adjutant
Francis N. Iglehart,
Captain, Signal Corps, U. S. Army.
Supply Officer
Milton N. Williams.
1st Lieut., Sig. R. C., A. S.
Post Surgeon
Bruno F. Sandow,
1st Lieut., Med. R. C.
Post Dental Surgeon
G. F. Stoodley, '
1st Lieut., Dental R. C.
President of the University
Dr. Benj. Ide Wheehor.
President of the Academic Board
Dr. Baldwin M. Woods.
STANDING COMMITTEES
Board of Examiners
Major George B. Hunter
Capt. F. N. Iglehart
Lieut. L. T. .Jones
Lieut. R. B. McPherson
Lieut. R. J. Heffner
Prof. B. F. Raber
Mr. E. N. D’Oyly
Budget Committee
Mil H. L. McLean, Chairman
Mr. J. A. Polhemus, Jr.
Equipment and Buildings Com-
mittee
Lieut. L. T. Jones, Chairman
Prof. B. F. Raber
Publications Committee
Mr. H. A. White, Chairman
Lieut. R. B. McPherson
Mr. A. G. Smith
Schedule and Curriculum Com-
mittee
Mr. J. A. Polhemus, Jr., Chairman
Mr. D. J. Con ant
[5]
ORGANI ZATION
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U s. 5CHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
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DIRECTORY OF OFFICERS, INSTRUCTORS AND ASSISTANTS
Annis, Ruth L., Clerk, Office of the
Pres, of the Academic Board
201a Cal. Bkly 7100 Loc. 160
1147 Shattuck Ave. Bkly 626
Bachman, Francis PI., Intructor,
Dept, of Engines
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
5207 Desmond St., Oakland
Pied. 6600J
Baldwin, John L., Pvt. 1st Class, Asst,
to Q. M. Sergeant
2214 Dana St. (Barracks) Bkly 1531
Ball, James F., Instructor, Dept, of
Airplanes
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
2545 Dwight Way Bkly 4999W
Barnhill, William J., Instructor,
Dept, of Engines
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
2527 LeConte Ave. Bkly 3498
Bell, Fred, Q. M. Sergt., Retired ;
Clerk to Supply Officer
106 Cal. Hall Bkly 7100
Local 50 (2 bells)
Boelsterli, Charles, Military Store-
keeper
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Local 159
2018 Channing Way
Burns, John, Instructor, Dept, of Gun-
nery
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Local 159
2600 Etna St. Bkly 78
Campbell, Marston, Jr., Instructor,
Dept, of Mil. Studies
106 Cal: Hall
Bkly 7100 Loc. 50 (2 bells)
2647 Durant Ave. Bkly 102
Clark, L. B., Instructor, Dept, of Aerial
Observation
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Local 159
2318 Hilgard St. Bkly 3343W
Conant, David J., Head of Dept, of
Engines
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
1730 La Loma Ave. Bkly 8716
Conlin, Francis J., Instructor, Dept,
of Radio and Signaling
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Local 159
1708 San Pablo Ave., Oakland
Lakeside 4815
Coon, Ralph H., Instructor, Dept, of
Gunnery
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
2123 Kittredge St. Bkly 8765
Cooper, Herbert, Watchman
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Local 159
2520 Virginia St. Bkly 2608
Cozens, F. W., Instructor, Dept, of
Mil. Studies
22 Harmon Gym. Bkly 7100 Loc. 16
2523 Virginia St. Bkly 353 1J
Crow, Harold I., Instructor, Dept, of
Engines
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
2632 Etna St. Bkly 6474
D’Oyly, Edward N., Head of Dept, of
Aerial Observation, Member Board
of Examiners
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
1531b Arch St. Bkly 1524
Erickson, Carl J., Instructor, Dept, of
' Airplanes
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Local 159
2605 Durant Ave. Bkly 552
Evans, Errol S., Instructor, Dept, of
Engines
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Local 159
2333 Channing Way Bkly 8321
Fielder, Harold E., Instructor, Dept,
of Radio and Signalling
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
2617 Durant Ave. Bkly 373
Fonseca, Arthur W., Instructor, Dept,
of Radio and Signalling
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
2610 Valdez Ave., Oakland.
Oakd 4453
Fosdick, Beatrice, Clerk, Office of the
President of the Academic Board
201a Cal. Hall Bkly 7100 Loc. 160
2216 Dwight Way Bkly 3745
Frazier, Delmar J., Pvt. 1st Class, As-
sistant in Dept, of Airplanes
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Local 159
2607 Woolsey St. ’ Bkly 3751W
Freeberg, Harry' E., Sergt. Medical
Corps, Clerk to Post Surgeon
106 Cal. Hall Bkly 7100
Local 50 (2 bells)
2214 Dana St. (Barracks) Bkly 1531
Halley, James L., Pvt. 1st Class, Asst,
to Dental Surgeon
2214 Dana St. (Barracks) Bkly 1531
m
8
Heffner, Roy J., 1st Lt. Sig. R. C.,
A. S., Head of Dept, of Military Stu-
dies, Member Board of Examiners
106 Cal. Hall Bkly 7100
Local 50 (2' bells)
1508 Arch St., Bkly 3695J
HoiiSiNGEB, Paul H„ Clerk
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
2332 College Ave. Bkly 1134
Horn, Henry W„ 1st Lieut., Med. R.
C., Member of the Examining Board
Heed Building. Post and Grant Ave.,
San Francisco Frkln 5889
Hunter. Gfo. B., Major. Signal Corps,
U. S. Army, Commandant
108 Cal. Hall Bldy 7i00 Loc. 61
1536 Le Roy Ave. Bkly 2764W
Iglehart, Francis N., Captain, Signal
Corps, U. S. Army, Adjutant
108 Cal. Bkly 7100 Loc. 61
23 Panoramic Way Bkly 1061W
Faculty Club Bkly 710o" Loc. 28
or Bkly 2855
Irvine, J., Instructor, Dept, of Engines
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Local 159
Oakland Y. M. C. A. Lakeside 1700
Jeffers, Hamilton M., Instructor,
Dept, of Aids to Flight
11 Observatory
Faculty Club Bkly 7100 Loc. 28
or Bkly 2855
Johnson, R. L., Instructor, Dept, of
Gunnery
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Local 159
1901 Milvia St.
Jones, Lloyd T„ 1st Lieut., Sig. R. C„
A. S., Head of Dept, of Gunnery,
Member Board of Examiners
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
2541 Dwight Way Bkly 6628W
Keinath, Joseph, Private, Bugler
2214 Dana St. (Barracks) Bkly 1531
Kunsman, C. H., Instructor, Dept, of
Gunnery
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
2634 Bancroft Way Bkly 6744
Lamont, Hugh W., Clerk, Office of the
Commandant
106a Cal. Hall
Bkly 7100 Loc. 50 (2 bells)
2310a Prince St.
Landers, George F., Sergeant, Signal
Corps, Barracks Clerk
2214 Dana St. Bkly 1531
Majors, Olin C., Watchman
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
2345 College Ave. Bkly 62
McDonald. George R., Instructor,
Dept, of Gunnery
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
2433 Oregon St. Bkly 6628W
MoEaoi-iern, Neil W., Instructor, Dept,
of Radio and Signalling-
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Local 159
2305 Bancroft Way Bkly 7461
McLean. Howard L., Head of Dept,
of Airplanes, Instructor, Dept, of
Aids to Flight
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
2605 Durant Ave. Bkly 552
McPherson, Robert B., 1st Lieut., Sig.
R. C., A. S., Head of Dept, of
Radio and Signalling, Member
Board of Examiners
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
Faculty Club Bkly 7100 Loc. 28
or Bkly 2855
Mitchell, G. G„ Instructor in Drill,
Dept, of Military Studies
106 Cal. Hall Bkly 7100
Local 50 (2 bells)
1643 Euclid Ave. Bkly 9306
O'Sullivan, Curtis D., Captain, In-
fantry, U. S'. R., Lecturer in Mil.
Studies
Armory Bkly 7100 Loc. 135
2717 Hearst Ave. Bkly 5770
Perkins, Erwin F., Corporal, Signal
Corps, Instructor in Dept, of Radio
and Signalling
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc, 159
2617 Durant Ave. Bkly 373
Pillsbury, Edwin S., 1st Lieut,, Sig.
R. C., A. S., Instructor, Dept, of
Mil. Studies, Instructor Dept, of
Aids to Flight
106 Cal. Hall Bkly 7100
Local 50 (2 bells)
1547 Spruce St. Bkly 2332
Polhemus, Josiaii A., Jr,, Asst, to the
President of the Academic Board
201a Cal. Hall Bkly 7100 Loc. 160
126 Kempton Ave., Oakland
Oakd 9518
Price, Thompson, Instructor, Dept, of
Engines
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Local 159
1730 La Loma Ave. Bkly 8716
Ramsey, J. A., Instructor, Dept, of Mili-
tary Studies
106 Cal. Hall Bkly 7100
Local 50 (2' bells)
2126 Kittredge St. Bkly 8765
9
Raber, Collier, Tool-room Keeper
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
Hotel Crail Bkly 6684
Raber, Prof. Benedict F., Advisor to
the School of Military Aeronautics,
Member Board of Examiners
28 Mechanics Bkly 7100 Loc. 77
2027 Delaware St. Bkly 3712
Reed, Harold B., 1st Lieut., Sig. R.
C. A. S., In Charge Practical In-
struction, Dept, of Mil. Studies, In-
structor, Dept, of Aerial Observation
106 Cal. Hall Bkly 7100 Loc. 50
(2 bells)
2625 Ilearst Av. Bkly 7614
Sandow, Bruno F., 1st Lieut., Med. R.
C., Post Surgeon, Lecturer, Dept,
of Mil. Studies
106 Cal. Bkly 7100 Loc. 50 (2 bells;
297 Lee S't., Oakland Oakd 877
Smith, Allyn G., Instructor, Dept, of
Mil. Studies
411 Library
1508 Arch St. Bkly 3695.7
Sprott, Albert B., Watchman
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
2345 College Ave. Bkly 62
Stejsn, Edwyn F., Instructor in Drill,
Dept, of Mil. Studies
106 Cal. Hall
Bkly 7100 Loc. 50 (2 bells)
1726 Euclid Ave. Bkly 6706
Stoodley, G. F., 1st Lieut., Dental R.
C., Post Dental Surgeon
106 Cal. Hall
Bkly 7100 Loc. 50 (2 bells)
2502 Bancroft Way Bkly 2198
Bkly 1848
Sulik, Leo W., Instructor, Dept, of
Engines
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
2125 26th Ave., Oakland
Thomas, C. C. H., Instructor, Dept, of
Gunnery
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
5964 Claremont Ave., Oakland
Pied 4266J
Thomas, Edith, Clerk, Office of the
Commandant
106 Cal. Hall
Bkly 7100 Loc. 50 (2 bells)
Alamo Hotel, Oakland Lksd 1416
Thomas, Gilbert M., Head of Dept,
of Aids to Flight
201a Cal. Hall Bkly 7100 Loc. 160
Marguerite Apts. Bkly 9039W
Thomas, H. C., Instructor, Dept, of
Gunnery
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
2539 Durant Ave. Bkly 8808
Waite, R. A., Instructor, Dept, of
Aerial Observation
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
2527 LeConte Ave. Bkly 3498
Walker, Herman H., M. S. E., S. C.,
Retired, Chief Clerk, Office of the
Commandant
108 Cal. Hall Bkly 7100 Loc. 61
2131 Blake St.
White, Harold A., Instructor, Dept,
of Engines
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
2605 Durant Ave. Bkly 552
White, Leonard M., Instructor in
Drill, Dept, of Mil. Studies
106 Cal. Hall
Bkly 7100 Loc. 50 (2 bells)
1726 Euclid Av. Bkly 6706
Whittlesey, Harold C., Helper in
Laboratory, Dept, of Airplanes
Aero Lab. Bkly 7100 Loc. 159
1550 La Loma Ave. Bkly 7512
Williams, Milton N., 1st Lieut., Sig.
R. C., A. S., Supply Officer, Dis-
bursing Officer
106 Cal. Hall
Bkly 7100 Loc. 50 (2 bells)
2532 Regent St. Bkly 7528W
Wittschen, Emma, Clerk, Office of the
Commandant
108 Cal. Hall Bkly 7100 Loc. 61
3121 West St., Oakland Pied 3148W
Woods, Dr. Baldwin M., President of
the Academic Board
201a Cal. Hall Bkly 7100 Loc. 160
3038 Hillegass Ave. Bkly 1677J
10
GENERAL STATEMENT
HISTORY
In response to a request from the War Department in the month of
May, 1917, the University of California, together with Cornell University,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Texas, University
of Illinois, and Ohio State University, sent three representatives of its
faculty to Toronto, Canada, for the purpose of making a first-hand study
of the British system of ‘ ‘ ground schools ’ ’ for the preliminary technical
training of flying officers. The representatives from this University
were Dr. B. M. Woods, Dr. L. T. Jones, and Prof. B. P. Raber.
As a result of this investigation and conference the War Department
shortly thereafter established in the United States six Schools of Mili-
tary Aeronautics, one at each of the above-mentioned universities. Since
the original installation of these schools two others have been added, at
the Georgia Institute of Technology and at Princeton University,
respectively, making eight in all.
The plan adopted by the War Department is somewhat of an am'pli-
fication of the British plan of training, in that it requires eight weeks
of preliminary technical training at a School of Military Aeronautics,
whereas the British system requires only seven. Upon completion of the
preliminary “ground school’’ work, about six weeks are required in a
Flying School, where the student is “in the air” for a total of thirty
hours. Upon the completion of this work, in turn, four or more weeks
are spent in a Finishing School, where the student is made familiar not
only with the process of flying, but also with the attendant military
duties of officers in flying service, such as observation, reconnaissance,
etc., by means of actual practice in the work.
ADMINISTRATION
The United States Army School of Military Aeronautics at the Uni-
versity of California, Berkeley, is operated directly under the control of
the Chief Signal Officer of the Army, at Washington. The local adminis-
tration of the school is handled by the Commandant, Major Geo. B.
Hunter, Signal Corps, U. S. Army, assigned to that duty by the Chief
Signal Officer.
11
Instruction, facilities, and certain equipment are furnished by the Uni-
versity, under contract to the U. S. Government, for which the latter
pays a weekly tuition for each student enrolled in the school. The Uni-
versity ’s representative in the school, who serves as President of the
Academic Board, is Dr. B. M. Woods. The President of the Academic
Board is thus responsible both to the Commandant and to Dr. Benj. Ide
Wheeler, President of the University, and its Regents.
ORGANIZATION
For purposes of administration, instruction, and discipline, candidates
at the School of Military Aeronautics 'are organized as a Regiment of
two Wings, the Junior Wing and the Senior Wing, respectively. The
Junior Wing is divided into three Squadrons; the Senior Wing into five.
Each Squadron may again be divided into Sections, for instruction pur-
poses; for all other purposes it is divided into Flights. The Squadron is
under the leadership of a Squadron Commander; the Flight under a
Flight Commander; the Section under a Squadron or a Flight Commander.
Squadrons are designated alphabetically, beginning the first week as
Squadron “A,” and graduating at the end of the eighth week as
Squadron “II.”
(Refer to Organization Chart on page 6 of this Circular.)
STATUS OF STUDENTS
Prior to admission to the United States Army School of Military
Aeronautics students will be enlisted as first-class privates in the Avia-
tion Section, Signal Enlisted Reserve Corps, and rated as Flying Cadets
and as candidates for commissions in a United States Training Camp, at
a salary of $100 per month with an allowance of 60 cents per day for
rations. Quarters are furnished.
Upon graduating from the School of Military Aeronautics and upon
passing the Reserve Military Aviator tests given during training at
the Flying Schools, candidates will be commissioned as Second Lieu-
tenants, Aviation Section, Signal Corps, National Army. Training is
then continued and upon passing the Junior Military Aviator tests
given at a later date, an advance in rank of one grade will be made,
according to law, making candidates First Lieutenants, Aviation Section,
Signal Corps, National Army.
The base pay of a Second Lieutenant is $1,700 per year, with quarters
or commutation of same. A Reserve Military Aviator receives 25 per
cent increase on base pay when on continuous flying duty.
The base pay of a First Lieutenant is $2,000 per year, with quarters
or commutation of same. A Junior Military Aviator receives 50 per
cent increase on base pay when on continuous flying duty.
12
All grades receive 10 per cent increase on base pay when on foreign
service.
ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS
Male citizens of the United States between the ages of 19 and 30
who have had sufficient education and experience (preferably high school
graduates with some college or business training) may apply for admis-
sion to the Signal Officers ’ Reserve Corps, Aviation Section, at room 711,
New Santa Fe Building, San Francisco.
Enlisted men now in any of the branches of the service may apply
to the above office for admission to the Signal Officers ’ Reserve Corps,
Aviation Section, when such application is properly made through their
commanding officer and bears his approval. Requests of this sort should
give company, regiment, brigade, division, and camp, in order that the
men may be found without delay. These men will be notified when and
where to appear for examination.
Men of draft age who have not yet been summoned by their local
boards may apply for admission to the Signal Officers’ Reserve Corps,
Aviation Section, at the above office, when such application is accom-
panied by a statement from the local board to the effect that the man
in question has not as yet been called.
Men of draft age who have received summons from their local board
may present application as above and may, if found desirable, be exam-
ined before departing for a cantonment. Immediately upon arrival at
the cantonment they should then communicate with the Aero Personnel
Division, Office of the Chief Signal Officer, Washington, giving their
company, regiment, brigade, division, and camp, and stating that they
have successfully passed the examinations, in order that proper steps
may be taken for their transfer to the Aviation Section of the Signal
Corps. Such information must, of course, be forwarded through their com-
manding officer, but a copy should be sent directly to the Office of the
Chief Signal Officer, as above, to avoid delay.
Further detailed information concerning admission requirements may
be obtained at the office of the Commandant, by application to the
Adjutant.
GRADUATION REQUIREMENTS
In order to graduate from the United States Army School of Military
Aeronautics the student must fulfill this these conditions:
(a) He must maintain a satisfactory scholarship average throughout
the course.
(b) He must satisfactorily pass all examinations given, either mid-
course or final.
13
(c) He must return all equipment loaned to him in good condition, or
pay any damages thereto.
(cZ) He must be photographed as prescribed under General Regulations.
(e) He must at all times conduct himself as becomes an officer and
a gentleman.
(f) ITe must show that he possesses the qualifications of a flying
officer.
(,9) He must meet any other requirements which may from time to
time be imposed.
14
INSTRUCTION
CUEEICULUM
Instruction in the U. S. Army School of Military Aeronautics is
divided into seven departments, viz.: Military Studies, Signaling and
Eadio, Gunnery, Aids to Flight, Airplanes, Engines, and Aerial
Observation.
One or more final examinations will be given in the work of each of
these departments, and all of the examinations must be passed before
graduating from the school. Failure in an examination may, at the dis-
cretion of the Commandant, acting upon recommendation of the Board
of Examiners, result in re-examination, set-back of one or two weeks, or
in relief from instruction.
Weekly tests are given in the various departments, the results of
which determine for each student suitable grades in conduct and ability
to be forwarded to Washington as representing the progress which he is
making. Grades secured in final examinations, weekly tests, and as a
result of conduct while in the school, are of vast importance to the stu-
dent, as they form part of a permanent record of his performance, to be
kept on file in the Office of the Chief Signal Officer, in Washington, for
future reference.
The work of the several departments is itemized in the Syllabus of
the Course of Study, which follows:
SYLLABUS OF THE COURSE OF STUDY
The principal subjects taken up in lecture or in laboratory work in
the various departments of the School of Military Aeronautics are item-
ized below:
1. Military Studies Department.
Infantry drill, including physical education and first aid.
Military courtesy, esprit de corps, discipline, and morale.
Organization and administration of the United States and of modern
European armies.
Methods of modern warfare.
Army regulations, paper work, and the use of forms.
Military law and the articles of war.
Military hygiene and sanitation.
15
2. Signaling and Radio Department.
Signaling with buzzer, lamp, and miniature ground shutter.
Elementary principles of radio and care of apparatus.
3. Gunnery Department.
Machine gun theory and operation.
Practice on 25-yard range.
Bombs and bombing.
Fighting in the air.
Trap shooting.
4. Aids to Flight Department.
Theory of flight.
Cross-country flying.
Map reading.
Meteorology.
Night flying.
Instruments and compasses.
5. Airplanes Department.
Types of machines.
Nomenclature of airplanes.
Rigging.
Care of machines.
Repair of machines.
6. Engines Department.
Principles of engines.
Laboratory work, sketching, assembling, etc.
Care of engines and tools.
Types of engines.
Trouble shooting.
7. Aerial Observation Department.
Co-operation of aircraft with artillery.
Practical work on miniature range.
Reconnaisance.
Co-operation of aircraft with infantry.
Photography.
INSTRUCTION
DEPARTMENTAL ANNOUNCEMENTS
1. MILITARY STUDIES DEPARTMENT
Faculty .
R. J. Heffner, 1st Lieut., Sig. R. C., A. S., Head of the Department.
C. D. O'Sullivan, Capt., Inf., U. S. R., Lecturer in Military Subjects.
B. P. Sandow, 1st Lieut., Med. R. C., Post Surgeon, Lecturer in Military
Hygiene, First-Aid, and Sanitation.
E. S. Pillsbury, 1st Lieut., Sig. R. C., A. S.
II. B. Reed, 1st Lieut., Sig. R. C., A. S.
Marston Campbell, Jr.
F. W. Cozens, A.B.
George G. Mitchell.
J. A. Ramsey.
A. G. Smith, B.S.
E. F. Steen.
L. M. White.
Instruction .
The work of the department is presented in both practical and theo-
retical form, as noted in brief, in the following paragraphs:
Practical: Instruction in infantry drill for the soldier, the squad, the
company, the battalion; ceremonies; guard duty; physical training; and
first-aid demonstrations.
Theoretical: Lectures, discussions, studies, and quizzes on military
courtesy, discipline, espjrit de corps and morale; organization and admin-
istration of the U. S. and modern European armies; methods of modern
warfare; army regulations, orders, paper work, forms, and correspondence;
military law, the articles of war; military hygiene, sanitation, and first-
aid.
Students in the School of Military Aeronautics are under the jurisdic-
tion of the Department of Military Studies at all times and at all places
during the entire course, and are required to observe and obey, as a part
of their military education and training, all orders, rules, and regula-
tions prescribed for their conduct. The system of discipline will follow
1 7
that of West Point insofar as possible. Students should never lose sight
of the fact that they are training for officers of the United States Army,
and as such must be equal to the duties and responsibilities which fall
upon them. The foundation for their success as officers must be composed
of the training, education, and experience acquired throughout the work
in military studies given during the eight weeks course.
2. SIGNALLING AND EADIO DEPAKTMENT
Faculty.
R. B. McPherson, 1st Lieut., Sig. R. C., A. S., Head of the Department.
Francis J. Conlin.
Harold E. Fielder.
Albert W. Fonseca.
Neil W. McEachern.
Erwin F. Perkins.
Instruction .
During the time spent in the Department of Signaling (the entire
eight weeks of the course) the student is trained to send and receive
messages in the International Morse Code at a standard rate of eight
words per minute. Practice is furnished by means of buzzer sets fitted
with telegraph keys, and supplied from power circuits or by batteries.
The work in Radio comprises a study of the different standard wire-
less sets in use in the Army at the present time, together with a simple
discussion of the theories involved in the construction and operation of
wireless telegraph outfits. The course is based upon “Radio Telegra-
phy, ’ ’ a text book issued by the Signal Corps.
3. GUNNERY DEPARTMENT
Faculty .
L. T. Jones, 1st Lieut., Sig. R. C., A. S., Head of the Department.
John Burns, B.S.
Ralph H. Coon, M.A.
R. L. Johnson.
C. H. Kunsman, M. S.
G. R. McDonald, B.S.
C. C. H. Thomas.
H. C. Thomas, B.S.
18
Instruction .
The machine gun is the pilot’s primary defense and a perfect knowl-
edge of its mechanism is absolutely essential. The principal parts and
the function of each are discussed. Reasons for stoppage of the gun are
demonstrated, together with the remedy or immediate action in each case.
Methods of cleaning, oiling, and caring for the gun are taken up. The
service sights are explained. Target practice is given with the machine
guns on a 25-yard range.
The course of instruction in Gunnery includes bombs and bombing as
well as machine guns. Each student must know the type of bomb best
suited to the work at hand, and its peculiarities of construction and
operation. Safety devices must be investigated, and proper methods for
sighting and aiming discussed.
Quickness of judgment and movement is cultivated by quite an exten-
sive amount of trap shooting.
4. AIDS TO FLIGHT DEPARTMENT
Faculty.
G. M. Thomas, M.S., Head of the Department.
Hamilton M. Jeffers, A.B.
Howard L. McClean, B.S.
E. S. Pill. bury, 1st Lieut., Sig. R. C., A. S.
Work of the Department.
Consists for the most part of lectures on several subjects which aim
to help the student when he begins to do actual flying. Under the head
of Theory of Flight is given a brief outline of the history of flying, with
special emphasis on the development of airplanes in general. The funda-
mental principles of aerodynamics are also included and are taught in
the simplest manner possible by means of graphical explanations and
without the use of formulas.
Cross-country flying is discussed through the medium of lectures and
instructions for this particular type of flight, and for methods of action
on a forced landing, the making out of reports, etc.
The subject of map reading is well covered, conventional signs,
orientation, intersection, resection, etc., being a few of the points touched
upon. There is also discussion of maps used at the front. Map interpre-
tation is particularly emphasized and it is the plan to take the students
on field trips for this particular purpose.
Pressures, winds, weather predictions, “bumps,” and other irregulari-
ties of the air are touched upon under the head of Meteorology. A study
of weather maps is included along with the discussion of these points.
19
One lecture and a night observation in Astronomy are given in order
to familiarize the student with a few of the conspicuous Northern con-
stellations and planets. Landing grounds, flares, etc., are discussed as
an aid to night flying.
The barograph, barometer, anemometer, compass, tachometer, and other
instruments used in flying are described from the actual forms where
possible, special reference being made to the calculation of compass
courses.
5. AIRPLANES DEPARTMENT
Faculty .
Howard L. McLean, B.S., Head of the Department.
James F. Ball, B.S.
Carl J. Erickson.
Delmar J. Frazier.
Harold C. Whittlesey.
Instruction.
The Department of Airplanes presents its courses in both lecture and
laboratory form. During the progress of the lectures are encountered
such subjects as the following: a discussion of types of machines which
aims to give the student an idea of some of the service machines and
their characteristics and purposes; lectures on the properties of woods,
metals, and fabrics in airplane manufacture; and a discussion of the care
of machines, which aims to take up the necessity for their proper treat-
ment and for the care of a hangar.
Preliminary to the work in the laboratory is studied the subject of
nomenclature. By means of a pamphlet of aeronautical terms the student
is made familiar with the common “trade phrases” and learns to identify
each part of the machine in the laboratory by means of its proper name.
Acutal work in the laboratory includes rigging, assembling and dis-
assembling of machines, and practice in alignment. The care of cables,
wires, struts, spars and all parts of the machine ; lubrication ; inspections
and adjustments; repairs, splicing and patching; and the common tools in
use, with directions for the intelligent use of the latter are discussed.
20
6. ENGINES DEPARTMENT
Faculty.
David J. Conant, A.B., Head of the Department.
Francis H. Bachman.
William J. Barnhill, B.S.
Harold I. Crow, B.S.
Errol S. Evans, A.B.
James Irvine, A.B.
Thompson Price.
Collier Raber.
Leo W. Sulik
Harold A. White
Instruction.
The Engines Department instructs by lectures illustrated with engine
parts and boards, and trunnioned crankshafts, and by laboratory work
on partly assembled airplane motors. The lectures of each week are
designed to explain, both as to material and time, the theoretical basis
for the laboratory work of that week. For study at the barracks there
are provided also cardboard engine models, magneto plates, and rotating
cylinder illustrations. One hour of each weekly laboratory period is
used as a test hour, during which time test questions are asked covering
the instruction of that week, both in lectures and in laboratory.
The work of the department for Squadron C consists of elementary
lectures on the use of tools. During the week of Squadron D the funda-
mentals of gas engine mechanism and operation are explained, together
with lectures on valve mechanisms, timing of valves and tiring orders of
cylinders. In Squadron E the subjects of carburetion and types of car-
buretors, rotary engine principles and operation, the care and operation
of magnetos and one lecture on types of engines. The work of Squadron
F, the final week of work in this department, consists of a lecture on
engine troubles, engine operation and troubles to be illustrated by the
running of engines on the test stands, and a two hour examination at the
end of the week which covers the work of the course.
7. AERIAL OBSERVATION DEPARTMENT
Faculty.
E. N. D’Oyly, E.E., Head of the Department.
L. B. Clark.
H. B. Reed, 1st Lieut., Sig. R. C., A. S.
R. A. Waite, B.S.
21
Instruction.
The work of the Department of Aerial Observation includes both lec-
ture and laboratory periods. The subject of Artillery Observation is
covered by lecture and practiced by the use of the miniature range. In
this work are studied the subjects of target location and artillery direc-
tion, duty of pilots and observers, communication between airplane and
ground, artillery codes, call systems and reports, pre-arranged and
impromptu shoots, etc.
The miniature range, located in the Aeronautical Laboratories, repre-
sents a section of Belgium near the town of Ypres. The scale is such
that distances on the range as viewed from the platform above appear
to the eye the same as actual distances on the ground from an elevation
of 12,000 feet. Concealed lights are placed below the surface of the
range, controlled by electric switches, each light representing a bursting
shell. Practice in locating targets and correcting fire is given, also prac-
tice in communicating results by wireless.
Duties of flying machines in war service are discussed in a series of
lectures on the following topics: co-operation of aircraft with artillery,
co-operation of aircraft with infantry, reconnaissance, and aerial photo-
graphy.
22
EQUIPMENT
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
The United States Army School of Military Aeronautics has its own
building, a frame structure designed particularly for this service, located
in the hollow just south of the Mechanics Building (see map of the
Campus). It is known as the Aeronautical Laboratories. A large addi-
tion to the building was completed in November, 1917. In this building-
are located offices, classrooms, two miniature ranges for aerial obser-
vation, an engine laboratory, a rigging laboratory, signalling laboratory,
and a tool room.
Classes are held in the Aeronautical Laboratories, in Hilgard Hall,
Gilman Hall, Agriculture Hall, Bacon Hall, and other campus buildings,
the use of which has been secured through co-operation with the various
departments of the University by whom the respective buildings are used.
Drill and physical exercises are held on the large field just west of
California Hall, or in Harmon Gymnasium, according to prevailing-
weather conditions.
LITERATURE AVAILABLE
The School of Military Aeronautics is in possession of a number of
copies of excellent text books, pamphlets, notes, by various authors,
dealing with matters encountered in the courses studied. The student
may draw any of this literature from the Tool Room, by means of a tool
check, as previously explained. Students are urged to make all possible
use of these books, as much excellent information is contained therein.
Administration and Military Law.
Army Regulations (U. S. A.), 1917.
Aeroplane Speaks — Barber.
Aviator and The Weather Bureau.
Annual Report — National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.
Airplane Motor (Hallett).
Audells Automobile Guide.
Aerial Gunnery.
Carburetor Manual — Zenith.
Curtiss Hand Books.
Curtiss Specification Books.
Court Martial, Manual of the (U. S. A.), 1917.
Dykes Auto Encyclopedia.
Equipment of Aero Units (U. S. A.).
Extracts from the Army Eegulations.
Fighting in the Air — Eees.
Field Service Eegulations.
French Manual for Military Aviators (copy given each student).-
How to Make Good Pictures.
Hall Scott Care and Operation.
Infantry Drill Eegulations (U. S. A.), 1917.
Interior Guard Duty, Manual of.
Military Aeroplanes — Loening.
Map Eeacling.
Machine Gun Manual — Lewis.
Machine Gun Manual — Vickers.
Lewis Machine Gun Manual — Savage.
North Star Finder.
Notes on Eigging.
Officers Notes — Parker.
Plattsburg Manual.
Radiotelegraphy (U. S. Sig. Corps), 1916.
Silhouettes of Aeroplanes.
Signal Corps Training Manual — Aviation Section — Part I.
Signal Book — U. S. Army.
Small Arms Firing Manual.
New books are being added daily. Other books are available for loan
and reference purposes at the University Library. (See section on the
Library.)
24
GENERAL REGULATIONS
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Students will be governed at all times by such rules and regulations as
may emanate from any of the following sources:
1. The Circular of Information (this pamphlet).
2. Special Regulations (posted in the Barracks).
3. General Orders (when on guard duty — found in the Manual of
Interior Guard Duty).
4. Special Orders (published at retreat each day — afterwards posted,
except Sunday, in the Barracks).
5. Bulletin boards.
Bulletin boards are located at the Barracks, in the hallway of the
Aeronautical Laboratories, and in the office of the Commandant. Upon
these boards are posted all schedules of calls and of classes, all orders,
regulations, and notices for students, and all matters of general interest
in the school.
Students are warned that the rapidity with which changes occur,
especially in the matter of schedules, demands that each man make a
practice of consulting the bulletin board at least once a day, if not twice.
Remember that “ignorance of the law is no excuse.’’
Students in doubt as to the course of procedure to be followed in any
particular instance, or in search of further information on any subject,
will secure permission from their Squadron Commanders to apply to the
officer in charge at that time for proper instruction.
OFFICERS IN CHARGE
Lieutenants Pillsbury and Reed are detailed, on alternate weeks, as
Officer in Charge, and as such are responsible for the conduct and effi-
ciency of the Cadet Regiment. Permission must be secured from the
Squadron Commander to speak to the Officer in Charge, and from the
Officer in Charge to speak to the Commandant or the Adjutant.
DISCIPLINE
Students in the United States Army School of Military Aeronautics
should bear in mind that they are enlisted in the Army of the United
25
States and, as such, are working to obtain commissions as officers. For
this reason each man should attempt to conduct himself as a prospective
officer at all times and in all places.
Strict discipline will be maintained at all times throughout the course
of instruction. By discipline is meant not only the preservation of order
and the performance of duty but also the habit of instantaneous and
instinctive obedience. The officer who is not amenable to discipline him-
self can never hope to maintain it in men over whom he exercises his
command.
The qualities of absolute honesty and integrity, courage in all things
and true loyalty to the Army and to the United States, must all enter
strongly into the character of the ideal officer.
SCHEDULES OF CALLS
The schedules of calls may be found posted on the bulletin board in
the barracks. These schedules must be carefully watched for any changes
which may occur from time to time and any difference noted.
RULES FOR THE ISSUING OF EQUIPMENT
All equipment and materials loaned to the students of the School of
Military Aeronautics for their personal use during part or all of the
course, to be returned before leaving, must be secured from the Tool
Room in the Aeronautical Laboratories by the presentation of a tool
check in 2)ayment therefor. This includes books and literature listed as
available at the Tool Room.
Tool checks will be issued during the week of Squadron A, at the hour
specified in the schedule, to students who properly sign up for them.
All checks must be returned before leaving the school, at hours to be
specified.
It is hardly necessary to say that careful and conscientious handling
of all property while in use for study or other purposes will be demanded
of all students, in order that the equipment at present available may
continue to be of service to future students.
A charge will be made for all property lost or damaged. A student
will not be allowed to graduate from the school until a clearance receipt
has been issued to him by the Toolkeeper, certifying that all property
has been returned or payment made for loss or damage.
VISITORS
None other than officers and regularly enlisted students will be per-
mitted in the buildings or classrooms of the School of Military Aero-
26
nautics at any time without a written permit from the Adjutant. Such
permit may be secured at Room 106 California Hall, and must be pre-
sented to either Lieut. Jones or Lieut. McPherson at the Aeronautical
Laboratories before any visiting will be allowed.
PHOTOGRAPHS
Each student, before graduating, must be photographed in accordance
with instructions which will be issued at the proper time.
CENSORSHIP
Students will be governed by notices posted upon the bulletin boards
governing the giving out of information concerning the school.
UNIFORMS
Cadets will provide themselves with uniforms before entering upon
the week of Squadron C. They will provide themelves with O. D. shirts
before entering the week of Squadron B.
All cadets who have uniforms will wear them at all times when out
of the Barracks. The blouse will be worn at all inspections, ceremonies,
and at other times when prescribed; the O. D. shirt is satisfactory for
all exercises at which the blouse is not specified. The wearing of civilian
coats is prohibited. Leather or wrap puttees and service caps are not
to be worn by enlisted men of this command. After having once secured
a uniform, men will send all civilian clothes and all extra suitcases, etc.,
back home. Sweaters may be worn as an undergarment if desired, but
not as an outer garment. Blouses and shirts will be buttoned throughout
at all times, unless otherwise specified. No neckties will be worn. Paper,
pens, pencils, etc., will not be allowed to protrude from the pockets, and
no decorations will be worn except those permitted by army regulations.
Clothes will be kept neat and equipment in proper condition at all times.
At inspections and ceremonies shoes will be shined, clothes brushed, hair
trimmed, and face shaved.
Negligence in personal cleanliness will be considered as evidence of
inability to become an officer.
27
GENERAL INFORMATION
BERKELEY: ITS LOCATION, CLIMATE AND TRANSPORTATION
FACILITIES
Location
The United States Army School of Military Aeronautics is located
on the campus of the University of California, at Berkeley, a city of
about 60,000 inhabitants on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay,
almost directly opposite the Golden Gate. The total student registration
in the Berkeley departments of the University is about 6000.
Climate
The climate of Berkeley is comparatively uniform in temperature,
extremes of heat or cold being unknown. High fog generally prevails
during the mornings and evenings of the summer days, but rain during
this period is exceptional. The rainy season normally starts in October
or November, and continues until some time in March, with usually one
or two weeks of fine weather between rainy spells.
Transportation Facilities
Transportation to and from San Francisco is furnished by the cars
and ferries of two systems, the Southern Pacific and the Key Route.
The Sliattuck Avenue line and the Ellsworth line of the Southern Pacific
run directly to the campus, the latter very close to the Aviation Barracks.
Twenty-minute service is maintained throughout the day, with less fre-
quent service at night. Connection with ferries is made at the Oakland
Pier. The Berkeley (Shattuck Avenue) line and the Alcatraz Avenue
line of the Key Route also run very close to the campus, the latter ter-
minating at Telegraph and Bancroft, three blocks from the Aviation
Barracks. Twenty-minute service during the day is also furnished on
each of these lines, with less frequent service at night. Connection with
ferries is made at the Key Route Pier. Ten cent fare is charged on all
lines to San Francisco.
Transportation to and from Oakland and Alameda is furnished by the
street cars of the S. F.-O. T. Ry., four lines of which run to Berkeley.
These are the Grove Street line (No. 3), the Shattuck Avenue line
(No. 4), the Telegraph Avenue line (No. 5), and the College Avenue
28
line (No. 6). All ears on the Telegraph Avenue and College Avenue lines
run either directly past the Aviation Barracks or within one block of it.
The time required to make the run to the center of Oakland via the
Telegraph Avenue line, which is the quickest from the barracks, is a
little less than thirty minutes. Frequent service is maintained on all of
these lines, with a five-cent fare to both Oakland and Alameda. For the
latter destination transfer must be made in Oakland.
Connections may be made in Oakland from the Berkeley lines to the
Haywards line of the same company, running to Fruitvale, Elmhurst,
San Leandro, and Haywards. The fare is fifteen cents from Berkeley or
Oakland to Haywards.
Transportation to and from Richmond is furnished by the Oakland-
Berkeley-Riehmond (San Pablo Avenue) line of the S. F.-O. T. Ry., with
frequent service, and fifteen-cent fare from Oakland or Berkeley to Rich-
mond. Transfers may be obtained to this line by taking a north-bound
No. 5 car in front of the Aviation Barracks.
The Berkeley depot of the Santa Fe is at the corner of University
Avenue and West Street. Take No. 5 car north bound.
The Berkeley depot of the Southern Pacific (main line steam trains)
is at the corner of University Avenue and Third Street. Take No. 5 car
north bound.
The Berkeley depot of the Southern Pacific electric lines is at Center
Street and Shattuck Avenue.
CHURCHES AND Y. M. C. A.
The members of the churches and Y. M. C. A. ’s in Berkeley are greatly
interested in the men of the School of Military Aeronautics. They wish
to assure you that you will find friends and a hearty welcome in every
church and Y. M. C. A. in Berkeley.
The Berkeley Y. M. C. A., at 2001 Allston Way, gives full membership
privileges to men in uniform. Your uniform is your membership card.
The University of California Y. M. C. A. occupies the first floor of Stiles
Hall, at Dana and Allston. Tt is hoped that you will use the games, the
reading-room, the piano, and the correspondence tables. Writing material
is furnished freely, stamps can be bought at the office. Occasional social
evenings will be arranged and good music and good speakers will be
provided from time to time.
Regular Sunday services in the churches are at 11:00 a.m. and 7:30
p.m., with a few exceptions. The young people’s societies, such as
Christian Endeavor and Epworth League, meet at 6:30 p.m. In prac-
tically every church there is a class for university men which meets at
10:00 a.m., under special leadership. You would enjoy attendance at any
29
one of these classes. To all church activities you are hereby extended a
cordial invitation. A list of the adjacent churches follows:
First Baptist, Dana and Haste Sts.
Rev. David Alexander Pitt, Pastor.
First Christian, Dana St. and Bancroft
Way
Rev. J. H. McCartney, Pastor.
St. Mark’s Episcopal. Bancroft Way and
Ellsworth St.
Rev. E. L. Parsons, Pastor.
First Congregational, Dana St. and Dur-
ant Ave.
Rev. Raymond C. Brooks, Pastor.
Epworth Methodist, Telegraph and Dur-
ant Aves.
Rev. J. A. B. Fry, Pastor.
Trinity Methodist, Ellsworth St. and All-
ston Way
Rev. E. R. Dille. Pastor.
First Presbvsterian, Dana St. and Chan-
ning Way
Rev. L. A. McAfee, Pastor.
St. John’s Presbyterian, College Ave.
and Derby St.
Rev. G. C. Eldridge, Pastor.
Newman Hall Chapel (Catholic), Ridge
Road and La Loma Ave.
St. Joseph’s (Catholic), Addison St. and
McGee Ave.
HOUSING OF STUDENTS
Students in the United States Army School of Military Aeronautics
at the University of California are quartered in the Aviation Barracks,
known as Fluth Hall, located at 2214 Dana Street, Berkeley, just south
of the campus, and in new barracks completed in November at the
rear of Fluth Hall on Chapel Street. These barracks are unusually well
equipped, containing a large number of toilets, showers, dressers and like
conveniences.
Arrangements for the feeding of students have been made with a
restaurant in an adjacent building (Stiles Hall, the University Y. M. C. A.)
just north of the barracks on Dana street.
THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
The University Library, containing some 340,000 volumes, is open to
students in the School of Military Aeronautics, who have the same
privileges of drawing out books, manuscripts, and periodicals as do the
regular students in the University.
Hours during which the Library is open are between 8 a.m. and 9 p.m.
on week days and between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m. on Sundays. During the
vacation periods the hours range from 8 a.m. to 5 P.M., Monday to Friday
inclusive; Saturday from 8 a.m. to noon; closed on Sundays.
In the Reserve Room on the first floor, sections 236, 237, and 238, are
placed nearly all books on Military Aeronautics and allied subjects for
the convenience of the men in the school. This collection of books is
up-to-date and contains many which might be of interest to the students
in connection with the work taken up in the classroom.
30
MEDICAL AND DENTAL TREATMENT
Students attending the U. S. Army School of Military Aeronautics at
the University of California are allowed full privileges of the University
Infirmary, located on the southeast corner of the campus (see map
attached), which is acknowledged to be one of the best of its kind in the
United States. This entitles the student to consultation and treatment.
Full hospital care is given in ease of serious illness.
Medical service for the School of Military Aeronautics is supervised
by the Post Surgeon, Dr. B. F. Sandow, 1st Lieut., Med. R. C.
Dental service is supervised by Dr. G-. F. Stoodley, 1st Lieut., Dental
R. C.
Sick call is sounded daily, except Sunday, at 12:50 p.m.
Students are urged to take advantage of these privileges, and to avoid
neglect of any ailment, however trivial it may at first appear, as a
measure of precaution against illness, and against the spread of disease
throughout the student body.
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APPENDIX FI
Contains the following:
Curriculum and Schedule
first put into effect
May 21, 1917.
(8 pages)
■; fi to , .
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Appendix No. ^
Sehool of Military Aeronautics
Berkeley
Schedule First Put in Use May 21, 1917*
Dept. !• General Aeronautics. (A, £ & G)
Preliminary Lecture
Types of Machines
History of Flying
Theory of Flight
Aerial Fighting
Cross-country and General flying.
Care of Machines
Figging and Splicing
Instrument s
Meteorology
Astronomy
Photography
I)ept. II. Signalling. (0 & F)
Maps and Miniature Bang©
Artillery Observation
Aireless and Signalling
Dept. III. Military
75 Preliminary Drill & Physical Ed.
2 Articles of far
3 Army legulations
4 Troop formations
1
20 Drill
20 Caleethenics.
Dept. IV. native Power.
Engine#
Dept • V, Gunnery.
Machine 'Guns
Bombs
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Appendix No
Gtypes of Machines
Pre Ik. inary Lecture
History of Plying
Theory of Flight
Aerial Fighting
Woods*
B.
-Articles of War
Army Regulations
Troop Formations.
Krogstad.
0.
Wireless & Signalling.
McPher son.
D.
2. Cross Country A Cental Plying
2* Instruments
2. Meteorology
1. Astronomy.
1. Photography.
1. Examination.
E.
Machine Guns
Bomb.
— — Jones
F.
Maps & Articles of Observations.
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Appendix Ho*
Gr,
.
Rigging: and Splicing*
Care of Machines
Engines
4
"T 4x: mr'
V;,
'v .-t
V
•-.v
A / ... .....
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,! '' - •'•X,:- .
Appendix Ho.
1st Weefc.
:8:00 to 10:00 : 11:00
2:00 : 3:00
4:00 :
Mon
Dues
s
Drill :
: Prelinu
Drill : Lecture
:
Drill : Drill
:
Drill : Drill
Wed
:
:pri 11 :.3i .nailing .
:
Drill . : Drill _
Thnr
: Hist, of
Drill : Fl.vin^
: :
Drill : Drill :
Fri
: Hist, of
Drill : Flying. _ .
:
Drill : Drill
3at_j
•
•
*£i2L .
•
e
•
„ . . „
:
«
^ . _____ •
Calisthenics 6:30 - 7:00 A. M. 2d Glass
Mon
IxilL
: :
Drill
•
♦
•
Drill
Aragr .
*
Dues
Drill
Regulations ,
Drill
•
Drill
: :
Wed
Drill
Army :
Regulations .
Drill
:
Drill
: :
Thor
Drill
Army *
Regulations .
Drill
:
•
Drill
x'ri
Drill
A War
Drill
:
Drill
Sat
Drill
A War ;
Drill
•
•
•
•
Drill
. |
Calisthenics 6:30 to 7:00
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3d Week
appendix ITo.
: 8:00 to lOi.00
11:00 : 2:00
3:00 :
Mon : Brill
Machine Jans : Brill
Brill ;
•
•
Hues: Brill
*
Si,s3aallin< : Brill
Dri 11 :
Yad
Brill
___ i_ Brill
Brill :
Ihur
Brill
•
•
Machine Cons : Brill
Brill i
Fri
L Brill
•
•
Machine Suns : Brill
Brill :
Sat : Brill
Aerial :
Fighting
:
Calisthenics 6:30 to 7:00 A* M.
4 th Week
: 9i00 to 10:00 :
Mon
* *
V «
Machine Inns tCheory of flight : .71 re less _
Bombs :
i " <a
. ©
! EH
Mans : : Artillery
.theory of flight Instilments : Observation
.tireless :
Wed
Artillery (Maps;
Observation ....
: 1 i
ln.tr aments : Bombs t. Bombs _ :
?hur
- ife.chjjie Suns _
«
Observat ion : :;i re less
s
Pri_
Sat
__ _.7ir.gless.
_ _ Mans
:
.1, IwiYYin^ .... .
.. .. Biasing :
Tools.
Ifcas.
•
_ .
Calisthenics 6:30 to 7:00 1
ii.00
Bombs
Brill 8:00 to 9:00 A.M.
.■^gi.. .by
. 0Q& .
_: QS = a_ „j_ 0?iSI :J$0.l2kJL*J>jf> jl __ .
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-appendix Ho
5th. Week
*
♦ ♦
«
: 9:00
: 10:00
: 11:00
: 2:00 : 3:00
4:00 :
:Artillery ;
Engine
: : :
<•
M on _
_:JTools
_ iOb^e^tit ion __
:_Le_cture__ _
_ Mac. h:i. n e. _ g u g.
£ _*
t
:
: : :
s
jgues
♦
: S
a, g i n e
L:ab oratory :
♦ * •
I
Wed
iM a c h i n
e ;_g_u n s
: Mapw
; W i r e:l e s s :
Meteorology :
:Artillery
* ® *
«* <* 4
•
*
Thur
observation
:3plicing
: Wireless
. .1 Rigging : Rigging :
■t
2
: Artillery
* «
*» •* «
•
•
Fri
:Maps
: Wire less
: Observation: : j
•
•
;Artillery
*
•
«
Sat _
_ J 0 b_s e rvat_ion
^Meteorology _
j^Wirelejss. _
» «• «,
» 7*- wm , _im •* ^ti(i ^ ^ ^
A
Calisthenics 6:30 to 7:00 A. M.
Drill 8 to 9 A. ffi.
6th Week
; Care of
Mon i Machine __
Tues_ J rjs le sj3 ..
♦
Wed _:_Astronomy_
9
Kmr_:_5p.licin£ _
Fri
Wireles_s__ : Jylaps. _
*
. _ _Machine__ :Guns_ __
:Engine
Wireless ; Lecture
_Maps
: Lecture
Artill^r^ Observation
„Machine_
C«C« & G«
listing-.
GUU3
Wireless
Laboratory - ■ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
* * s : ; ;
S.aJL _*_^!i.rQ.l^s3, *_A£ti.llery_ oLaeryati on_ : * .
Calisthenics 6:30 to 7j00 a. M.
Drill 8:00 to 9S00 A. M.
sioeo ilJrQ
00
' : -
.0Ci§;. .
.1.
i .. : . . ; 1 0 : ■:
./lolij; a
a ,|i JJ V; .££ i ; d 0 O £ .... O...0 ...... .... „ -vOO
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Appendix Ho.
H. B. Squad is divided into two groups, #7* & #72
?i ",ebk
: 9:00
_ _10:00
Mon : Wireless
__ Magnptp __
: Artillery
Engine
Tues ; Observation
_ Lepture _
Engine
Wed : Wireless
_ Lepture __
*
Thur : R 0 t a r y
Engine
* i
gri : M a c h i n e Guns
Sat j
_ llj.00
■Troop
__ Maps
Troop
Formation
JkQO
3:00
4:00
- Figging Splicing j,
: : s
_rt_ireless_ : AT_tillpry j_ OB_servati_oa.
Artillery : :
__0b s^rvaJbi^n_PhojtO£raphy__ _
o__r __y_ —~_i Rotary Engine laboratory
• *
*• • ••
, _M_amc_h_ipn__e__ j&_u_njs__ :
Wire_le_ss_
Troop
Formation
7 g We ek
Mon _
_Tues_
jM _
JDhur_
gri
Sat _
_\/ireles£ : Magneto
Artillery * Engine
0 b sprv at ipn_ :„Lecture__
: Engine
^.Wireless ;_lpc_ture__
Maciiine
Troop
_F_oma_ti_on_
— Maps __ _
Troop
jPpraaAipn_
Troop
Formation
_i lreles_s j, ArjjiJLlpry j. .Obpepvatipa
Artillery :
_0bservat i ons photography _
3plicing_ _t
~ — s.
Machine __ q Guns i
Guns
*«.Wi.r2,lo ss __ j, Rot.ary_ Engine __ _Lah0.r3tp.ry
Rot.ayy__Englnp Laboratory^
Calisthenics
Drill
6:30 to 7:00 A. M
8:00 to 9:00 A. M,
-v: ..aqrroxs t- '. o3;ii bbM'flh si: fa>;pt
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Appendix No
8th Week
Mon
; _9j00
Engine
Lecture
IOjOO _
Types of
Machines
11J.Q0
— &.
E N
__ 2:Q0_ 3s00_ _
G I N E : LABOR
A.
_ _ 4:00_
J OKI
Tues
Engine
lecture
C • C • & G <
Flying _
Troop
Formation
Machine : Guns
Wed
EXAM
_Theory__ __o_f
AAJLA
n e
Lasborato
L X
Thur
..ireless
'Wireless
_A_,r__t_i_l_l__e_r_y_<
Oh s e r v, t
Care of
jgri Machine s_ __
; iXAM~ :
Sat_ jAst_tMe,tJLe_t cA j
EXAM
Engines
EXAM “
Machine : Guns
EXAM
. Ma.EsjL ^hdejr/a,t_i on 9-e tjC __
EXAM : “ :
Wireless : :
Calisthenics
6 s3Q to 7:00 A. M.
Drill
8*00 to 9:00 A, M
5
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, . :■ - : ■'
. , u .0 ,3 C ; -
xi.
V
/
\
APPENDIX F2
Contains the following.:
Curriculum of June 5, 1917.
If
Appendix So • F2
Senior wing
CURRICULUM FOR THE SCHOOLS OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
Revised June 5, 1917*
five weeks*
Examination
group
Subject No* of hours No. of hours Total No.
laboratory lectures of hours
1: Engines Stationary engines. ...20.... .6... ..£6
Rotary engines ..... 6. 8
Magneto «. 1..... 1
2: Theory of Theory of flight .....£..... 2
Flight Types of machines ...... 1
Care of machines ...*.2..... 2
Sailmaking and splicing . 3........... 3
Rigging and landing gear .9 9
Tools . 2..... 2
Nomenclature of airplanes .4 4
3: Cros-Coun- Meteorology ..... 3 3
try and gen- Astronomy 1 • • • ... 1
Instruments and compasses ...... 4 .... . 4
Flying ................ 3 .... . 3
Transportation by motor 2 . ,2
4; Aerial ob- Artillery observation 6 ..... 6
servation Miniature range 12 ...... 12
Map reading and reconnaissance ....8..... 8
Machine guns 18.... .2... ..20
Bombs and bombing .......... 2..... 2
6: Signaling Radio and wireless ....3 2,.... 5
and wire- Telegraphy and signaling ,15 15
less
Total ' 141
Each week 27 hours )
Each day except Saturday and Sundays. 5 n )
Saturdays 2 »* ) 133
Sundays 0 " }
10 hrs. of the 141 are to be given in 3rd week of Junior Wing as follows:
Cross-country and General flying - 3 hrs. lect.
Theory of flight 2 " "
Machine Cun 5 " "
By authority of the Chief Signal Officer
HIRAM BINGHAM
Aeronautical Engineer in charge
of the Schools of Military Aeronautics#
' >L. :V? :70'„ JSJd UOliLHLiO
iOi .1 .1 •-
pr
UC>.
8
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\
-'N
APPEKDIX F3
Contains the following:
Curriculum of June 11, 1917.
(1 page)
Appendix No. F3
Revised June 11, 1917
cm:icuLUM tor ma schools of military aekonaumcs.
Examination No* of hours No. of
Group Subject Laboratory or hours
Recitation Lectures
1* Engines Stationary engines ........... 20 ....... 6
Hotary engines ...................... 6 2
Magneto theory ....... 1
2. Theory of #History of flying 1
flight #Theory of flight ....... 2
Nomenclature of Aeroplanes . .......... 4 .......
Type s of machines 1
Cares of machines 2
Repair of machines
( 3&i Imaging and splicing) ........ 3
Rigging and landing gear 9 .......
Tools ....... 2
3. Cross-coun- #Flying ....... 3
try and gen- Meteorology 3
eral flying Astronomy 1
Photo graphy 2
Instruments and compasses ........... ....... 4
Transportation by Motor ....... 2
4. Aerial ob- Artillery observation ....... 5
servation Miniature range ..................... 12 .......
Map reading 4 .......
Recoanaisanee ....... 4
Contact Patrol • ....... 1
5. Gunnery fMachiae Guns (elementary) 15 .......
Fighting in Air ....... 1
Machine (Jims ( advanced j • 14
Bombs and Bombing 2 2
6. Signalling' telegraphy (elementary ) ........... 18
and wire- Radio * 2
less Telegraphy and signal ling 15
Total Sol
of hours
26 ..
8 ..
1 ..
1 ..
2 ..
4 ..
1 ..
2 ..
3 ..
9 ..
2 ..
3 ..
3 ..
1 ..
2 ..
4 ..
2 ..
5 ..
12 ..
4 ..
4
1 ..
15 ..
1 .,
14 ,.
2 ..
18 ..
5 ..
15 ..
7* Military fMilitary Policy of the U. 3. 1 .... 1 ..
Studies ^Military hygiene ....... 1 .... 1..
#Adminis trati on and military law ... . ....... 3 . ♦ . . 3 . .
#Aray regulati ons ....... 2.... 2*.
#0rganizati on of Modern Armie s ...... ....... 4.... 4 . «
Total 183
Subjects marked # are given in the Junior Wi ng 50
3eni or Ling 133
Total 183
HHE ARMY LIBRARY
Wf.SMKCTOS, M,
' .
. « « p ■
. I
V * *
x .t
* * h
■xi
* y ' • xX
’ ' • .*«>.' *r ^ i
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ae X:.v:y .?;
-. X’. X.X j. J XX Xi iv.;_
.. XX '■« . XX< . '.J. . i.. ..• ' . • X.-.,i •
;; ix.. 'XifX :
APPENDIX P4
Contains the following:
Curricula of November 1, 1917 -(2 pages)
Curricula of September 26, 1917 ~(2 page
Stencil No* 37 ~(5 pages)
: 'emorandum No. 2 02 -(3 pages)
Memorandum No* 230 -(2 pages)
Bulletin No* 75 -(3 pages)
Memorandum. No. 247 -(4 pages)
; ' ■ -'o
' ■ ■ ■ :
; vv . •
Appendix Ho
Supplement to Stencil Ho* 57
W AH PEP A li T K E H T
Office of the Chief Signal Officer
WASHIHOEGH
Air Division
Schools Section*
OUERICULUM FOR THE U.S. SCHOOLS oF MILITARY -jAR)H.Uf ICS
Revised September 2$, 1917.
Examinati on
Group
Subject
total
Hours
1st
2nd 3rd 4th
5th
8th
7th 8th
1. Military
Practical —
88
21
21
21
5
5
5
5
5
Studies
theoretical
20
8
8
4
-
-
-
-
-
110 hrs.
Examination — —
2
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
2. Signal line*
Practical Signalling — -
29
5
5
4
3
3
3
3
3
and Radio
40 hrs.
(at least -§• hr. daily)-
Field work:
5
5
Radio —
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
Examinations — — — — —
3
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
2
3* Gunnery
42 hrs.
Practical — *
(at least -§• hr. daily) -
Aerial tactics
Bombs and 'bombing
Examinations * — -<
4* Aids to theory of flight — 4
Flight Cross country flying — — 3
25 hrs. Map reading 8
Meteorolo^ 3
His^it flying 2
Instruments & compasses — 3
Examination — — 2
5* airplanes types of machines 2
25 hrs* nomenclature ■ — 2
Rigging 12
Care of machines 1
Repair of machines 8
Examination 2
6. Engines Principles of internal
42 hrs. combustion engines, carbu-
ret ion, i ignition 8
Laboratory work 28
Care of engines & tools 2
■types of engines — 1
"trouble shooting” — - 1
Examination — 2
1
4
1
2
1
4
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Supplement to Stencil Ho. 37 (Cont.)
Appendix Ho.
Aerial
Cooperation with artillery
4 - - - - -
- 4
Observation
Practical miniature range-
12 - - - - -
- o
24 hrs.
Reconnaissance —
2 - -
- 2
Cooperation with infantry-
1 - - - - -
Photography —
3 - - - -
- 1
Examination —
2 - - - - -
f 03? AL 308 39 39 37 39 39 39 38 38
ITote:- A week of 39 hrs. means 4 hrs. A. 11. and 3 Jars. P.M. except Saturday.
3y direction of the Chief Signal Officer.
Hiram Bingham,
Major , A. o* ,S. G* ,0. o. it* ,
0. I.C. Schools Section.
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2nd Supplement to Stencil Ho. 37
Appendix Ho.
W_A R DEPARTME H T
Office of the Chief Signal officer
WASHINGTON
Air Division
Schools Section
CURRICULUM FOR THE U. 5. SCHOOLS OP MILITARY A.-RONAUTICS
Revised Hovember 1, 1917.
Examination
Group
1. Military
Studies
115 hrs.
2. Signalling
and Radio
35 hrs.
3. Gunnery
50 hrs.
4. Aids to
Flight
24 hrs.
5* Airplanes
24 hrs.
6, Engines
39 hrs.
Total Hour’s per Week
practical —
Theoretical
Saturday Inspection-
Examination —
Hours
85
20
8
2
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th
20 20 20 5
8 8 4 -
1111
2 -
5 5 5 5
1111
practical Signalling — — 30
(at least ■§■ hr. daily)
Radio lectures-non techni-
cal — 3
Examination — 2
5 5 5 3 3 3 3
3
1
Practical — — — —
(at least hr. daily) 40
Aerial tactics 3
Bombs and bombing — — 4
Examination — — — 3
5 5 5 5
1 -
5 5
1 2
2 2
2
Theory of flight — — — — 4
Cross Country Flying — — 2
Map reading — — 8
Meterorology — * — 3
Right flying — ------- 2
Instruments & compasses— 3
Examination — * — > — — 2
Types of machines — — 1
Homenchature - — — 2
Rigging- — — 12
Care of machines — — 1
Repair of machines 6
Examination — 2
Principles of internal
combus t i on engine s , carbu-
retion, ignition- 8
Laboratory work 25
Care of engines & tools — 2
Types of engines — — 1
" Trouble shooting"- 1
Examination 2
2
2 -
2 2
3
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2 -
4 4 4 -
1
2 2 2 -
- - 2 -
4
9
2
4
8 8
1
1
2
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Appendix ITo*
2nd Supplement to Stencil Ho. 37 (Continued)
CUKRICUUM FOR THE U. S. SCHOOLS OF MILITARY RERONSUTICS
Revised November 1, 1917.
Examination Total Hours per Week
G-roup Subject Hours 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Stii 6th 7th 6th
7. Aerial Cooperation with artillery 4------4-
Qbservation practical miniature range- 12 ------66
25 hrs. Reconnaissance — * — - 2--~~-~2-
Cooperation with infantry 1-------
Photography — — — — 4------1
Examination — — — 2-------
TOTAL 312 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39
Notes A week of 39 hrs. means 4 hrs. A.M. ; and 3 hrs. pji. except Saturday.
By direction of the Chief Signal officer,
Hiram Bingham
Lt, Co}. - Signal Corps,
M 05 H
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Appendix Ho
F4
btencil Ho. 37
WAR DBPABTMEHT
Office of the Chief Signal Officer
f A 3 H I S & f 0 I
Air Division
Schools Section
COURSE OF STUDY PIUS SCRIBED FOE
UNITED STAFFS SCHOOLS OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
Revised September 21 , 1917.
1. Military Studies:
(a) Practical: Infantry drill through the school of the
company, ceremonies, guard duty, physical training
and first aid.
(h) Theoretical: Lectures, demonstrations and the study
of texts. (1) Military courtesy, esprit de corps
and morale, (2) Organization and jadministration of
the U. 3. and Modern European Armies, (3) Army regu-
lations, orders, army paper work and use of forms,
(4) Military Law, Loth substantive and administrative,
(5} Military Hygiene.
2* Signalling and Radio:
(a) Signallings Students are required to send and receive
at least 8 words per minute. Buzzing and visual sig-
nalling. Practice on Miniature ground shutter; rate
of 4 words per minute.
(b) Radio: Elementary principles of Radio discussed and
students required to know the parts of a simple wire-
less instrument. Demonstration of the same. Practical
points on use and care of airplane wireless apparatus.
3. Cunnerv:
(a) Student is required to know the nomenclature of the gun
thoroughly and tests in stripping, etc., are required.
Sighting practice. Shooting on 25-yard ranges. Various
types of machine guns discussed and studied.
(b) Fighting in the Air: A discussion of J.erial tactics.
(c) Bombs and Bombing: Fuses and detonators, various types
of bombs, bomb-si^its, bomb dropping, formation of a
bombing raid, etc.
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H)
Appendix Ho
Stencil 37 - Page Ho. E/
4. Aids to Plight:
(a) Theory of Plight: A brief outline of the History
of Flying with especial emphasis on the development
of the airplane, The fundamental principles of
aerodynamics taught graphically without the use
of formulae.
(b) Gro S3- co untry Flying: Elementary lectures ; instruc-
tions for cross-country flight, action on a forced
landing, reports*
( o ) lap Heading: Conventional signs, orientation, etc.
Discussion of maps used at the front. Hap inter-
• pretation emphasized, students go on field trips
and are shown how to use maps.
(d) Meteorology: Fundamental principles only -
pressure, cloud formations, weather predictions,
reasons for ’’bumps" and when to expect them.
( e ) light Flying; One lecture and a night observation in
astronomy - aiming to give a Anowiedge of a few of the
conspicuous northern const el lat ions and planets. Land-
ing grounds, flares, etc.
(f } Instruments and Compasses: Brief description of
various instruments used on an airplane. Calculation
of compass courses.
5. Airplanes:
(a) Types of Machines*. A lecture aiming to give the
pupil an idea of some service machines, tneir
characteristics and purposes* Lecture on the prop-
erties and uses of woods, met, Us and fabric in air-
plane manufacture.
(b) nomenclature of Airplanes: The student is repaired
to be able to give andthoroughly to understand all
definitions included in the list given in "deport
Ho. 5 of the National advisory Committee for ero-
nautics".
(c) Rigging: How to align a machine. Practice in assem-
bling and disassembling*
(&) Jare of Machine: The aim ox chis lecture is to impress
upon the student necessity for the proper treatment of
machines. Rules xor proper care of a hangar.
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Appendix No
otencil No. 27 - Page Z
(e) repair of Machines: Practical work in making wire
and rope splices, patching torn wings, mending
broken longerons, and soldering. Proper use of tools.
6. Engines:
(a) The principles of internal combustion engines, two-
cycle and four-cycle principle, carburetion, ignition,
etc. Notary and stationary aeronautical motors.
(b) Laboratory work: Sketching of parts. Students assem-
ble, disassemble, overhaul and clean airplane engines.
(c) Care of engines and tools: Proper care of engines with
especial emphasis on the proper uso and care of tools.
(a) Types of engines.
(e) “Trouble shooting'*.
7. Aerial Observation:
(a) Lectures on co-operation of aircraft with artillery.
Discussion of map-squaring, clock-code and code signals.
( b ) Practical Application of the above on miniature ranges
where students are placed in gallery above a map painted
to represent the ground as it looks from six to eight
thousand feet. Lights arranged to simulate gun flashes.
( o } reconnaissance i Discussion of the various types of
reconnaissance , how conducted and the duties of a
reconnaissance pilot.
(d) Lectures on co-operation of aircraft with infantry;
methods of signalling.
(o) Photography: Eow to make photographs from the air, type
of cameras, interpretation of trench photographs.
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otencil So. 37 - Page 4
Appendix ITo.
3. General Remarks:
?he course of study ordinarily lasts eight weeks
and is divided into a Junior Wing of tJbree weeks
and Senior Wing of five weeks, rj?he work of the
Junior Wing consists of intensive training in Mili-
tary discipline and drill, accompanied by a daily
lecture on some military topic, daily instruction
in the use of the machine gun and daily instruc-
tion in wireless telegraphy.
She wo rk of the Senior Wing includes theoretical
and practical instruction in military aeronautics
as set forth in the course of study.
9, Ruminations:
Mo candidate will be sent to a flying school who
has not passed all final examinations in the ground
school. Candidates who fail but have an excellent
record for conduct and diligence may at the option
of the Commandant be permitted to repeat examina-
tions. ihose who fail to pass or whose record for
conduct and diligence is not creditable will be
recommended for discharge. Successful candidates
are marked as having passed, or passed with honor,
and are given certificates of graduation issued by
the Chief Signal Officer on. the recommendation of
the uaEHB&ndanfc of the School.
10. Organization:
'the organization of a School of Military aeronautics
includes a Commandant , who is an Army officer selected
by the CM of Signal Officer to be the commanding offi-
cer of the Post at which the school is located, assis-
ting him is an Adjutant and a Supply officer and a
President of the academic Board appointed by the Pres-
ident of the University or technical school which is
under contract with the War Department to give the tui-
tion called for in the prescribed curriculum for U.b.
Schools of Military Aeronautics.
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Appendix No
Stencil No. 37 - Page 5
For tile purposes of administrative drill and disci-
■pline tiie candidates at the Schools of Military
Aeronautics are organised as a Regiment of two
'Zings, divided into three and five Squadrons respec-
tively. Each s quadron consists of the members of
one class divided into three Plights. Acting Regi-
mental, Wing, Squadron and Flight officers and non-
commissioned officers, are temporarily appointed
from the candidates. Candidates are quartered in
barracks , and eat at a regular mess.
of
X'ii© system of discipline follows that /the Military
Academy at ..est Point so far as practicable. Calis-
thenics and infantry drill are required daily in
addition co the course of technical study.
11. ike objects of the Schools of Military Aeronautics aret
1. To teach candidates their military duties and
develop soldierly qualities.
2. To eliminate those who are mentally or morally
unfitted to become flying' officers.
3. To give the necessary preliminary training in
military aeronautics.
By direction of the Chief Sigjohl Officer.
Hiram Bingham,
Major , a. S. , d* 0, , j, 3.R,
Dir. Boh. Mil. Aeronautics.
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Appendix No# F4
WAR DEPARTMENT
Office of the Chief Signal officer
Washington
Air Division
Schools Section
Seventh Floor
119 D St. N. E.
September 28, 1917
MEMORANDUM NO. 202 FOR A EL SCHOOLS:,-
It is now over three months since the revised curriculum for the U#S#
Schools of Military Aeronautics (Revised June 11th) was sent out. in the
meantime careful study has been made of conditions at the ground schools and
flying schools. Many different recommendations have been received from various
quarters. The enclosed plan has been finally approved by -Brigadier general B. D.
Foulois, General Officer in Charge of the Air Division.
Twenty-five copies of the new course of study, revised to September 21st,
are enclosed herewith, together with a supplement thereto showing the hours re-
quired in each subject and the weeks in which these hours are to be given.
>
You are directed to put this course of study into effect as soon as if can
conveniently be done, but in any case not later than the 1st of December, and
earlier if possible.
It is recoraraendeu that you commence putting it into effect with the class
entering Saturday, September 29th, so that by the end of November all classes will
be operating under the new course of study and curriculum.
The principal changes are a considerable increase in the amount of
instruction in Military Studies, theoretical; an elimination of one or two minor
studies such as Transportation by Motor, an increase in the number of hours de-
voted to laboratory instruction in engines and Airplanes, and a rearrangement of
two examination groups.
The old groups. Theory of Flight and Gross Country and General Flying,
aid not prove to be satisfactory and two new groups entitled ’’Aids to Flight”
and '’Airplanes” have been substituted in their stead. Most of the material
formerly given under ’’Theory of Flight” has been reassembled under the general
heading ’’Airplanes” and most of the material formerly given under "Cross Countiy
and General Flying” has been reassembled under ’’Aids to Flight”.
The number of instruction hours has been increased, the increase coming
in Laboratory periods rather than in lecture.
The course of study is now based on nine hour w> rking day for the students.
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Memo. No. 202
except rday and Sunday. Of this four hours come in the monning, three hours
in the afternoon and two hours study in the evening. It is realized that this is
a highly strenuous program, but it is not any more strenuous than the Service
which cadets are endeavoring to enter. Men who cannot stand che strain of these
eight weeks had better not be given the expensive flying instruction which flying
officers must receive.
Another change that will be noted is in the time set for the examinations.
Shore are as at present two tests and one final examination at the end of the third
week, the tests being in Signalling and Gunnery, and final examination in military
studies. These must be passed before a student can be advanced to the Senior Wing.
Two important final examinations are now placed at the end of the sixth week in the
important subjects of Engines and Airplanes. The work in these subjects is con-
centrated in the three preceding weeks. Failure to pass these necessitates doing the
work over again. Four final examinations are placed in the eighth week. It is not
intended that there should be a final examination on Friday afternoon or Saturday
morning of the eighth week. Actual firing of machine guns should be limited to
students in Squadron H and should be concentrated at the end of the week. It is
believed desirable to devote Saturday morning entirely to this purpose. Although
students will have taken all their examinations, it is believed that their interest
in the actual firing of machine guns will not be lessened thereby. Actual practice
with the radio field pack set should preferably be given on Friday of Squadron H.
It will be noted that the more important military subjects are reserved
for Squadron G and H., which consist of men who have already been successful In
passing three final and two preliminary tests.
It is suggested that no lectures be over forty minutes in length and that
the remaining ten minutes be devoted to a written or oral quiz. This is not,
however, to be regarded as a hard and fast rule.
It is particularly important that the fact be emphasized that cadets are
to become officers of the -Army of the United States and must be thoroughly familiar
with military subjects.
Great emphasis must also be laid on their skill in handling a machine gun
and their ability to make accurate reports of anything that they do.
It is believed that this schedule is so heavy that there should be no
attempt made to hold voluntary classes in French or other topics except for
remarkably well prepared students who are maintaining a high average in their
studies. It is furthermore recommended that every effort be made to promote the
health, and efficiency of the cadets by insisting on first-class conditions in
barracks and at mess. At least eight hours should be allowed for sleep and every
effort must be made to prevent interruption and annoyance during bSth sleeping and
working hours. Sports should be encouraged on Saturday afternoon whenever it is
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Memo. no. 202
possible ana desirable. Daily calisthenics will be rigidly enforced*
It should be the first duty of the Commandant to see to it that the men
under his command are given every opportunity to acquit themselves well in the
strenuous test of character and ability provided in the eight weeks curriculum
at the Schools of Military Aeronautics.
By direction of the Chief Signal officer.
{ Signed) Hiram Bingham,
Major A.S., 3. C., U.S.R®
A true copy;
(Signed) J. R. Moulthrop
Capt. A.S.S.C., U.3.3.
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Air Division
Schools Section
119 D. St. IT. E
HB-BP
October 19, 1917
MEMORANDUM 1T0. 230 POE ALL SCHOOLS:
Subject: Course of Study
1. With further reference to Stencil Ho. 37, September 21, 1917, and
Supplement to <->tencil Ho. 37, September 26, 1917, and Memorandum Ho. 202 for
AH Schools, your attention is invited to the following*.
2* Military Studies
A thorough inspection of quarters, not only with reference to proper
administration of the school but also in order to teach cadets how such inspection
should be carried on, is directed for each week. Where the examination in Military
Studies shows illiteracy this examination need not be^repeated as there is no
question that illiterate condidates are not desired for officers of the United
States Airny. .examining Boards occasionally allow illiterate candidates to get by
them, it is the duty of the Schools of Military aeronautics to eliminate all such
as promptly as possible.
3. Signalling and Radio
The work in Radio should avoid theory. A man may be a perfectly good
flying officer and not understand the theory of electricity or the principles of
wireless telegraphy. He will not be called upon to repair or adjust wireless
apparatus that is locked i to his machine* The lecture should aim to explain in
popular terms what happens; but no examination will hereafter be required on the
Theory of Radio. Care must be taken to make the examination at the end of the
third week in this subject entirely practical. This examination is intended to
show whether or not a man is making good progress and needs more practice. A man
need not be demoted one week for failing in this test and may be allowed to repeat
this test the following week without having been demoted* All records of final
tests must be sent promptly to the office.
4. Gunnery.
The essential feature of the instruction in Gunnery is to enable a
man to be practical master of his gun. As the work proceeds there should be more
and more attention paid to working blidgfolded and under adverse conditions such
as being tightly strapped in a chair as he would be in an airplane , heavily en-
cumbered with a heavy coat, preferably a leather coat, and wearing heavy woolen
gloves, Even so it is practically impossible to make the conditions as difficult
as they are actually in fighting in the air. The examination at the end cf the
third week should test a man's accuracy and ability to learn. The final examina-
tion should be based on the relative number of hours that have been used in this
subject. The principal part of the final examination should be a man's skill in
handling his weapon rather than his ability to talk about the composition of the
bomb or the theory of aerial tactics.
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5. Aids to Flight*
in Aids to flight, emphasis should be laid on map reading. It is of
the utmost importance that an aviator be able to interpret quickly and orient
himself correctly on a map. If this has been thoroughly learned on the ground by
tramps in the vicinity or from neighboring heights, good practical results ought
to be obtained.
6. The subjects of Airplanes and Engines are given in the fourth, fifth
and sixth weeks, in order to discover whether a candidate has the technical ability
to learn to properly handle his airplane and engine. Just as the examinations at
the end of the third isseek are aimed to show whether a man is mentally alert and has
received sufficient education to enable him to become an officer in the united
States Army, even though he has not had the opportunities of much schooling, so the
examinations at the end of the sixth week should be aimed at determining whether
a candidate can readily acquire technical knowledge. Just as it is expected that
candidates of poor mentality will be eliminated by the examinations in Junior Wing,
so it is expected that candidates without technical ability will be eliminated by
the examinations at the end of the sixth week and that no one who reaches the more
advanced military aeronautics in the seventh and eighth weeks, which contain so mucl
co fidentlal material, will be unable to grasp them and pass the final examinations.
Furthermore, by all possible means, develop and test the candidates powers of
observation.
7. At present altogether too large a percentage of the discharged men an
allowed to take the entire course, with the rearranged schedule it is believed that
this custom will be remedied and that with the constantly increasing percentage of
discharged men, there will be a large number eliminated at the end of three or four
weeks as the case may be and that the reaminder will be eliminated at the end of
six or, by demotion, seven weeks, so that none of those who are mentally unfit may
receive the confidential instruction set for the seventh and eighth weeks.
8. it is noted that reports from the majority of the Schools of Mili-
tary Aeronautics indicate that the new schedule will go into effect in its entirety
by tlie middle of November without waiting for the first of December, This speed in
putting the new course of study into effect is greatly appreciated. Attention ia
invited to that paragraph in Memorandum No. 202 which directs that the course of
study will be put entirely into effect not later than the first of December. This
paragraph in connection with the one which follows it has been correctly inter-
preted to mean that by the latter part of November all classes will be operating
under the new course of study and curriculum.
9. Information is requested as to the exact date on which the class of
December 1st will have completed its examinations in Engines and Airplanes. The
contingency may arise requiring all men who have completed that much of the course
to proceed at ones to the flying schools.
By direction of the Acting Chief Signal Officer.
A true copy. (Signed) Hiram Bingham,
(Signed) J. R. Moulthrop
Captain, A.S. S.C., U.S.R. Major, A.S..S.C., U.S.R.
0. I. c. Schools Section.
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Air Div* Schools Lection
HB-BP
MR DSPAE'TEtlKNT
Office of the Chief Signal officer
November 5, 1917*
BDUETIB No. 75 to all Schools:
Subject: Curriculum revised November 1, 1917*
1. military studies:
ihe importance of a weekly hour devoted to careful inspection and
training in inspection needs emphasis and has been provided for in the new schedule*
In all cases where men show that they are good soldiers and do not need the four hours
per day infantry drill prescribed for Junior ding, they may, at the option of the
CpmmancLant, be excused from all but one a our per day and assigned to other military
duties such as practice in Army paper work, trap shooting, target practice with .22
rifle, pistol shooting and drill of awkward squads.
c* . 0 rgnall ing<
After conferences with flying officers, It has been decided to abandon
the practical radio field, work, nil field sets and table sets supplied by the Signal
Corps are to be packed and prepared for • shipment to whatever point is designated by
the Land division of the signal dorps. It is important to lay great emphasis on pro-
curing buzzers and ceys of proper type so that there may be at least enough keys to
provide one ey for every two men in the school, The lectures should not deal with
the theory of radio except insofar as is necessary to have the men understand why it
is essential to fly straight towards the batteries that they are talking to. The re
should be further taken up a description of the wireless apparatus on the airplane,
method of handling the aerial and the importance of not touching that part of the
apparatus waxen belongs to the Hadio Division and does not concern the pijot. It will
be noticed that the time for the examination lias been cut down since there is to be
no examination given on radio theory.
3. Gunnery.
Ihe hours for instruction in gunnery have been increased to enable
more time to be given to practice in firing vA th machine gun in or er to acquire great-
er efficiency in remedying stoppages that have been superinduced by poor ammunition.
Commandants are requested to report how many rounds of ammunition can be effectively
handled per candidate in the time allotted. It is not r commended that candidates
do actual firing before the fifth or sixth wee . but become expert in ..andling the
gun blindfolded before, they ar given an opportunity to do any firing. Candidates
who develop unusual ability should be given an opportunity to do trap shooting or
target >ractice with .22 rifle. There must be as much actual shooting as is con-
sistent with good instruction in the fundamentals. It has now been possible to get
the order for Vickers guns approved and Vickers guns should arrive at the schools
before long. Since, however, the Vickers gun is not handled so much by the pilot as
the Lewis gun, it will not require so much attention.
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4 • Aids to Slight#
The subjects "Theory of flight", "Cross Country Flying " and "Eight
Flying" are more properly a part of the next group, "Airplanes", than of this group,
but are placed in this group in or or to equalize the number of hours in examination
groups. The subject of Cross Country Flying is to be given in an entertaining rather
than a didactic manner since lectures, to be of value in this topic, must immediately
precede an actual cross country flight. The subject "Theory of flight" should be
given more with the idea of laying emphasis on the natural stability of the modern
airplane than anything else. Here is a chance to give the man confidence in the
horse he is go mg to ride. The more i port ant details of night flying practice are
to bo retained for students in the seventh and eighth weeks so as to avoid giving
this an., similar subjects to men who are .going to be weeded out by examinations at
the end of the sixth week,
5. Airplanes
The hour marked for types of machines is to be devoted to a test of the
student’s ability to use the book "Silhouettes of Airplanes" which is placed in his
hands when he enters the school* Failure to pass this test will not be regarded as a
serious matter but rather as a matter of record. This test need not be repeated if
it is not passed. The object of this test is to bring out those men who have re-
tentive visual memory, i.ncourage the poor men to develop this faculty. The general
topic of modern machines is to be treated under the subject "Theory of Flight", it
is appreciated that the teacher in charge of this department may also be responsible
for the courses "Theory of Flight", "Cross Country Flying" and "Sight Flying" that
are given in group 4, "Aids to Flight ", whenever this appears to the Commandant to
be necessary.
6* Fngines .
It has been necessary to slightly reduce the amount of time devoted to
shop work in engines. It is hoped, however, that with the increased number of
engines with which it is now possible to provide the schools, there may be more
effective teaching of this subject, since less time is wasted by having too many men
around one engine. It is not wise to devote much time to trouble shooting since this
subject can be more effectively taught at the flying schools.
7 . serial Observation.
The only change here Is an increase of one hour in the subject of
photography in order to enable illustrated lectures to be given showing photographs
taken from the air and the uses made of them as pointed out by ajor Campbell. It is
possible that these four lectures in photography can be given in four half-hour
periods if convenient, thereby gaining a little leeway in the eighth week.
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8. Commandants are reque sted, to put the revised curriculum into effect
as soon as possible, notifying this office by letter as soon as the entire eight
squadrons are operating under the new curriculum.
By direction of the Acting Chief Signal Officer.
Hiram Bingham,
Lt. Col., oignal Corps.
A true copy.
(Signed) John H. Alden
A .8 . ,
Captain,
S.C., U.3.B
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B-S*
WAR DElhmTMENT
Office of the Chief Signal Officer
Washington
November 12, 1917*
MMOBAHBUE HO. 247 for all Schools:
General Summary of Remarks on the Course of
Study in the Schools of Military Aeronautics,
1* The examinations at the end of the third week are aimed to show
whether a man is mentally alert and as received sufficient education to enable
him to become an officer in the United States Army, even though he has not had
the opportunities of lueh schooling, so the examinations at the end of the sixth
week should be aimed at determining whether s candidate can rc. dily acquire tech-
nical knowledge* Cast as it is expected that Candida tes of poor entality will be
eliminated by the examinations in Junior V.'ing, so it is expected that candidates
without tech, ical ability . ill be eliminated by the examinations at the end of the
sixth eek and that no one who reaches the more advanced military aeronautics in
the seventh and eighth o: s, which contain so ch confidential atonal, will be
unable to grasp thorn and ass the final examinations* furthermore , by all possi-
ble eans, develop and test the candidates powers of observation.
At present altogether too large a percentage of the discharged . .en are
allowed to take the entire course* fith the rearranged sohedule it is believed
that this custom .ill be rewe- ied and that with, the const. ...,tly increasing percent-
age of d is charted men, there will be a largo number eliminated, at the end of three
or four weeks as the ease nay be and that the remainder vfi. 11 be eliminated at the
end of six or, by demo t - on, seven weeks, so that none of those who arc mentally un-
fit a, receive the confidential i ts traction set for the seventh r hi eighth v'eeks*
2* Rilitnry Studies, It is _ articu urly important that t ho fact be
emphasized that cadets are to become officers of the Army of the United States and
must be thorou hly familiar with military subjects*
Great en ..as is must also be laid on their ability to make accurate
reports of anything that they do.
30 military discipline goes hand in hand with ractical military work*
Tou can not have the best ractical ork without ood military discipline and, on
the other hand, ..ood practical military instruction is the only way to reduce
military discipline*
If the best practical ork, and therefore, the best military discipline
is to be imparted to the en at the ground schools in the very short time available
it is seif evident that the instructors in the military nopartmeat must be of the
very best.
The organization of this Military Depart ent mst be erfect. since
rail it .-ry discipline is secured by practical military work and practical military
work has some bearing on everything the an does in twenty four hours, it follows
at once that the Hilary studios department should have control over the men
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except .hen in class rooms of the other departments. It then follows that the
head of this department should report to the Commandant direct*
4* A thorough inspection of quarters, not only with reference to proper
administration of the school but also in order to teach cadets how such inspection
should be carried on, is directed for each nek. ..here the examination in Military
Studies shows illiteracy this examination need not be repeated as there is no
question that illiterate candidates are not desired for officers in the United
States Army* Examining noards occasionally allow illiterate candidates to pet by
them* It is the duty of che bchools of Military Aeronautics to eliminate all such
promptly*
£. In all oases where men show that they are good soldiers and do not
need the four hours per day infantry drill prescribed for Junior ding, they may, at
the option of the Commandant, excused from all out one our per day and assigned
to other military duties such as practice in ....nay paper work, trap shooting, target
practice with .22 rifle, pistol shooting and drill of awkward squads*
6* Signal line end Radio. Che work in radio should avoid theory. A man
may be a perfectly good flying officer and not understand the theory of electricity
or the principles of wireless telegraphy. He will not be called upon to repair
or adjust -.dr ©less apparatus that is locked into his .uaohi ie. The lecture should
arm to explain in popular terms ..hat happens; but no exa d nation will hereafter be
required on the Theory of Radio.
The lectures should not deal with the theory of Radio except insofar as
it is necessary to have the an understand why it is essential to fly straight
towards the batteries that they are talking to. There should follow a description
of the wireless apparatus on the airplane method of handling the aerial and the
importance of not touching that part of the apparatus which belongs to the Radio
Division and does not concern the ilot.
Care must be taken to make the examination at the end of the third week
in this subject entirely practical* This examination is intended to show whether
or not a an is making good progress and needs ore practice* X man need not be
demoted one week for failing in this test and may be allowed to repeat this test
the following week without having been demoted* All records of final tests must
be sent prom- tly to this office.
7* It is important to lay great emphasis on procuring buzzers and ;eys
of proper type. There should be at least enough keys to provide one key for every
two en at the school.
8. Uunaery . The essential feature of the instruction in G-unnery is to
euuols a an to oe 'practical aster of his gun. As the work proceeds there should
be more and more attention paid to working blindfolded and under adverse conditions
suen as being tightly strapped^ in a chair as he would be in an airplane, heavily
encumbered with a heavy coat, r ferably a leather coat, and wearing heavy woolen
gloves. Even so it is practically impossible to make the conditions as difficult
a° t]ie^ are ac1:u Hy in lighting in the air. The examination at the end of the
tmrd meek should tost a man's accuracy and ability to learn.
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The hours for instruction in gunnery have been increased to enable more
time to oe given to practice in firing v ith achine gun in order to acquire greater
efficiency in remedying stoppages that have been superinduced by poor ammunition.
It is not recommended that candi tates do actual firing before the fifth or sixth
weak: but become expert in handling the gun blindfolded before they are given an
opportunity to do trap shooting or target raetice with *22 rifle. There must be
as much actual shooting as is consistent with good instruction in t he fundamentals.
The final examination should be based on the relative number of hours that
have been used in this subject. The prineixml x>art of the final examination should
be a 'tan’s shill in handling his weapon rather than his ability to talk about the
composition of the emb or the theory of aerial tactics.
3* aids to Flight. In Aids to Flight, emphasis should be laid on map
reading. It is of the ut ;ost importance that an aviator be able to interpret quickly
and orient himself correctly in a map, If this has been thoroughly learned on the
ground by tramps in the vicinity or visits to neighboring heights, good results
ought to j& obtained.
The subjects ’’Theory of Flight”, Gross Country Flying” and ’’Sight Flying”
are more properly a art of the next group, "Airplanes , than of this group, but are
placed in this group in order to equalize the number of hours in examination groups.
’’Cross Country Flying" is to be given in an entertaining rather tlian a didactic
manner since lectures, to be of value In this topic, must immediately precede an
actual cross country flight. "Theory of Flight" should be iven more with the idea
of laying emphasis on the natural stability of the modem airplane than, anything else.
Here is a chance to give the man confidence in the horse he Is going to ride. The
more important details of night flying raeticed are to be retained for students in
the seventh and eighth weeks so as to avoid giving this and similar subjects to men
who are going to be needed out by examinations at the end of the sixth week.
The subjects of Airplanes and .Engines are given in the fourth, fifth and
sixth weeks , in order to discover whether a candidate has the technical a bility to
learn to properly handle his airplane and engine.
10. Airplanes. The hour marked for types of machines is to be devoted to
a test of the students ability to use the book ” Silhouettes of Airplanes” which is
placed In his hands when he enters the school. Failure to ass this test t ill not
be regarded as a serious .at ter but rather as a matter of record. This test need
not be repeated if it is not passed. The object of this test is to bring out those
men who have retentive visual memory* The general topic of modern machines is to be
treated under the subject "Theory of Flight”. It is appreciated that the t eacher in
charge of this department should also be responsible for the courses "Theory of
Flight”, "Cross Country Flying” and "Hight Flying” that are given in group "4”,
"Aids to Flight”, whenever this appears to the Commandant to be necessary,
11. engines « It is not Mse to devote much time to trouble shooting since
th*s subject can oe ore effectively taught at the flying schools. Propellers are
not to be used on engines that are operated.
12. Aerial Observation. Illustrated lectures are to be given showing
photographs taken from the air and the use; made of them as pointed out by Major
Campbell . xt is possiole that these four lectures In photo raphy can be iven in
four half-hour periods if convenient, thereby gaining a little leeway in the eighth
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By direction of the acting Chief oignai Officer*
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Lt. Col., Signal Corps.
A tine copy,
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Captain, a* 3* , 3.C., U.3.B.
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APPENDIX F5
Contains the following:
Curriculum of March 1, 1918 (Stencil Ho. 129) -
Curriculum of April 1, 1918 (Stencil Ho. 157) ~
Syllabus of Course of Jtudy for April 1, 1918 -
Memorandum Ho* 236 - (2 pages)
Memorandum No. 297 - (2 pages)
(2 pages)
(2 pages)
(26 pages)
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(Superseding Stencil 37, and its sup-
plements dated Sept. 26 and Nov. 1, 1917)
WAR DEPARTMENT
Office of the Chief Signal Officer
WASHINGTON
Air Division
Schools Section.
Appendix
FS
CURRICULUM FOR 2KL U.3. SCHOOLS OF MIUT.iRY AERONAUTICS
Revised March 1, 1918
(1) MILITARY SUBJECTS
Practical*
Theoretical
Weekly inspection
Examination
T 12 3
135 22-| 22g 1 Sg-
IO 6 4 3
12 1 11
12 weeks cov. rse.
4 5 6 7 8
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2 190
(2) SIGNALLING
Practical
Radio Apparatus
Examination
40 5 5 3 3
2 - - -
2 - 1
44
(3) GUNNERY
practical
Examination
5 5
1 52
(4) AIRPLANES
Theory of Flight
Meteorology
Rigging
Repair of Machines
instruments
Types of Machines
Examination
(5) ENG INIS
principles
8
2 2
2
2
Laboratory
42 -
4 2
4
8
6 6 -
2 2 8
Care of Engines
2
-
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1
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Types of Engines
1 -
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Examination
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(6) AERIAL TACTICS
Pursuit
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2
-
-
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2
-
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Map Reading
14
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4
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14
-
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6
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2
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photography
6
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2
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TOTALS
434
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434
)7) Supervised Recreation and Organized Sports— 2 hours daily, including (1) Inter-
squadron contests in football, soccer, basketball, baseball, track athletics
or hockey, according to season, (2) informal Sports j track athletics,
tennis, boxing, wrestling, fencing, gymnastics, rowing, swimming, etc.,
according to season and facilities, (3) Trap shooting, or target practice
with rifle or pistol.
*one-half hour each day devoted to Ceremonies such as Cuard Mount, parade, Review,
Retreat, etc. Each cadet to perform at least one complete tour of guard duty.
Calisthenics at least one-half hour, preferably in the morning, taken from the
drill period.
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Appendix No-
“¥fr
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Of lice of the Chief Signal Officer
| ffASHIVQCQff
ijj far Division
Training Section, Schools 3 ranch.
CURRICULUM FOR 3IB U.3. SCHOOLS cF MILITARY iuMiONAUTICu.
! Revised. April 1, 1918.
Subjects
T
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
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(1) MILITARY SUBJECTS
Practical *
135
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190
(2) SIGNALLING
Practical
39
5 4
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3
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3
3
3
3
3
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2
m «*
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2
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2
2
43
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Practical
50
-
4
5
5
6
4
5
5
6
5
5
Examination
2
2
52
(4) AIRPLANES
Theory of Plight
6
2
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1
1
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Meteorology
3
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1
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25
2 4
6
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6
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12
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2
4
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Types of Machines
2
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2
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teW
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4
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2
2
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Examination
2
2
M
55
(5) ENGINES
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9
2
2
2
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teot
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Types of Engines
2
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4
6
4
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tew
6
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59
Examination
2
2
(6) OBSERVATION
Map Reading
16
4
4
2
4
2
Co op# Artillery
5
3
2
-
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Art i lie ry Obs • Range
16
-
6
6
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Examination
2
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39
438
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56
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Superseding Stencil Ho. 129)
Appendix No.
(7) Supervised Recreation and Organised Sports - 5 hours a week, including (1)
Inter- squadron contests in football, soccer, basketball, baseball, trac
athletics or hockey, according' to season; (2) Informal sports; track ath-
letics, tennis, boxing, wrestling, fencing, gymnastics, rowing, swimming,
etc., according to season and facilities; (3) frsp shooting, or target
practice with rifle or pistol.
* One-half hour each day devoted to Ceremonies such as Guard Mount, Parade, Review,
Retreat, etc. Bach cadet to perform at least one complete tour of guard
duty, Oalisthenics at least one-half hour, preferably in the morning,
taken from the drill period.
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App.
SYLLABUS POL MILITARY SUBJECTS IN UNTIED STATES
SCHOOLS OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS.
April 19 1918
I.” . MILITARY SUBJECTS
1. Practical Course
a« Daily Infantry Drill through the school of the Company
Ceremonies and Guard Duty, *
‘The purpose of this Is primarily disciplinary hut also aims to give
that knowledge of the drill regulations which every officer should have to
enable: him oo take command of a small body of troops or to participate in
ceremonial formations. She xirst ten days, drill should be under the personal
supervision of the most competent officer available. After the first ten days,
every cadet should be given frequent opportunity to command a squadron at drill
and his performance should be carefully noted and marked by a competent officer,
A great deal of attention should be paid to the ceremonial side of military
life. One-half hour each day should be devoted to ceremonies such as Formal
Guard Mount, Parade, Retreat, etc. Each squadron in turn should hold a formal
guard, mount, witnessed by the other squadrons, and each cadet should have at '
least one complete tour of guard duty.
Each cadet should be taught the Manual of Arms provided the necessary
arms are available. As there will probably not be sufficient for the entire"
command, this should be taught to men individually or in Squad when they enter
the School, Arms will be used in guard duty, if available. As the supply of
arms will be greatly limited the Commandants will have to use their best judg-
ment in apportioning the time for instruction*
b* Physical Training,
This training should be sufficient to keep the men in good physical
condition and should also be treated as a disciplinary exercise* There should
be a period. of calisthenics of one-half hour each day, preferably before noon.
This exercise should be most carefully supervised. It is even more important
for purposes of discipline than as physical exercise. The student officers
of the School should not be depended upon to conduct these exercises. Either
an officer or a noncommissioned officer should conduct them. The work of in-
dividual cadets should be carefully noted with respect to their spirit and ef-
ficiency, (Us© and follow carefully Manual of Physical Training, U«S* Army, )
c. First Aid*
There should be enough first aid drill or demonstration to give the
cadet a fair amount of efficiency in the practical application of the matters
covered in the lectures on Military hygiene; e.g,, bandaging, applying splints,
etc. Hot more than four of the hours set aside for drill should be devoted to
this, the remaining time being taken from the study hours, the amoxmt to be
optional with the Commandants. Cadet officers who show proficiency in this work
may be utilized in instructing others. It is suggested that this instruction
be given in small groups, under the direction of the Medical Officer*
(3)
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Zo Eieoretical Course 41 hours*
a. Military Discipline and Esprit de Corps 1 hours
References: U. S» Army Regulations , Article 1; Manual of Military
Gaining (Moss), Paragraphs 12, 13, 910-915; Officers* Manual,
(Moss), Chapters XXXI and XXIXX; A Manual for Courts-Martial,
par, 333 1 Infantry Drill Regulations, IJ.S.Army, Par. 6; An Of-
fficer’s Notes (Parker), Chapter IX, p.49; She Piattshurg Manual
(Ellis and Carey) pp. 17, 216; Fundamentals of Military Service
(Andrews), Chapters II, III and y. 2he reasons for discipline
and the results of the lack of it and matters of the highest im-
portance. In the Air Service, its importance' should he contin-
ually reiterated throughout the course *
It must he remembered that ’the Schools are not training "aerial
chauffeurs" or "exhibition flyers" hut officers of the army on
whose sound judgment and mental alertness lives of thousanda of
men will depend. Military aviators should he men of the high-
est character, well educated and of good physique. Emphasize
the fact that the course of study is intended to he very diffi-
cult and a test of unusual ability* Uhis and the following
lectures should he given hy the Commandant*
Xu Military Courtesy and Ideals of the Service 1 hour.
References? Army Regulations, Article I , par. IV and Article
XL will he the basis for this lecture; Officers* Manual (Moss)
Chapter II; see also references for preceding lecture. It is
considered of the utmost importance that the beginning of his
course a student should gain not only a thorough knowledge of
discipline but also a facility in its outward expression, as
exemplified by the observance of prescribed military "courtesy"
a and conduct* Matters such as "mess etiquette" should be gone
into. Every R.M.A. is expected to be both an "officer" and. a
"Gentlemen"*
c. Manual of Interior Guard Duty 2 hours
Elis course will be the foundation for the practical wdrk in
Guard Duty as outlined in 1 (a)
d* Administration of the United states Army 1 hour.
References: U.3. Army Regulations, Articles LVII, LVIII,
LIZ, LOTI? mill? LXXIII, LXXXV, LOT, LOTI, LOT II; Nat-
ional Defense Act of June 3, 1916, sections 1, 5-17, 81;
Staff Manual of United States Army.
Eie duties and powers of President, Secretary of War,
Chief of staff and various staff departments.
e* Organization of the United states Arny 2 hours.
References: National Defense Act of June 3 1916; 'fables of
Organization, January, 1918; stencil 135. For the Air Service,
Stencils 649a, 969*
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These two hows should be devoted to the division of the arrnv
into various branches, including the Air Service, and the composi-
tion of the different united of these branches*
f. Military Hygiene and Sanitation 3 hours
References; Elements of Military Hygiene (Ashburn); Moss1
Manual of Military Training, Part V, Chapters I, 11 and III?
Fundamentals of Military Service (Andrews) Chapter XXIV; What
a Soldier Should Know (Bolles, Jones, etc. ) Chapter X?First Aid
and especially Lectures on Military Sanitation" and Management
of Sanitary Service — Army Service Schools.
This course is to include: 1. Personal Hygiene, including
orthopedic instruction? 2* Military Sanitation and Management
of Sanitary Service? and 3* First Aid - wounds of soft parts,
fractures, poisons, asphyxia, and other emergencies* This course
is to be given by the Medical Officer.
g* Paper Work 10 hours
References: Army Paper Work (Moss)? Company Administration
(Waldron)? Forms furnished by A*G.O„: Engineer Training Manual „
Appendix No. 2? Army Paper 7/ork Pamphlet - Perrin- Smith Printing Co, ,
St. Louis; Company Administration (Grieves)*
Instructions should be given in the following: Morning Report,
Daily Sick Report, Duty Roster, Muster Roll, Pay Roll, Officers* Pay
Voucher and Mileage Voucher, Ration Return, Company Return, Discharges,
Certificate of Disability, service Record, Final Statement, Survey Re-
port, Inventory and Inspection Report, Individual Equipment Record,
Correspondence® Great stress should be laid on correspondence. The Cadet
should have constant drill in the actual use of the forms. This can
be done by conferences in which forms are distributed to be filled out
or to be -corrected by the cadets* For this purpose each school should
supply itself with large quantities of the forms mentioned# This will
probably have to be done by mimeographed copies as the actual forms
cannot be procured in large quantities from the A* G* 0*
Engineer Training Manual, Appendix no* 2 should be used as basis
for the work.
h* A rny Regulations 7 hours
References: A.R* II, III, I? (Pars* 13, 14, 16) V, fill® IX (49, 50,
51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 63, 64) X, XI, XII, XIII, (83) XVII, XVIII,
(14), XIX (116, 117, 118, 120, 129, 130, 131, 132) XX, XXI, XXII,
XXIII, XXVIII (215 ) XXX (270-277, 283-295, 296, 327, 379-392§> 406,
407) LI I, LIII (657-670, 693), L¥ (825, 846-877) XXXIII (1024, 1025,
1036, 1044, 1050, 1057, 1062, 1110-1134, 1146-1178, 1184, 1187, 1202-
1223, 1256, 1269, 1275, 1276, 1279, 1280).
These references should be divided into two broad divisions - one
treating of the enlisted man, the other of the officer. Articles
XXVIII should be read* In dealing with the sections of Army Regula-
tions covering the gereral subject of Practical Company Administration,
the scope of the work should go beyond the Arny Regulations in matters
of organizing, equipping, clothing, and messing and should also take
up the matter of prescribed uniforms, clothing and equipment both in
(5)
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this country and for foreign service. The subject of Responsibility
and Accountability in the drawing of equipment should be stressed*
For this the best reference is '‘Quartermaster and Ordnance Supply"
(University of Chicago Press) Chapter III* For Uniform regulations -
Special Regulations No* 42, Stencil #494, Bulletin No. 2, Jan 25, 1918,
War Department, Table of Fundamental Allowances of Quartermaster
Supplies (1917)
i« Military Law 6 hours
References? Articles of War. A Manual for Courts-Martial, especially
Chapters X-XI? Military Law (Davis )j Military Law and Procedure
(Winthrop); U.S, Array Regulations, pars* 922-942; Digest of Opinions
of the Judge Advocate General*
This should include an indication of the material that should be
studied, a study of the Articles of War, Manual for Courts-Martial,
and a brief study of the relation of Civil and Military Law, includ-
ing Rights and Obligations of soldiers* The instruction in this
course should be by means of conferences and practical problems solv-
ed during the conferences and the solutions discussed. These should also
be a practical illustration of the workings of a general court-martial*
j. Methods of Modern Warfare 7 hours
1* An outline of the methods used by the armies of
today in combat, covering extended order, trench warfare and modes of
attack now in use on European battle fronts. Care should be taken to
correlate this course on general methods with the course in Observa-
tion which is devoted especially to the duties of the Air Service* A
brief outline of the organization of the British, French, and German
armies may also be included. The basis for this course will be Col-
onel Paul Azan!s "‘war of Positions" and the following War College Publi-
cations already sent to the Schools,
1, Notes on Recent Operations No. 1 and Ho. 2.
. 2. Notes on Employment of Artillery in Trench Fighting.
Z* Instructions on the Offensive Conduct of Small units#
4. Notes on the methods of attack and defense to meet the
conditions of modern 'warfare *
5» Liaison Instructions for All Arms*
6. Notes on Grenade Warfare#
7. Notes on the use of Machine Guns in trench warfare
4 hours*.
2* Gas Defense#
The material for this course will be found in
the following Army War College Publications*
(1) Memorandum on Gas Poisoning in Warfare with
notes on the pathology and treatment#
(2) Gas Warfare,
Part I. German Methods of Offense
Part II Methods of Defense Against Gas Attacks,
Part III. Methods of Training in Defensive Measures
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Appen,
These three hours are to "be devoted to lectures on the Use of Gas
in Warfare - The Cloud Gas Attack, Gas Shells, Kinds of Gasses used and
effects, General Precautionary Measures, First Aid* This theoretical
work will he supplemented by four or five hours in drill, (taken from
the practical course in Infantry Brill) with the gas mask as outlines in
Gas Warfare, Part III* Since the cadets in the Grounds Schools are to
he officers, their instruction should he such that in emergencies they
could instruct recruits or civilians* 3 hours*
References: Fundamentals of Military Service ( Andrews) pp* 10-11,
35-36 „ .44, 79-30, and references in (a) and (bj.
Inis lecture should be given towards the end of the course*
Emphasis on the supreme importance of the Air Service*
Explain fully that the candidate may be discharged at any time
during his course of training by reason of failure to pass tests or
examinations, by giving evidence to his commanding Officer that he
is unfitted either mentally, morally, or physically for the duties
§f a flying officer, or for any other. reason which shall in the op-
inion or the examining board, and subject to such approval as Is “
necessary, render his services no longer desired* The actual mental
and physical requirements for a flying officer are so great, his .
ability to do several things at once and do them all accurately is
so essential, that discharge is not necessarily any reflection on
the man's character, loyalty or devotion to duty* There is room only
for the very best.
She references given under each course are simply suggestive and
not to be regarded as exhaustive* The method of instruction in these
courses should not be confined to lectures* There should be a bom-
bination of recitations, conferences and lectures* In Army Paper
Work, Army Regulations and Military Law, the instruction should be
almost exclusively by means of recitations, conferences and practi-
cal problems. Further references will be supplied from time to time.
k. Moral©
1 hour
1» Weekly Inspection
m* Examination
12 Hours*
2 Hours*
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SYLLABUS FOR SIGNALLING
m
UK I TEL STATES SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS*
April 1,1918
II. . SIGNALLING 43 hours*
1* The course in Practical Signalling will occupy 39 hours,
about 33 of which are to he devoted to Buzzer Woifc, 3 hours to Lamp
Signalling, and 3 hours to the Panne au» In addition to this, 2
lectures on the Use of Radio A paratus are to he given, and a further
2 hours allotted to the examination. No field work is required and
no lectures on Theory of Radio*
2* The whole air of the teaching should concentrate on the
practical training necessary for efficient signalling from an airplane?
every phase of telegraphy not essential for pilots should he strictly
eliminated. (For type of signals used see Stencil #294 pp* 22-25, 31-32 )
3. This means that the emphasis of the course is to he upon
accuracy rather than upon speed, since for airplane signalling a mod-
erate speed is quite sufficient hut accurady is absolutely necessary,
not only as regards the letters and figures, hut also the spacing of
groups.
4* It is important that at first the instruction should he en-
tirely from the sound and not the sight of the code* Nothing printed
or written should he used until the cadet is fairly familiar with the
sound groups. It is a training of the ear that is desired.
5« Later in the course work with the silenced key should he
stressed for the sake of training the t ouch independent of the ear* In
signalling from an airplane the pilot has to rely on touch altogether.
6. Men above average proficiency are not to he held back. One
group in a class may he working at better speed than the rest# Men of
previous experience may he used to send to others*
7* The fast division of each Squadron will he given "passing
out'* tests at the end of each week at the rate of ten words per minute,
the other requirements for passing the final examination remaining the
same. A cadet who "passes out” passes the course provided he attends
the classes in visual signalling and radio, and practices buzzer as re-
quired at least fifteen minutes each day. He will he tested in this
practice at the end of each week, and a record of the tests will he
kept* If the record shows that his work is falling off, more than
fifteen minutes practice may he required*
8« Opportunity will he given to groups of two or more students
to practice buzzer work by themselves, if they care to, in any free
time.
(8)
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9* Outline of Work:
a* Morse code taught by ear. Alphabet, including "oh"
{- - - -). numerals, symbols for "break" (- ... - ), for correction
( ), and for end of message ( ). No other symbols need-
ed. Common mistakes in forming letters, bpacing of works. Proper method
of holding key, position of arm and wrist. (See Stencil £84 "ARTILLERY
COOPERATION NOTES No. 7"; also Bulletin 198. )
b. Practice in sending and receiving with buzzer and Morse
Recorder at least a half hour every day. Two or three days of plain English*
All of the rest of the work in code. Letters and figures interspersed.
Spacing of groups to be emphasized. Cadet will be taught to write all mesp
sages in block (printed capital] letters. Zero is to be distinguished from
the letter 0 by a dot in the center (0); figure 1 will be written with a
short upstroke (1) to distinguish it from the letter I.
c. During the 12 weeks* course cadets are to develop their
practice in both sending and receiving to at least 10 and not more than 12
words per minute, though this ruling need not apply to cadets who have
'•passed out". It is a good plan several times in the course suddenly to
increase the speed of receiving for a short period to keep the man alert,
and t give them a standard by which to judge their own development; e«g» ,
jump from 5 words a minute to 8 for part of an hour, and then go back to
5 or 6«
d» Work with the Lamp and the Miniature Panneau should not
begin until the seventh week, when men have attained considerable prof icien<ty
with the buzzer. A total of 6 hours is to be devoted to visual signalling*
At first, single letters to be received and written down; then, groups of
three or more symbols* Requirement 4 words a minute. (Por description of
panneau see Bulletin No. 27, (Oct* 11) and Photograph f< 14-0/
e. Two lectures on Use of Radio Apparatus in the sixth
week. Parts and connections of apparatus. Importance ox directional, send-
ing. Safety plug. Winding out and in of aerial. (See Stencil No*-580,pp.
5 ff. and "S.S. 131", pp. 38-43
10. Pinal Examination.
a. Receiving? Each cadet receives buzzer code for two
minutes at the rate of 8 words a minute, 5 letters to a work. A minute’s
practice, not counted, may precede the test* Menrho receive c sym os
wrong are graded at the passing mark, 60$. More than 6 wrong counts as
failure.
b. Sending: Morse Recorder used. Men to be given list
of signals in code. Signals spaced and divided into groups, with figures
in different color from letters, as an aid to following with the eye. A
minutes practice not counted may precede the test. Each man sendo
(9)
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two minutes at the rate of 8 words a minute , 5 letters to a work# Each
letter of the alphabet and each figure to occur at least once on the
examination* A cadet making more than 5 mistakes fails*
c* In both sending and receiving tests intervals should
occur irregularly and not uniformly at the end of five symbols* An in-
terval omitted or misplaced should count as an error*
d» 'Ehere is to be no examination on visual signalling
or on the radio lectures*
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SYLLABUS FOR G HIRER Y IR SHE UNITED STATES
SCHOOLS OP MILITARY AERONAUTICS.
52 Lours.
Subjects of Instruction.
The course in Gunnery at the United States Schools of Military
Aeronautics will be conducted upon the basis of this syllabus and
upon the instructional notes issued by the Department of Gunnery as
follows;
1. Lewis Gun; 2* Marlin Gun; f Ring Sights.
The time allotted by subjects is as follows;
1. Lewis Gun;
Time Allotted.
(c)
(a}
(e)
(f J
(g)
(h)
U)
General description
Mechanism (Rotes to be given in full from
stencil )
Stripping
Drill
Stoppages and immediate action
(Indoor work)
Care and cleaning (Rotes to be given in full
from stencil).
Aiming
(To be carefully explained and thoroughly
understood )
Points before and after firing on range
Testing magazines, ammunition, etc
2 hours*
3 hours
3 hours
3 hours
3 hours
2 hours
1 hour
2 hours
2 hours
2* Marlin Guns
(a) General description
(b) Mechanism
( c ) Stripping
(d) Drill (Loading and unloading
(e) Stoppages and immediate action
(f) C&re and cleaning
(g) Points before and after firing on range
2 hours
3 hours
3 hours
2 hours
3 hours
S hours
2 hours
3. Ring Sights as per Stencil;
2 hours.
Review, Lewis Gun
Review, Marlin Gun
Examination
5 hours
5 hours
2 hours
(11)
52 Hours
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Ehe time allotted by weeks is as follows;
T 125456789 10 11 12 g
Practical 50 - -455645565 5
Examination 2 - -- -- -- -- -- 2 52
There will be no instruction in Gunnery during the first two weeks.
The third, fourth, fifty and sixth weeks will be devoted to instruction on
the Lewis gun* She seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth weeks will be devoted
to instruction on the Marlin gun* She eleventh week will be given to review
work upon the Lewis gun and the twelfth week to review work upon the Marlin
gun* Luring the twelfth week a final examination will 'ge given*
Hie character of the review work of the eleventh and twelfth weeks
will be determined by the instructors in the Department of Gunnery, who will
adapt their instruction to the individual needs of the cadets in the sub-
ject.
As soon as possible, instruction in synchronizing gears will be in-
troduced in the U. d. Schools of Military Aeronautics* This instruction
will occur in the eleventh and twelfth weeks and will partly or wholly take
the place of the two weeks review work on the Lewis and Marlin gun#*
(12)
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SYLLABUS FOR COURSE IN AIRPLANES
UNITED STATES SCHOOLS OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
IV. AIRPLANES 55 Hows*
GENERAL REFERENCES : Signal Corps Training Manual Part I, Aviation
Section of the Signal Corps; Training Manual of the Royal Flying
Corps, vol. I; Mr Service Handbook (Lt. Col. L.W.B.Sees) in course
of publication*
1. Types of Machines
References? Notes on the identification of Aeroplanes;
Silhouettes d'Avions; Brief Technical descriptions of Various
Airplanes (Stencil 876).
'Hie object of this course is (1) to give detailed in-
struction on a few machines which are to be used by the Am™
erican Expeditionary Force (see Bulletin no.173 for all
Schools); (2) to familiarize the cadets with the general
characteristics of French, British and German machines* To
aid in accomplishing the latter purpose, part ox the second
hour should be spent on a test, using silhouette cards of a
few of the most important types. (See Bulletins 100 and 110* )
2« Theory of Flight 6 -Hours.
References: The Aeroplane Speaks (H. Barber ) ? Aviation
(Algernon 0. Berriman); Aerial Navigation (Albert lahm);
Learning to Fly in the U. S. Army (E« N. Pales); The Eyes of
the Amy and Navy (Albert H. Munday); Acquiring Wings (Wil-
liam B. Stout).
More technical, for Instructors: First Annua! Report of the
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, pp. 25-110;
Second Annual Report of the Foregoing, pp« 13-14, 555-627;
Military Aeroplanes and Monoplanes and Biplanes (Grover G.
Loening); 'The Mechanics of the Aeroplane $Capt Uuchene ,
translated by J» H. Ladeboer); The Aeroplane (A.Fage); The
design of Aeroplanes (A. W. Judge); Aerodynamics and Aero-
donetics (F.W. Lanchester ) ; Course in Aerodynamics and Aar-
plane design (Alexander Klemin and T. H. Huff, published
August 1916 - August 1917 in "Avi ation").
Instructors are also advised to familiarize themselves
with the following works, which constitute the most accessible
printed ''sources'* of knowledge on the subject:
S* P* Langley, "Experiments in Aerodynamics", Smith-
sonian Institution, 1891, and "Researches and Ex-
periments in Aerial Navigation", Gov*t Printing
Office , 1908.
(13)
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Otto Lilienthal, "Birdf light as the Basis of Aviation”, translated
"bgr A. W* Isenthal. Longmans Green, 1911,
A* G. Eiffel, '"Hie Resistance of the Air, and Other Experiments
conducted at the Champs de Mars Laboratory”, translated by
Jerome C. Hunsaker. Houghton Mifflin, 1913,
Octave Chanute, "Progress in Flying Machines", M. i. Forney, N*Y. ,
1908, and "Recent Progress in Aviation”, Annual Smithsonian
Report, 1910.
Wilbur Wright, "Experiments and Observations in Soaring Flight",
1903.
Clear, untechnical instruction on the cardinal principles and con-
ditions of flight. As has been previously stated, especial emphasis
should be laid on the various kinds of stability and the methods used
for obtaining them, in order to give the cadet confidence in his machine*
Formulae and mathematics will be avoided. Under these restrictions, in-
structors will follow their owh methods in teaching the subject. Below
is a list of the chief points to be covered!
1* Primary forces - lift, drift, gravity, thrust,
2. Secondary factors - incidence, camber, stagger, streamline,
aspect ratio, etc.
3. Conditions necessary for flight; for speed ;f or climb.
4. Balancing of forces; gliding angle; flying angles, etc*
5. Lift-drift ratio, and the factors affecting it.
6. stability; various kinds and now secured.
7* Control.
Nomenclatures
This subject will not be taught separately, as heretofore, but in
connection with Rigging and Theory of Flight. For the parts of the
airplane a labelled machine should be used, instructors will make it
their object to teach things rather than names, so that mention of a
term will bring to the cadet *s mind a whole chain of purposes and in-
terrelations and not merely a barren verbal definition. For further
guidance on this subject consult Bulletin for all schools. No. 144,
History of Flyings
Instruction on this subject will be limited to one hour and will
have as its object the tracing of the development of the airplane of
today. The significance of each step may be most clearly explained
by some such method as a blackboard sketch of a contemporary machine
with the authors of the various features marked on it; e.g., "Camber,
Lilienthal"; "Biplane truss, Chanute "Stabilizing devices, the Wright
Brothers"; "Fuselage, Bleriot and Nieuport", A few minutes may be de-
voted to the development of balloons*
3*. Rigging _ £6 hours
References; The Aeroplane Speaks, pp. 90-144; Notes on Rigging for
Air Machanics (entire); Manuscript Lecture Notes, S.M, A», (entire);
Training Manual Royal Flying Corps, Vol. I; Military Aeroplanes
(G.O.Loening) , pp. 121-138; Method of Aligning the Curtiss JN4B
Stencil 356
(14)
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App.
Introduction (first week) 2 hours*
nomenclature and construction of an airplane . Functions of the
various parts; of controls. Class gathered round a labelled machine.
Brief outline of the content and purpose of Rigging* its importance to
pilots. At this time it may he well to give a few general instructions
on the use of tools; which to use and not to use for certain purposes;
e.g. pliers on turhbuckles. Further instruction on tools to he given
when their uses are considered.
Assembly and Alignment
A few hours should be devoted to practice on assembly and dis-
assembly of wings, center section, empennage and landing gear, in order
to get the order firmly in mind* When this has been done, practice' on
alignment may be begin. This should include, alignment of the landing
gear, fuselage, tail surfaces, center section and control surfaces;
setting and checking lateral dihedral, stagger, incidence, wash- in and
wash-out; over-all measurements; tfwetting@* Every cadet should assist
in making all these alignments at least once, and if circumstances per-
mit, several times. Especial attention to he given to the alignment of
wings and control surfaces.
IISCT'QREB
Alignment 1 hotr
Its importance in field work; necessity of pilot being able to
detect faulty rigging and correst it. Effects on flight of the most
common faults in alignment; why a machine flies one wing low, nose-heavy,
tail-heavy, etc.
Materials and Stresses 2 hours
Woods; different varieties used in airplane construction; com-
parative strength-^weight ratios of various ?/oods. Gomparision with
metals, showing why wood and not metal is chiefly used in airplane
construction. Factors affecting the desirability of woods for various
parts; grain, seasoning, position in tree. Metals; steel, aluminum,
copper. Brief outline of the different kinds of steel; importance of
getting the right kind of various purposes* Stresses; tension, com-
pression, torsion, bending, shearing; where fomd in an airplane. Fac-
tors .of safety of various members*
Wires and Fittings 1 hour
Kinds of wire; solid wire, aircraft strand, aircraft cord;
qualities and uses of each; comparative strength. Streamline wire*
Fittings, turnbuckles, locking devices-* Brief description of terminal
splices (practical work under Oare and Repair of Machines); comparative
efflcienty.
(15)
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J^opeUers X hoxir
Explanation of pitch, pitch angle, slip (As untechnical as
possible )♦ Why two-blade propellers are best for light motors,
four-blade ones on large motors, Construction and nomenclature.
Use of balancing ways and checking table*
Fabric and Pones X hour
Qualifications of an ideal fabric; of those actually used,
linen and cotton. Strength and lightness. Process of covering. Pur-
poses of dope; explanation of nitrate and acetate dopes; methods of
application; inflammability* Use of varnish.
!Hie lectures should be distributed through the practical work,
in the order above given. She lecture on alignment should serve as
an introduction to practical work in that subject, so fa& as possible,
the course will be divided into two-hibur periods, in order to avoid
interruption of a task before completion,
4» Pare and Pep air of Machines 12 hours
References: Braining Manual Royal flying Corps, Vox* I, pp» 10/l7;
Signal Corps Braining Manual Part I, Chap* III; Manuscript Lecture
Notes; Inspection Manual, Signal Corps. U« S. A»
Inspection - 2 hours
This part of the course will consist of actual Inspection of
an airplane, exclusive of the power plant, by the cadet, using the
inspection forms. Instructors will explain In detail what constitutes
cause for rejection, especially in wires and in the faulty grain of
wooden members.
Care of Machines (Lecture) 1 hours,
Directions for packing and unpacking; loading on trucks, and
unloading* Rules for daily care of airplanes and hangprs. Methods
of inspection; parts subject to daily and weekly inspection.
Patching, Mending and Doping 3 hours
Actual practice in mending' tears and applying patches to fabric.
Practice in the application of dope and varnish. If time allows, cad-
ets may cover a small surface such as an aileron or rudder, sewing
cloth at open end and around ribs.
Splicing and Soldering . 4 hours
Explanation of how to make French, American running and eye
splices; relative efficienty, laboratory work; each cadet will make a
loop of some sort. Soldering: advantages and disadvantages; brazing
welding, hard and soft soldering processes. Purpose and use of fluxes.
Things to be avoided; over-heating, grease, air bubbles, etc* Demon-
stration of some soldering process, complete, by the Instructor, and
if possible actual practice by the cadets* If they have made American
or running splices, they may complete the job by soldering.
(16)
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Mending Longerons, etc.
Method of mending a longeron, outting of joint, glue, bolts,
wrapping, varnishing, practical work if possible; if net, demon-
stration by instructor* He w to mend a rib web, a cap strip, how
to repair the leading and trailing edge of a wing.
Meteorology 3 hours
Keferenoess Meteorology (W. ft* Milham); The Principle® of Aero-
graphy (Alexander McAdie); Holes in the Air (W# J« Humphreys ,
GrOv5t Printing Office, 1913); Charts of the Atmosphere for Aero-
nauts and Aviators (a. L. Botch and Andrew H. Palmer); Aerial Navi-
gation (Albert 2ahm|, Part III; She Aviator and the Weather Bureau
(F. A* Carpenter); Meteorology and War Flying (B. BeC* Ward)
Stencil 552
A brief outline of elementary meteorology, as simple and prac-
tical as possible, with the main emphasis on its relation to flying#
Matters which are essential to an understanding of the subject but h
have no direct bearing on aviation, such as planetary winds or the
mercurial barometer, will be explained with the utmost possible bre-
vity* Especial care should be taken to prevent the cadets from re-
ceiving false impressions concerning "holes in the air™ and kindred
phenomena* It should be explained that to the modern high-powered
machine those present little danger or even difficulty, and the pro-
per course of action in each event should be given* Following is an
outline of the main points to be covered#
1* The importance of meteorological knowledge to aviators*
Weather forecasting; action under various conditions*
2# Causes of climate; the sun, the rotation of the earth,
the revolution of the earth, consequent distribution
of temperatures, pressure areas and winds*
3. Pressure, the keynote of weather. Methods of measuring;
relation to cyclonic and anti-cyclonic systems; ap-
plication to everyday weather.
4. The atmosphere; properties of upper as distinguished
from surface air. Temperature and wind gradients.
All common phenomena - cascades, fountains, other
convectional currents; layers, waves; influence of
surface irregularities.
5. Clouds; Kinds, heights, meanings. Thunderstorms*
6. Weather forecasting; Government maps. American, British,
French, bhtechnical rules of thumb. Interpretation
from the ground of conditions at altitudes*
Instruments and Compasses 4 hours
Eeferences: signal Corps Training Manual Part I. Chapters VI,
VII; Training Manual Boyal Flying Corps, Vol. I, pp* 80-100;
The Eyes of the Army and ITavy (A. H. Munday) Chap* X; General
Specifications, pp. 25-28, second Annual Report, National Advis-
ory Committee for Aeronautics; Stencils 565, 662, Manuscript
Lecture Notes.
(17)
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indicator, tachometer, oil and gas pressure gauges, gasoline gauge,
drift meter, inclinometer; methods of use, setting* Errors and
corrections*
Compass; Gimbal- swung, nautical and aerial types* Explana-
tion of true north and causes of variation and devietion* Lubber line*
Deviation card, uses* Examples of converting compass bearing to magne-
tic bearing and vice versa* Variation, plus or minus, and conversion
of true to magnetic bearing, and vice versa* Course setting, with wind
allowances. Brief explanation of adjusting compass to deviation in an
airplane*
Examination
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SYLLABUS FOR COURSE IK ENG DIES IN
tMI'JEL STATES SCHOOLS OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS*
V • ENGINES 59 hours
Introduction*
The course in Engines will occupy 59 hours, of which 11 are given to
lectures, 46 are spent in the laboratory, and 2 are reserved, for an
examination* When possible laboratory periods should be two hours in
length to avoid interruption in the performance ofa definite piece of
work.
The aim of the theoretical work will be to establish fundamental
principles, (1) so that a cadet will understand the parts of his en-
gine in their working relation with especial view to the prevention
of trouble, and (2) so that a cadet changing from one motor to another
will not be confronted with something wholly new but rather with some-
thing familiar in essentials and new only in certain details*
The air of the laboratory work will be first, to give clearer meaning
to the lectures since the engine parts referred to are seen and hand-
led and put in relation by the cadets themselves? and second, to give
a cadet the technical skill required by practical problems in the field.
General References:
Signal Corps Training Manual Part I» (Aviation Section, Signal Corps)
Airplane Motors - Geo. E. a* Hallett
Aviation Engines - Cg? tain yictor W* Page
Chart for Location of Airplanes Power Plant Troubles - Captain Victor Page
Dyke’s Encyclopedia
Mechanical Engineers' Handbook
Ameri can Machinist * s Handbook
Special References:
Instruction books of various manufacturers*
PRINCIPLES - 9 hours.
I. Engine Action (Stationary Engine ) 5 hours.
Power « velocity - R.P.M. - source of power - heat - pressure - trans-
mission of power - piston - connecting rod - wrist pin - cfcahk pin
(throw) - crank web - crank shaft - intake and exhoust valves - lo-
cation of valves*
Four Storike Cycle.'
1c Intake stroke - position of valves - suction - charge - intake
manifold
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2. Compression stroke - position of valves - compression - low
compression - piston rings - cast iron - heat - pre- ignition.
3* Power stroke - position of valves - combustion chamber - heat
loss - hack-kick - misfiring - exhaust valve lead*
4/ Exhaust stroke - position of valves - heat loss - hack firing
Valve aiming - (1} meaning? (2) purpose? (3) method? check by (1)
crankshaft disc? (2) piston travel.
Multi-cylinder engine - working str dices - smooth torque - arrangement of
cylinders (1) vertical? (2) Vee? ~ firing order*
Cam - cam shaft - cam follower - tappet rod - rocker arm - gears - gas-
kets - budiings - bearing - bearing clearance - shims - thrust bear-
ings.
II. Carburet ion 1 hour
Gasoline - gas - requirements of a good carburetor « principles of
single jet carburetor - float feed - Venturi tube - choke valve - throttle
mixing chamber - rich mixture - lean mixture - difficulties in use of
single jet carburetor - auxiliary air valve - genith carburetor - main jet
compensating jet - priming tube - well - principle of Claudel carburetor*
Effect of altitute on carburet ion*
III. Ignition 2 hours
Electricity - voltage - current - resistance '« magnetism. Units of
electricity - ampere - chm - volt - watt. Lines of force - conductor -
electrical impulse.
Magneto
Rotating armature - alternating current. High tension magneto - primary
curcuit - primary winding - collector ring - interrupter - short circuit -
switch - ground - condenser*
Secondary circuit - secondary winding - induced current - safety gap -
distributer - spark plug - electrode - air gap - two spark ignition -
timing the magneto (1) meaning? (2) purpose? (3) method. Sequence of
firing. Advancing the spark - retarding the spark- when used*
Complete instruction on Berling and Dixie magnetos (or equivalent).
Complete instruction on Delco Battery Ignition*
IV . Lubr i cat! on
Part of 1 hour.
Importance of lubrication. Oil film - fluid friction, acquirements of
lubricant - body, fluidity - conductor of heat, etc. Jfust not vaporise
from heat or coagulate or leave injurious deposits, etc.
Kinds of lubricant - petroleum - castor oil - carbon deposits.
Pumps { plunger, gear). Gauge - pressure relief valve - filter screen-
sump - reclamation.
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APP
V# Cooling: Part of 1 hour
Water cooling - radiator - water jacket - pump (gear, centrifugal) -
Thermo- syphon principle* Anti-freezing mixtures*
Air cooling - advantages and disadvantages.
II* Inspection and Trouble Shooting 2 hours.
Cause of noisy action - misfiring “ overheating - loss of power -
failure to start - failure to stop - failure to throttle down - back
firing* Logical search for trouble - general troubles - local troubles*
TYPES OF EEGDES - 2 hours
Gnome Monoscupape 1 hour.
Rotary engines - arrangement of cylinders - crankshaft center -
crank pin center - rotation of cylinders - rotation of pistons - '
transmission of power - length of stroke - odd number of cylinders -
firing order - cycle of operations - carburetion - valves and cams -
timing of valves and magneto - lubrication - cooling - materials -
advantages and disadvantages*
Hispano Shiza 1 hour.
According to Instruction Book
LABORATORY - 46 hours.
I. Assembly 16 hours
Assembling and disassembling two motors, with attention to valve
timing, clearances, lubrication system, cooling system, materials and
specifications of each. Careful alignment of parts. Instruction in
tools in connection with their use«
II. Repair 22 hours-
Gaoling System - 2 hours*
Soldering cracked water jacket, soldering radiator, testing for
leaks, water pump repairs. Repairs of pipes and connections* Have each
cadet take pump apart.
Oiling System - 2 hours
Explain setting oil pressure relief valve, removing and cleaning
oil filter screen, taking down oil pump, cleaning oil pipes with com-
(21)
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pressed air, examination of pump for indication of bearing condition,
tests of oil| have cadets do all work mentioned*
Carburet ion System - 2 hours
Have all cadets take down zenith carburetor, remove and clean jets,
set float level and adjust carburetor on motor. Show cadets how to make
good pipe joints, solder leaky tank, etc*
Ignition System - 2 hours
Each cadet should take magneto apart completely, reassemble and test.
Each cadet should be given instruction on cleaning and adjusting spark
plugs, making wire terainals, adjusting magneto breaker points, cleaning
distributor, replacing brushes, etc#
Cylinders - 2 hours
Each cadet should be made to clean carbon out of cumbustidn chamber,
solder water jacket on Curtiss engine, clean and ream valve seats and show
how to detect wor n or scored cylinders, worn guides, etc*
Valves - 2 hours
Cadets should be taught how to remove valves, clean off stems, ex-
amine for shoulders, warped heads, scored or pitted seats. Each cadet
should grind in two valves to good seating and test seating with Prussian
blue. Importance of using proper abrasive and grinding pressure should be
emphasized.
Pistons - 2 hours
Each cadet should be made to clean off carbon and polish pistons
with minessl wood in and out after rings are removed* Outline importance
of cleaning space’s bads of rings, having proper elasticity to rings and
not too much side play in grooves. Show method of removing and installing
rings without breaking. Have cadet fit oversized ring to groove* Explain
necessary gap at ring for expansion.
Bearings - 6 hours#
Connecting Rod Bearings “ Explain to each cadet how bearing linings
wear in service. Have each cadet remove worn lining and replace with new
brasses* Shaw method of lining with reamer and fixture, and method of fit-
ting by scraping* Show tests for bearing parallelism and proper bearing*
Main Bearing Pitting ** Show cadet how bearings are aligned with line
reamer and fitted with hand scraping process.
Work by cadets on connecting rod bearing scraping# Show how to test
with blue, sharpen scraper on oil stone and emphasize care to be taken.
Each cadet should have an opportunity to handle bearing scraper*
Work by cadets in fitting crankcase main bearings by hand scraping
and alignment bar. Use discarded crankcase and straight shaft*
(22)
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Crank shaf t - 2 hours
Each cadet should "be taught how to swing crankshaft in lathe and
test for truth and roundness of orankpins and main journals with dial
indicator. Roughened hearings should he smoothed down with lap or
emery paper and oil. All points on crankshaft needing inspection should
he pointed out.
III. trouble Shooting 8 hours
Cadets must he able to locate and correct faults in carhuretion and
ignition systems of motor on test block, set oil pressure relief valve,
find cause of overheating, etc.
A motor should he assembled with various faults such as one piston
without rings, loose hearing, poor valves in one cylinder, imperfect
valve timing, loose pins in rocker arms, etc., and installed on test
stand. Cadets should he made to find and correct troubles and have
engine running quietly, smoothly and at proper number of R. M.
with standard propeller or brake installed.
Examination 2 hours*
(23)
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SYLLABUS FOR COURSE IN
observation in
UNITED STATES SCHOOLS OP MILITARY AERONAUT I OS
VI. OBSERVATION 39 Hours.
Map Reading 16 hours.
References? Military Map Reading (Oapt. 0. 0. Sherrill) 5 Notes
on Training Field Artillery Retails iRanford & Moretti) pp. 1-20;
Instructions Concerning Battle Maps - Annexes (W.D. Document No. 598)
pp, 42-43; Maps and Artillery Boards (W.D. Document No. 587)
The aim of this course is to hive the cadet such map knowledge as
will enable him to 'visualise the area represented with reference both
to the relief and to the natural and artificial features upon the sur-
face, to the end that he may be able, first, to find his way about
over the territory, and second, to locate and describe points of mili-
tary importance. It is of primary importance that an aviator should
not lost. This point is so obvious that it is apt to be neglected
but it should be kept in mind continually throughout the course. Since
little sketching is required of an aviator, practice in map sketching
will be given only for the purpose of assisting the student in map
interpretation* The main part of the work in pinpointing is to be done
on the Artillery Observation Range. The practice on the rotary map is
intended to correct fosrvthe confusing effect of the rotary motion ex-
perienced in turning about with the airplane at great heights. As to
accuracy required, see suggestions under Artillery Observation Range
and make proper allowances for difference in scale.
One hour is to be devoted to each of the following paragraphs?
I* Importance of map knowledge to a military aviator, kinds of
maps used in military operations, conventional signs and abbreviations,
meaning of scales and method of representation, scales of French and
English maps, problems in reading ground distances in metric units by
use of scales. (’The meter and kilometer must become familiar units
of measure. The meter stick should be handled by the students. One
hundred meters, then one kilometer should be measured off on a straight
road or street familiar to the students in order to fix these values in
their minds® Practice in estimating distances should be given when out
of doors. )
II. Contours, vertical or contour interval (V.I. ), map distance
(M*D. ) guides in making and reading contour maps, profiles, exercise in
sketching contours with reference to hills, valleys, saddles, cliffs,
gentle and rugged slopes, etc. Review conventional signs and abbrevia-
tions, Review scales.
HI. Orientation: definition, orientation by stars, by watch, by
known points, and by compass; true north and magnetic north, azimuth,
(24)
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problems on variation and deviation* Finding oness position on the
map; resection; intersection* Sketching equipment*
IV* French and English systems of squaring maps explained*
Pinpointing demonstrated and practiced on hand maps#
V» Problems on scales, converting French scales into English
and vice versa; determining scale from points of known distance;
converting R.F* into scale of inches per mile or miles per inch, etc#
VI. Problems in plotting courses having given distances and
bearings, and problems in finding distances and bearings having the
course defined by points to be covered.
VII & VIII Photographis interpretation* Lectures with slides*
IE. Pin pointing on rotary map*
X* Designate two points on floor map, then by use of hand
map calculate distance and true or magnetic, bearing* Dis chances
should be computed in metric units*
XX« Give the cadet the bearing and length of a course starting
from a given point on the floor map. Be quire the finishing point of
the flight#
XII* Plot a course covering three, four, or five points marked
on floor map. Require the cadets to compute distances and bearings
of each part of course.
XIII. She airplane is assumed to be flying along a course desig-
nated on the floor map* At a certain point along the course it is
decided the pilot will turn towards the airdrome. Require how many
degrees the machine will turn to flyin new direction and distance to
airdrome from point of turning#
XIV to XVI inc. Working Scales and sketching out of doors. The
out-door sketching may precede the work on the rotary map at the dis-
cretion of the instructor*
Cooperation with Artillery b 110 ir s
References for Cooperation with Artillery and Artillery Observation
Range; Field Artillery Notes No. 1; Instructions for the Employment
of Aerial Observation in Liaison with ^rtillery (Stencil 294; iden-
tial with Chapter VOO of the foregoing; | Motes on 'Training Field
Artillery Details (Danford and Moretti); Duties of the Ahr Service
(Stencil 827); French Artillery Observation ( stencil 841); Artillery
Motes for Observers (Stencil 765); French Artillery and Air Organiza-
tion (Stencil 828); Instructional Motes So. 2); Use of Artillery in
Battle (Stencil 895); Specimen Shoot, Instructional Motes Mo* 25;
French Artillery zone and battle maps*
(25)
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1* Types of Artillery* Field guns, light howitzers; long range guns,
.heavy howitzers, trench mortars; calibres and uses of each type. (Stencil
765, Instructional Notes ho* 20)* Types of ammunition; high explosive,
sharpnel and high explosive sharpnel. Types of hurst, graze, etc*. Barrage,
counter battery, siege*
II* Organization of French artillery; allot tens nt of front* Organization
of Flying Corps (French Artillery and Air Organization, French Artillery Obser-
vation, artillery zone maps, IgSOOOO).
III. Methods of Fire. (F.A* Notes No. 1, Chap III.) Fire for adjustment,
fire for effect; destruction, neutralization* Prearranged and impromptu shoots,
zone maps* (French Artillery Observation).
IY* Methods of Fire, continued* Explanation of range, deflection, bracket,
salvo, bracketing salvo, oenter of impact, causes of error, sheaf of fire, 50$
zone, 100$ zone, tMe ibf flight. Reporting of observation, (signal Cards).
Y« Procedure of a shoot* (French Artillery Observation) » What to do be-
fore, during and after a shoot, reports. Outline of different methods of pro-
cedure in cooperation with heavy and light artillery.
* 16 hours
1* Explanation of range and French Kilometer gird* Use of coordinates! hour
II. Preliminary practice in pin pointing, oral or written; all the class
observing 1 hour
III* Reporting of points (bursts) by buzzer* Half class may act as ob-
servers and half as wireless officers, the latter receiving the reports of the
former, writing them down and handing them in to the instructor. Class changes
places every half hour* If this is impossible, some other arrangement may be
made, with the purpose always in 'view of giving every man the longest possible
time at the key 2 hours
I¥. Explanation of French system of corrections with reference to the
battery-targer line. Rough methods of judging distances on the range. Practice
with single shots in reference to a target; same system as before, bursts*
2 hours
Y* Conduct of prearranged and impromptu shoots, with ground strips.
(There is in the French system no ”2one Gall" in the English sence, as the ob-
server takes Tip with him a map showing districts covered by light and heavy bat-
teries, with approximate position of the latter) All firing by single bursts
2 hours
YI, Further practice in procedure, with single shots 2 hours.
YII. Explanation of salvo fire; speed of shots, time of flight; system of
judging with reference to the right gun of the hostile battery; deflection error
taken from right hand burst of salvo, range from mean point of impact. Practice
in shoots, as before 2 hours
(26)
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VIII* Further practice in salvo fire* Review 2 hours
IX. Examination (0?o 'be given in twelfth week).
5 pin-point, 5 corrections in the B3? line, single
shots by buzzer.
Part of a prearranged shoot (single shots mainly or
wholly with, ground strops; at least 5 cor-
rections:* 2 hours
X* System of grading. Ehe final makr on the whole course will
be computed as follows:
50 f0 on written examination, covering Map Reading and Cooperation
with Artillery*
50^ on artillery observation range work
She mark on range work will be computed as follows?
50% on examination
50% on class work, based on grades for three short tests
of recitations, by buzzer, of a minimum of five pin-
points or corrections each®
She passing mark will be 60* Allowable margin of error, 5 cen-
timeters [2 inches) on the range, or 50 meters on the ^remind, in both dir-
ections. (It is assuned that the range is on a scale of IslOOO and that the
observer^ gallery is approximately 15 feet above it; margin may be altered
at discretion of instructor to meet other conditions.)
Any class work given in the courses covered by the written exami-
nation will not be included in the final grade.
(Hote. The above apportionment of time to subject matter will be
followed as" closely as possible, but instructors are at
liberty to alter details of instruction to suit the ex-
igences of the ranges* as will be seen from the material
sent out, the work of this course does not cover the
whole ground* She instruction will be continued at the
Flying Schools. }
Examination in Map Reading and Cooperation with Artilleiy 2 hours*
(27)
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OUTLINE FOR SUPERVISED RECREATION AND ORGANIZED SPORTS
UNITED STATES S'OHDUI^iriTrmlRr A'ERUJEWrC'S' '
VII* SUPERVISED RECREATION AND ORGANIZED SPORTS 5 Nows a week
Time for recreation is provided in the afternoon, early or late,
according to season* It will include the followings
I* Inter- squadron contests in football , baseball, soccer,
basketball, track athletics or hookey, according to season*
2. Informal sports? track athletics, gymnastics, tennis, bokking,
wrestling, fencing, rowing, swimming, etc*, according to
season and facilities*
3* Trap shooting, or target practice with the Army rifle or p&stol*
The object is to provide?
(a) Recreation from more formal duties*
(b } Physical fitness*
{ o ) A more lively sense of esprit de corps*.
For the last-named reason, as may cadets as possible should be encouraged
to take part in inter-squadron sports* The Schools will furnish the necessary
athletic equipment, and the Commandant will appoint an athletic director, or
committee, to make the necessary arrangements* The cadets themselves may be
consulted on details* Championship series may be organized and thropies of-
fered to the winning teams with the object of inspiring the greatest possible
interest* Due precaution, however, should be taken against diverting the
cadets chief attention from their studies* It should also be made plain to
them that the time devoted to re ere ti on is a part of th8 curriculum, and is
included in it for the purpose of making them better and healthier officers*
Gadets may, if they choose, be allowed to participate in less formal
sports, in which tournaments or team contests may be arranged. Trap shoot-
ing and target practice should be freely developed*
By direction of the Chief signal Officer?
Geo* A* Washington,
Captain, Signal Corps*
0. 1. 0* Schools Branch, Training Section*.
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(Copy)
Air Division Moulthrop-C
Schools Section
Third .Floor
635 F St. N.W.
WAR DIMARTMENT
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER
WASHINGTON
February 28 : 1918,
MEMORANDUM No. 236 for all Schools:
1. The curriculum for the enlarged course of twelve weeks at the Schools
of Military Aeronautics, together with tire syllabi of the various courses is being
sent you herewith.
2. The keynote of the longer course is to be the inculcation of discipline
and a proper military ideal in the Flying Cadets* This is to be the dominating aim
throughout the Ground School training. While the cadet is at the Ground School he
should be thoroughly impressed with the fact that he is only an enlisted man and he
should receive the training on that basis. As far as possible he will wear the
regulation enlisted man’s uniform except as modified by regulations or orders and he
will not assume the privileges of an officer such as receiving salutes as has
occurred in some instances. At the same time his instruction should fit Mm for his
subsequent status as an officer. The aim is not only to teach him the tebhnical
matters which an officer should know in order to perform his duties, but also the
lit. tie amenities to be expected from an officer and a gentleman. For example, such
matters as mess etiquette should be insisted upon in order that our young officers
when they go overseas” will not be subject to criticism in such matters as has been
the case in some instances already,
3. in the enlarged course the desire is not so much to increase quanti-
tatively the subjects taught as to insure a greater thoroughness in matters already
being given. This is to be particularly so in such subjects as army paper Work in
which there should be given a great deal of practical drill in the use of blank
forms. Large numbers of these should be freely used and as it will be necessary for
the schools to furnish most of them, it is suggested that large quantities be printed
or mimeographed on cheap ps.per which undoubtedly can be done at small expense. The
cadet should be prepared for all sorts of possible contingencies which may arise
af£er he receives his commission such as being called upon unexpectedly to take
charge of a detachment of men and conduct them to some post, possibly abroad or to
be a member of a court martial,
4. The subject of supervised recreation and q? ores is to be taken as a
subject of instruction in the same spirit as any of the other subjects included in
the curriculum. It is not to be treated as merely a recess period for the men but
one in which they are to work as earnestly and conscientiously as in any other, in
order to obtain this result the Commandants and faculty will have to give the subjecl
very careful consideration and supervision in the actual working out. Large amount
of additional equipment will be necessary for this work and this the schools will be
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called upon t.o furnish. Trap shooting is included and this, of course, is to be
taken by all men in the minimum amount now being given and in such, additional
amount as equipment and facilities will permit. It is of great importance for the
men to be very carefully supervised and properly instructed in learning to shoot.
Wrong habits acquired at the beginning will completely destroy the value of this
course to the men and prove positively harmful. The Commandants are directed to
advise this office very fully of what is done in this subject of supervised recrea-
tion and to freely submit suggestions and criticisms. The object of this division
of the curriculum is not only 'to build up the men physically but to make him a good
sportsman in the highest sense of that term and to build up such an esprit d’ corps
that the cadet will feel that he is a member of the best squadron, of the best school,
of the best branch, of the best army, of the best country in the world.
5. Additional instruction in subjects such as .imagines and Bigging is
aimed to bring about a greater thoroughness in practical work in those departments.
6. The new curriculum will be inaugurated at all schools with the classes
entering March 11th. It is desired that a class be graduated from the school ev ry
week and it is therefore directed that the last class entering under the old schedule
namely that of March 4th, be divided toward the und of its course into thirds on the
basis of scholastic standing, so that the nighest third will graduate at the end of
eight weeks, the next third at the end of nine and the remainder at the end of ten
weeks. The first class taking up the new curriculum, namely, that entering March
11th, will be divided in like manner, the first third to graduate at the end of ten
weeks, the second third at the end of eleven and the remainder at the end of twelve
weeks. The schedule of the division of the work for these broken classes will be
forwarded the schools in ample time to insure instruction under the modified cur-
ricula.
The existing contracts with the Universities will be modified to the ex-
tent of omitting the $6*5.00 raaximum limit for tuition. The Universities will re-
ceive tuition for each man at the schools for each week he is actually under in-
struction at the rate as heretofore, $10.00 for the first four weeks and $5.00 for
each week thereafter. As the schools will probably be filled to capacity by the
enlarged course there is little danger of the Universities losing financially and
they can safely be encouraged to improve barracks facilities and matters of equip-
ment •
8. The Ground schools have taken on an added importance and this cannot
be: too strongly impressed upon both officers, instructors, and men under instruction
By direction of the Chief Signal Officer.
J. B. Moulthrop
A true copy Major, Signal Corps.
(Signed) J.M. Van Dyke
Lst. Lieut., oig. B.C., A.S.
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append Lx Wo* F5«
Air Division
Training Section
Schools Branch.
\«AR jpEPARTMENT
Office of the Chief Signal Officer
Washington
April 4, 1818
MEMORANDUM. NO. 297 FOR ALL SCHOiQIS:
1. In accordance with instructions received from the Chief of the Train-
ing Section on March 15th, the following subjects then given in the Flying Schools-
Military Subjects 71 hours. Airplanes 36 hours, Engines 29 hours. Artillery Ob-
servation Range 16 hours. Total 152 hours, are to be t alien over as far as possible
by the Ground Schools ” leaving to the Flying Schools only practical work with such
necessary periodic qualification tests as will insure the cadet’s proficiency4*.
2. m order to comply with these instructions as fully as may be done in
a twelve weeks4 course, the attached curriculum was nude out and will be put into
effect by the Schools of Military Aeronautics with the squadrons entering on
April 15th, 1918.
3. It will be noted that compared with the curriculum of November 1st,
Military Subjects have been increased, by 75 hours, subjects now grouped under
Air -lanes by 21 hours, Engines by 20 hours and Map Reading and Artillery Observa-
tion Range by 12 hours, making a total of 128 hours’ increase.
4. The course given at the Flying Schools in Airplanes and Engines was
as follows, by subjects;
AIRPLANES
(1) Wood and :Jo od working
Lectures 3
Shop Work 2
(2) Repairing Airplane parts
Lectures 3
Shop Work 3
{3} propellers. Checking and
Testing
Lectures l/Z
Shop Work l/Z
(4) Fabrics and hewing
Lecture 1
Shop Work Z
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Lecture
Shop
-2-
1
2
(S)
(6)
Air Plan© Assembly and
.Lectures
Shop Work
Repair
6
12
Total 36 hours
EHGILIES
ll)
(2)
Air Plane Motors - Repair and
Lectures 7
Shop Work 20
Organization and Operation of
Engr. he t.
Lectures 2
Operation
Total 29 hours
In order to take over most of this work, it was necessary to increase the time given
to laboratory work in Airplanes in the curriculum of larch 1st by 6 hours and the
time given to Engines by 4 hours, giving to tne course in airplanes a total of 55
hours , c no. the course in Engines a total of 59 hours* It is also thought advisable
for the sake of nor:, thorough instruction to limit the size of the laboratory class es
so that not more than six men shall be working on one engine nor more than ten men
on one airplane at the same time*
5. To allow for the increase in airplanes and engines, the courses in
Pursuit, Bombing, Cooperation with Infantry, Reconnaissance and Photography have
been omitted* General lectures on these subjects nay be given from time to time at
the discretion of the Commandant for the urpose of interesting the cadets in their
work and showing the scope of the air service, care being taken that the regular work
of the curriculum is not interrupted. The lectures should be given preferably by
men v-ho have been at the front if such en are available from time to time, but if
such men are ot available, theymay be given by school instructors. In any case,
cadets must be cautioned that procedure at the front is con-:. tartly changing and
that they . rust beware of getting fixed ideas tii regard to this . rocedure.
6. After advising with the Commandants of the different Ground Schools
concerning recreation and organised sports, the time devoted to this subject has
been changed from two hours daily to five hours a week, to be distributed at the
discretion of the Commandant.
By direction of the Chief Signal Officer,
Geo. A. Washington,
Captain, Signal Corps
Attach - 1 set of papers O.I.C. chools Branch, Training Section
A true copy;
(Signed) J. Ll. VanDyke
First Lieut, Sig. B.C. , A.8.
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' -- . .
APPENDIX F6
Contains the following:
Curriculum of October 14, 1918 (Stencil No. 272) - (32 pages)
Bulletin No* 348 (Stencil No* 292) - (2 pages)
m ,
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A?' ondix lvo* F6
l stencil :o* ,.72)
WAR DEPARTMENT
Office of the Director of military aeronautics
Washington,
Training Lection, Ground Schools*
CURRICULUM x Ply alia U. -* SCHOOLS OF MILITARY -ARi UTIOS
Course for Dilots
Revised October 14, 1918*
SUBJECT T - JL—Z 3 4 5 ~ 6 7 8 9 lp" IT 12 T
I, MILITARY SUBJECTS
Drills
Theoretical
Examinations
Gas Defense
Examinations
II. SIGNALLING
Practical
Radio Apparatus
Examination
III* GUNNERY
Machine Guns
Traps
Examination
IV. AIRPLANES
Principles, Theory
of Plight
Rigging
Repair
Ins truments
Types
Penguins
Examination
132 29 10 10 10 10 10 10
29 5 11 5 5 3
3 (2) (1)
8 4 4
1 (1)
10 10 10 8 5
173
25 5 10 5
2
2 (1)
50
10
2
3 2
10
2
(1) 29
? i 7t 12if
2t 2jr 2j %
(2) 62
6
25
11
2
2
12
3
4 2
4 6 6 6 3
•3 4 4
2
2
ID (2)
6 8
61
V. ENGINES
Principles
* 12
Types
4
Shop wo rh
32
Engines Running
18
Examination
3
4 4 4
5 6 6
(1)
2 B
5 7 3
8 10
(2)
69
VI. OBSERVATION
Maps 18
Examination 1
Navigation 15
Meteorology 2
Examination in Mav.
& lieteo* 1
Coop. nrtl’l, “Lectures 5
Range 4
Photo. Interpretation 18
Examination 2
8 6 4
(1) 10
10 5
2
U)
4 1
4
10 8
(2) 66
W~W~~38 "36 '
39 39 39
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Vll* Supervised ffacreation and Sport- - Three and one-half ( o_. ) hours ednesday
afternoons - Contests, football, soccer, b&ketball, track, etc., -T o (F)
hours Saturday mornings, bixing raestling, gymnastics and bayonet fencing#
VIII. Saturday afternoons and evenings and Sundays, until 7;00 P«M.» release from
quarters ♦
♦Twenty (20) minutes Calisthenics immediately after reveille, daily except
Saturdays, Sundays and holidays.
Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, Escort to Colors, Parade,
.Review or Formal Guard Mount.
Saturday mornings , - Formal Ir.s action receded by Review.
i.'~> a CO.:' ■ " a: a.’ *
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wcencix no.
WAR DEPARTMENT
Office of the Director of Military aeronautics
Washington.
Training section. Ground Schools.
CURR1Ul,x.uM .'OR „iu. U. o. U -HOO.,0 OF MILITARY -,.j-IO) ..UTICA
Course for Bombers
Revised October 14, 1918 »
SUBJECT
T
1
2
3
4'
5
6
7
8
Totals
1. MILITARY SUBJECTS
Drills*
99
29
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Theoretical
29
5
11
5
5
3
Examination
3
(2)
ID
Gas Defense
8
4
4
Examination
1
ID
140
II. SIGNALLING
Practical
30
5
10
5
5
5
Radio- Apparatus
2
2
Examination
2
(i)
id
34
III. GUNNERY
Machine Guns
30
5
10
7 k
Traps
5
2-1
2g
Examination
2
2
37
17. AIRPLANES
Principles
6
4
2
Rigging
10
4
6
Repair
3
3
Ins truraents
2
2
Types
2
2
Examination
1
(!)
24
V. ERG IRES
Principles
4
4
Shop Work
5
5
Examination
1
U)
10
VI. OBSERVATION
Maps
18
8
6
4
Examination
1
U)
Navigation
15
10
5
Examination
1
(D
Photo, Interpretation
18
10
8
Examination
2
(2)
Bombing
9
3
4
2
Examination
1
(1)
65
39 39 39 39 39 38 39 38
310
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VII
. Supervised .Recreation and Sports - Three < nd one-half ( 3y) hours ed. af ter-
noons - Contests, fottball, soccer, basketball, baseball, track, etc. ,-T p (2)
hours Saturday mornings, boxing, wrestling, gymnastics and bayonet fencing.
VIII. Saturday afternoons nd evenings and Sundays, until 7:00 P.M. , release from
quarters.
Twenty (20) minutes Calisthenics immediately after reveille, daily except
Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays.
Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, 2nd Fridays, -Escort to Colors, Parade, ;eview
or Formal Guard Mount.
Saturday mornings, - Formal; Inspection preceded by Review.
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*
WAR DEPARTMENT
Office of the Director of Military Aeronautics
Washington.
Training Section, Ground schools Branch.
cxmicu-DM ao. urn u. . . obucj,^ ,e , „ ja^y ..40.. .one.,.
Cour e for Observers, Corps &8Armee.
Revised October 14, 1918.
SUBJECT
J
I. MILITARY SUBJECTS
Drills*
Theoretical
Examination
Gas Defence
Examination
T
109
29
3
8
1
29
5
10
11
10
5
(2)
10
10
5
10
3
U)
4
(1)
10 10
10
150
II. 3IGJALLI EG
Practical
Radio-Apparatus
Examination
III. - GUNHERY
Machine Guns
Traps
Examination
IV AIRPLANES
30 5 10 5 5
2
2 U)
2
(1) 34
30
10
2
5 10 7-| 7-g-
2* 4 5
(2 j 42
Princixjlea
Rigging
Repair
Instruments
Types
Examination
V. ENGINES
Pri ciples 4
Shop Work 5
Examination 1
4
5
(1)
24
10
VI. OBSKRV . - I Oil
Maps
Examination
navigation
Examination
Coop. Art* 1 .-Lectures
-.Range
Examination
Photo. Interpretation
Examination &
18
1
15
1
5
4
1
38
8 6 4
U)
10
39 39 39 39 39 39 57
37
17
(2)
37
345
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VII
- Three and one-iv If (3g) hours Wednesday
■cer , b a she is ball , baseball* trade, etc.,— i o l ^ )
restling, gymnastics and bayonet fencing.
VIII. Saturday afternoons and even in., s and Sundays, until V: 00 P, ...» rele;
M., release from
quarters.
♦Twenty (20) minutes Calisthenics immediately after reveille, daily encerb
;?tmdftvs and holidavs.
.eviev or Formal Guard Mo ait*
Saturday mornings, - Formal Inspection preceded by he view.
NOTE.
The curriculum herein contained is to be adhered to literally in the following
1* Time allotted to each subject.
2. Division of time by weeks.
3. Subject matter.
it is believed that the details of the curriculum as o t lined present a
successful solution of the teaching administration of the various subjects, both as
to analysis, and as to the order in which the subdivision of the subjects are in-
troduced, and that the assignment of time to the subdivision is reasonable and
practi oalbe. It is realized, however, that discretion must be allowed to the in-
dividual instructors, under the supervision of the heads of departments , to revise
the curriculum as here suggested so far as these details are concerned, if in thoir
opinion such revision is required to obtain the best results in teaching.
The field of military aeronautics is developing so fast that it is not
easy for any individual or institution to keep abreast of it. The instructional
staffs of the schools must therefore make every effort, by means of the bulletins
sent out bj the Ground Schools Branch, by reading the latest publications, by con-
vers t ion ith practical aviators at every opportunity, to keep their knowledge up
to ciate. If at any time they thus obtain new material for their courses it ?ill be
to the advantage of all concerned. Ho serious change in any course must be la e .
ho. ever, _ 1 thout authority from the Training Section, Ground Schools branch.
respects.
* . ,
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■
SYLLABUS FOR OCURAE IH MILITARY SUBJECTS IN UNITED S ATES
SCHOOLS OF i.iJLIT • RY AERONAUTICS
evised October 14, 1916 *
I. MILITARY SUBJECTS • 140-173 hours
1. Pr; ctical Co rse 99-132 hours
a. ©ally infantry drill, ih lading the Schools of the Soldier,
Squad, and Company, Ceremonies and Guard Duty.
While the purpose of this drill is primarily disciplinary, eve y
cadet should be given sufficient training to enable him to take command of a
small xjdy of troops or to articipato in ceremonial formations. To this end
every cadet should be given frequent opportunity to command a squadron at
drill and his performance should be carefully noted and -arlced by a competent
officer. All carets should be taught the Manual of Anns. One .half an hour on
Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays should be devoted to ceremonies, such
as Parade, Review, Retreat and Formal Guard Mount. On .Saturday mornings there
will be Formal Inspection, _ receded by Review. Cadets should be thoroughly in-
structed in Interior Guard Duty; each Cadet should perform actual guard duty
several times during his course. The hours allotted to drill are intended to
include the time necessary for instruction in Infantry Drill Regulations and
Interior Guard Duty by the Tactical officers.
b. Physical Training.
A twenty minute period should be devoted immediately after
reveille, daily excet Saturdays, Sundays and Holidays, to Calisthenics. This
exercise should be most carefully supervised, a s it is to be regarded, aside
from the physical exercise Rich it affords, as an important disciplinary
exercise. The conduct of this work should .not be left to the student officers;
it should be carried on by an officer or a non-commissioned officer.
c. First Aid.
Hot mo e than three hours should be devoted to demonstration
and drill in first aid .measures under the su ervision of the medical officer
and in accordance with lectures given on the subject.
Throughout the vozfe outlined above, the work of the individual
cadets is to be carefully noted v.ith rtspeCt to their spirit a d efficiency.
2. Theoretical Course - Lectures 29 hours
(For references see Stencil Ho. 157)
a; Disci line, Military Courtesy, Ideals of the Service.
1 hour
Every effort should be made to make this lecture inspiring and
impressive. It should be the first lecture of the course and, when possible,
should be .given by the Commandant. It is of the utmost importance that the
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vital necessity of disciijline should be impressed upon the cadet at the begin-
ning of his course. The intimate relation -bet . sen military courtesy and dis-
cipline should be stressed. It should also be made very clear to the cadets
that they are expected to become flying officers and not mere aerial chauffeur
It cannot be too strongly impressed upon the cadets that they must conform to
the standards of "an officer and a gentleman".
b. Hygiene and Sanitation. 3 hours.
This course should include; (1) Personal H, giene; (2) Pirst
Aid; (3) Sanitation in Barracks and CampS. These leciur s will be gi en in
the fifth or sixth week,
c. Organization of the United States Army. 1 hour
This lecture should be a general survey of the administrative
organization of the army, including the relations of the President, secretary
of War, and Chief of Staff, and the functions of the various staff corps and
departments. The general administrative organization of he Air Service
should be especially emphasized. Ho attempt should be made to teach details.
d. Methods of Modern Warfare * 7 hours*
An outline should be given of the methods used by the armies
of today on the European battle fronts, covering modes of attack and defense,
including trench warfare. The sjjecial point to be brought out is the place
of the airplane in modern military operations. The various types of air
service — scout, observation, artillery co-operation, infantry co-open tion,
bombing, combat and independent — should be described in connection ith
these various o erations. It will be noted that the time given to this sub-
ject ha 3 been increased from four to seven hours and the course should be
made correspondingly more serious. These lectures will be given before the
two-hour examination.
e. Army Regulations and Paper Work. 12 hours.
The aim of this instruction should not be to compel the cadet to
memorize detailed points in "Array Regulat ons" or the details of Army Paper
Work* The instructor should not follow the text of "Army Regulations" but
should cover the topics as such, pointing out where the r gulations are to be
found. Matters covered in "Special Regulations" or "General Orders" s ouid
not be slighted. At the end of the course the cadet should have rat; stored the
fundamental rules as to authorities, procedure, pay and aLlo ances, etc,, in
the army, and know where to look for the rest. The subjects of rank nd
grade and uniform and insignia may well be taken up first. These should be
followed by regulations primarily affecting enlisted men, such as promotions,
transfer, furloughs, o.ischa :,os9 desertion, pay and allow ances and compulsory
allotments. Then should come regulations affecting officers, such as com-
missions, promotions, transfers, leaves of absence, travel, ay and allow-
ances, resignation and dismissal. Accountability and responsibility should
be explained thoroughly. Essential points in squadron administration, such
as squadron funds and mess funds, should also be taken up.
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In the study of paper Y.oric only the most essential forms, such as
are used daily or frequently in connection with squadron admini station,
should be discussed, The following should be covered*. Service lie cord. In- '
dividual Equipment Record, Homing Report, Sick Report, duty Roster, Ration
Return, Discharge Certificates, Final Sta ement, Delinquency Record, Memor-
andum Receipt, Report of Survey and St tement of Charges. It is not intended
th t the i*e shall be any hard and fast line' drawn between |iours devoted to
Army Regulations and those devoted to Paper Work. The best results can be
obtained by merging the treatment of the two at times. It is expected that
printed forms shall be distributed among the cadets to be filled in by them,
and that these forms shall be corrected and given back to the cadets. Each
cadet should have a copy of the Engineer Training Manual, Appendix Ho* 2, in
his possession throughout the course In Paper Work* As much time as xjossible
should be devoted to the subject of Military Correspondence. The cadet should
be required to write at least two letters, with indorsements; these should be
corrected and returned.
Kxami nation 2 hours .
A t -o-period written examination ill be given at the e ad of the
third - eek, following 21 hours of instruction. This examination will be final
on the subjects covered in the first three weeks.
£• Military Law. 4 hours.
This course should cover the essentials of Military law, including
types of jurisdiction and tribunals, ersoas suoject to military law, re-
lations between civil and military courts, reciprocal right, and duties of
officers and enlisted men, preferring of charges, appointment and jurisdiction
of courts-martial and court procedure, with especial reference to the ri kin
of the accused. The Manual of Courts-Martial should be brought to attention
as a reference book only • The expenditure of a relatively large proportion
of the time on gener: 1 court-martial roce&ure should be avoided.
g. Morale and Esprit de Corps. 1 hour®
This lecture, like the first, should be delivered by the Command-
ant. It should come near the end of the course and should emphasise the im-
portance of the Air Service in its&lf, and of high Ideals and morale in this
Service. The cadets Should draw from it an inspiration which they will carry
with th« to their own great good and tile good of the Service into flying
field, canp, and actual service at the front.
Examination 1 hour
This examination will be final on the subjects covered in
the fifth and sixth weeks.
3. Gas .Defense
a. Lectures. 3 hours
The time allotted to this subject has not been changed, and the
work will be governed by Stencil Ao. 157 and subsequent bulletins.
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GULLABUo FOR C8UR3E I IT 0IG1AIL1HG
IN
UNIT' D STATES SCHOOLS OF EILITARY AERONAUTICS*
Revised Oct. 14, 1918*
II . SIGNALLING
1. The course in Practical Signalling will vary in length for
pilots, "bombers, and observers, as indie ted on pages 1-3, Practical
Signalling will me n buzzer ork, occupying 25 hours for pilots, 30 for
bombers, and 30 for observers, with two hours Lamp Signalling and two
hours Panneau work included. In addition tv/o lectures on the use of
Radio Apparatus are to be given, and a further two hours allotted to the
examination in each case* Ho field work is required and no lectures
on the theory of .Radio*
2. The whole aim of the teaching should concentrate on the
practical ’training necessary for efficient signalling from an airplane;
every phase of telegraphy not essential for pilots or observers should
be strictly eliminated. (For type of signals used see Stencil #294,
pp. 22-25 , 31-32.
3. The emphasis of the course must be upon accuracy rathor than
upon speed, since for airplane signalling a moderate speed is quite suf-
ficient but accuracy is absolutely necessary, not only as reg ards the
letters and figures, but also the spacing of groups* In other words, the
desire is to find the highcjsfc speed at which cadets can send, meeting he
requirements as to accuracy and quality. Accuracy. ..ill be determined
according to the methods of testing laid down in Form 60.
4* The necessary requirements for graduation will be to send 8
words per minute on the buzzer and to receive 6 words per minute. In
all eases, the expression "words per minute" will mean code words of
five letters sent with an accuracy of ninety-five per cent {95$b) or
better. Although the graduation requirement will be as stated above
it is advisable at times, during- the twelve weeks* course, to increase
the practice speed to 10 or 12 words per minute. In order to eep the
men alert and to give them a standard by which to judge their development,
the speed may be increased and decreased for short eriods, jumping from
6 words per minute to 8 or 10 for part of an hour, and then returning to
a lower speed*
5* -It is important that at first the instruction should be en-
tirely from the s ound and ot the sight of the code. Nothing rintod or
written should be used until the cadet is fairly familiar with the sound
grouios. It is a training of the ear that is desired.
6. Later in the course work with the silenced key should be
stressed for the sake of training the touch independent of the ear* In
signalling from ah airplane the pilot has to rely on touch altogether.
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b. Practical Prill. 5 hours.
The time allotted to drill in Gass Defence will not be taken from
the time allotted to Infantry ^rill as lias been heretofore the ractice; thi
subject will come in the fifth and sixth eeks of he course as provided in
this curriculum*
Examination 1 hour
A special, practical examination in Gas Defense,
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a: Morse code taught b\ oar. Alphabet, inclui ,-ing "Oh." {----)
numerals, symbols, for 'break” (-••*-}, Tor correction ( ..••••••.«), and
for end of me ..sage (•-«-.)• Ho other symbols needed* Common mistakes in
forming letters. Spacing of words# Proper -method of holding key, position
of arm and wrist. (See Stencil 584, "ARTILLERY COOPERS IOH HOSES Ho» 7”;
also Bulletin 198}.
0. Practice in sending and receiving with buzzer and Morse
Recorder at lo<..st a half hour every day. Two or three days of plain
English, ill of tho rest of the work in code. Letters and. figures inter-
spersed. Spacing of g- cups to be emphasised. Cadets will oe taught to
write all messages in block (printed capital) letters. Zero is to be
distinguished from the letter 0 by a ot In the c nter (C| j -Igure 1 vdll
' be written with a short upstroke (1} to distinguish it from the letter I.
c. Work i th the Lamp end Miniature panneau should not be-
gin until the seventh week, when men have attained considerable proficiency
with the buzzer. A total of 4 hours is to be devoted to Visual wignalli .g.
At xirst, single letters to be received and written down; then, groups of
three or ore symbols, Requirement 4 words a minute. (For des .ription of
pameau see Bull e ton ho. 27, Goto be: 11, 1917, and Photograph 1140*}
&• Two lectures on use of Radio Apparatus in the sixth week
Parts and connections of apparatus. Importance of directional sending*
safety plug, nding out and in of aerial, (dee Stencil I7o.580,pp. 5 ff. )
8. Men above average proficiency are ot to be held beck. One
group in a class may be working at better speed than the rest. Men of
previous experience may be used to send to others.
9. The fast division of each squadron will be given "passing out"
tests at the end of each week at the rate of 8 words per minute, the other
requirements for assing the final examinations remaining the same. A
cadet who "passes out" passes the course proveded he attends the classes in
Visual Signalling and Radio, and practices buzzer as required at least
fifteen minutes each day. He will be teste in this practice at the end
of each week and a record of the tests: will be kept. If the record shows
th t his work is falling off, more than fifteen rainutes practice may be
required,
10. Opportunity vdll be given to groups of two or more students to
practice buzzer work by themselves, if they care to, in my free time.
11. At the Concentration Camp, Camp Lick, weekly tests will be given
in buzzer and all cadets whose work falls below standard will be put upon
a deferred list for assignment to flying school. Ho ties of this fa t
should be posted by instructors in all radio school rooms, as it will also
be posted at Camp Lick. • 1
12. Final Examination:
a. Sending; Morse Recorder used. Men to be given list of
signals in code. Signals spaced and divided into groups, . ith figures in
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different color from letters, as an aid to following v/ith the eye. A
minute's practice not counted may precede the test. Each man sends for
two minutes at the rate of 8 vordc per minute, 5 letters to a word. Each
letter of the al hahet and each figure to occur at least once in the
examination, a cadet making more than 5 mistakes fails,
b. Receivings Each cadet recieves busser code for two minutes
at the rate of 6 words per minute, 5 letters to a word. .• minute's practice,
not counted, may ; recede the test. Men who receive lb* symbols wrong are graded
at the assing mark 6Gp» Each mistake above 15 shall count 1-1/3 er cent off,
c. In both sending and receiving tests Intervals should eour
irregularly and not uniformly at the end of five symbols , An interval
omitted or displaced should count as an error.
d. There is to be no examination on Visual Signalling or on
the Radio lectures*
e. Ho cadet is to be passed in Signalling who does not ass the
sending test. The grades made in sending and receiving by each cadet in the
Pilots' course who passes the sending test are to be averaged to get his fi-
nal grade in Signalling and if this grade is 60/y or above he is to be consid-
ered as passing in Signalling.
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SYLLaBUS FOR COURSE Ili CR HARRY IN XH.n T .D 3MVS
SCHOOLS OF MILITARY aEROHAUTICS
Revised October 14, 1918*
FOR PILOTS
Subjects of instruction v/ill be as follows s
Lewis Gun* 'Time Allotted*
(a) General description and nomenclature 3 Hours
(b) Mechanism (notes to be given in full from
stencil J 6
(c) Stripping 4
(d) brill 1
(o) Stoppages and immediate action (indoorWorh) Z
(f) Care and Cleaning (Rotes to be iven in
full from stencil) 2
(g) points before and after firing cm range 1
(b) Testing magazines, acvaunition, etc® 1
20 hours:
larlin Gun*
(a) General description
(b) Ilechanism. (Lotos to be given in full from
stencil)
(c) Stripping
(d) Drill (Loading and unloading)
l e) Stoggages and i. nedl .te action
(f) Care and cleaning
(g) Points before and after firing on range „
Z, Ring Si ;hts .Ilorman fane .. orosight and Aiming
(Uni or Ring eights may be included the necessary
instruction in the application of the Ring
Sight to i'rap shooting)
4. Trans with Ring Sights
(Hot to exceed 25 rds. er period)
"23 hours
5 •»
10
C* T» dear
(Eomonclature and Mechanism only)
Examination
Total 62 Hours
Ho range voiic will be carried cut at Ground Jciiools.
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Subjects of instruction, will e as follows*
1 . Lewis Gun
Time Allotted
(a) General description and nomenclature
(b) Mechanism (notes to be ,iven in full from s-encil)
Stripping
Drill
Stoppages and immediate action (indoor Work) .
Care and Cleaning (lotos to be given in
full from stencil)
Points before and after firing on range
Testing magazines, ammunition, etc*
(c)
U)
(e)
If)
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(h)
3
6
4
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2
2
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n
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(Under Bing Sights may be included the necessary
instruction in the application of the King
Sight to Trap Shooting)
3* Trans . with ring sights
(lot to exceed E5 rds# per .eriod)
Examination
POlI OBAnTiRGi CO ..PS Df ARIEL
Subjects of instruction will be as folios?
1, Lewis Gun
£6 Hours
5 »
Total
2 «
37 Hours
Time Allotted
(a) General description and nomenclature
(b) Kechanism (Hotes to be given in lull from stencil)
( e) Stripping
(d) Drill
(e) Stoppages and immediate action (indoor oik)
(£} Care and Cleaning (lotos to be given in full
from stencil)
(g) Points before and after firing on range
(a) Testing magazines, ammunition, e to*
2. Ring J ights . Ilorman Jane Foresight and Aiming
(Under Ring Sights may be included the necessary
instruction in the application of the Ring
Sight to Trap Shooting)
3
6
4
2
3
Z
2
Hours
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ft
2b Hours
5 ,f
3.
.5 with ring sights
(lot to exceed 25 rds. per eriod
: ixaeaination
Total
10 "
2 «
4 2 Hours
FOB EIGHT I1IG QBOEKV., AS
The requirements as to instruction and the final examination in
Gunnery for fighting observer candidates will be the same as those in
the course for observers*
Ho range work vdll be curried out at Ground Schools.
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SYLLABUE FOR COURSE IN AIRPLoBES
UNITED STATES SCHOOLS OF MILITARY aEROHaUTICS
October 14, 1916.
IV. AIRPLANES. 61 hours
Introduction.
fi'he course in ir planes for pilots vdll occupy 49 hours,
exclusive of the hours of instruction in penguin© • Fifteen of the 49 1
are given to lectures, El are spent in practical work, and 3 are re-
served for final examinations. Laboratory periods a. e oO be 3 hours
in length, or more if necessary to avoid interruptions in the perform-
nice of a definite piece of work. The aim of the lectures is: (1) to
establish in the cadet* s mind the fnnda went, 1 principles of fiph.'W, and
..he necessary contributing f ctors thereto, so thfct he will have a
clear understanding of the parts of the ships and their, wo iking re-
lation with each others (2) to make him thoroughly familiar • 1th the
training type of planes. The practical work is done ith the object of;
(1) giving a clear s.-aing to the lectures, since the airplane parts
referred to are seen and handled in their ...ro er relation by the cadets
themselves; (2) giving the cadet a practical grounding in the making
of repairs which he nay be c lied upon, to make while in the field.
The lectures should be distributed through the practical
work, in the order given* The lecture on alignment should serve as an
introduction to practical work in that subject*
The course for bombers and observers consists of the first
two weeks of the pilot* s course.
General References j
Jign&L Corps fr ining Manual Part I, aviation Section of
the Signal Corps; Training Manual of the Royal flying Corps, Part I;
Air service Handbook (It. Col. L» , R. Rees), 7ol« 1.
PRltOI PLUS , LECTURES
1. Theory of Flight. 6 hours
Clear, unteehnical instruction sho id be given on the
cardinal rinciples and conditions of flight* As lias been previously
stated, especial emphasis should be laid on the various kinds of
stability and the methods used for obtaining them, in order to give
the cadet confidence in his machine. Formulae and mathematics will be
avoided. Under these restrictions instructors will follow their own
methods in teaching the subject* Belov is a list of the chief points
to be covered#
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a. Primary forces - lift, drift, gravity, thrust.
b. Secondary factors - incidence, camber, stagger,
streamline, aspect ratio, etc.
c. Conditio s necessary for flight; for s eed; for
climb.
d. Balancing of forces; gliding angle; flying posi-
tion, etc.
e. Lift-drift ratio, and' the factors affecting it*
ft stability; various binds and how secured.
g. Control.
deferences :
The -.one. line peaks ( H« ...arber) | aviation (Algernon B« Berrimii ) ; hi rid
Navigation (Albe t F. 3ahm); Learning to Fly in the U. 3. .my (}:, IT* hale
The .yes of the Army and Navy (Albert H Monday} ; cquiring 'in;. s ( William
•tout); Air service Handbook; Tol. 1 (A. 5. Signal Corps)*
More technical, for instructors; First Annual :le_ ort of the ational .d-
visory Committee for Aeronautics, pp. <35-110 5 second Annual .e ort of the
foregoing, pp* 13-14, 555-629; Military Aeroplanes and Monoplanes and
biplanes (drover 0. Loening); The Mechanics of the Aeroplane (Oapt. Duchene ,
translated by J« H. Ledeboerj; The Aeroplane (A. Fage); The Design of
aeroplanes (A. xh Judge); Aerodynamics . n -.erodonetics (F. * Louche s ter) ;
Course in Aerodynrnacis and Airplane Design (Alexander Klomin and T. E. Huff,
published Angus t 1916 - August 1917 in '•Aviation”; ircraft Mechanics Hand-
book (F» H. Colvin).
Instructors arc also advised to familiarise themselves Mth the folio ing
works, which constitute the aost accessible printed "sources” of knowledge
on the subject;
S. F. Langley, “Experiments in Aerodyaa ies”, Smithsonian .In-
stitution, 1691, and "Researches and experiments- in Aerial Navigation" ,
Gov’t Printing Of Acer, 1908.
Otto Lilienthal, ”Bi rdf light as the Basis of Aviation,” trans-
lated by A. W. Isentiial. Longmans Green, 1911*
A. G. Eiffel, "The Hesi stance of the »,ir“, and Other Experi <ents
Conducted at the "Champs de Mars na moratory®, translated by Jerome 0. Kun-
saker, Houghton Mifflin, 1913*
Octave Chanute, "Progress i Flying, Machines”, K. L. Forney,
N. Y. , 1906, and "lie cent Progress in Aviation”, Annual Smithsonian report
1910.
Wilbur Wright, "Experiments and Observations in Soaring Flight",
1903.
Nomenclature.
This subject will not be taught separately, a s heretofore, out
in connection w th digging and Theory of Flight. A machine with all parts
labelled should be used for this lecture. Instructors \ ill oear in mind
that they should be unte hnical and their object should, oa to teach the
functioning of the parts rather than n. rises, so that the mention of the terms
v. ill bring to the cadet’s mind a whole chain of purposes ahd nterrel. ions
and not erely barren verbal definitions. For further guidance on this
subject consult Bulletin No. 144 for All Schools.
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a. Alignment (Third ' ©ck) 1 .our
Its importance in fiel . ork; necessity of pilot >eing able
to detect faulty rigging and to correct it. -fleets on flight of the most
common faults in alignment; v.hy a a chine flies one wing low, nose-heavy,
tail-heavy, etc.
h4 -ate iaia nod stresses (fourth eek) 1 .,.ur
ood; different varieties used in ^irplane construction;
co arative strength-weight ratios of various ood^« V/hy . oo .. - id lot . .etal
is chiefly used in airplane construction, factors 1 affecting the desirability
of oo- a for various arts; grain, seasoning, position a tree, stresses;
strain, tension, compression, torsion beading, shearing; vhere found in an
airplane, factors of safety of various members*
c. fabrics and hopes ( ourth ./ask) 1 hour*
Qualifications of an ideal fabric; of those actually used,
linen ad cotton* .> t rang th and li fitness* Process of covering. Purposes of
dov)e| explanation of nit te and acetate dopes; methods of application; in-
flammability* Use of varnish*
.deferences s The aeroplane Speaks ,pp* 90-114: notes or rigging
for Air Mechanics, (entire) ; .Manuscript Lecture Motes, ... Li* .» (entire);
Training Manual Loyal Plying dorps. Part I; Military Aeroplanes (1.0. Leoning) f
pp p 121-138 ; Method of Aligning; the Curtiss JIT4B ( d tencil 356}
d, v'ire and Fittings (fifth .veelt) 1 hour*
Kinds of wire; solid ire, aircraft strand, aircraft cord;
qualities and uses of each; comparative strength* Streamline vires*
Fittings, turn-buckles, looking devices. Brief description of terminal
splices (practical work under Care .,nd .Repair of . '.a chines; ) compare tive
efficiency*
e* Propellers (Fifth eek) 1 hour*
Explanation of pitch, pitch angle, ship (as mi technical as
possible), balsnc , degree of error, surface area, camber, straightness, joints
condition of surface, mounting, care of propellers, Why two-blade propellers
are best for light motors, four-bl he on large motors. Construction and
'nomenclature •
PRACTICE
2. Hi a ina. continued 20 hours
a. introduction (Third week) Z hours
Home iclature and Construction of an airplane* Functions of the
various parts; of controls* Class gathered round a labelled machine. . rief
outline of the content and purpose of ..ig- ing; its importance to pilots*
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At this time a few general instructions should be given on the use of tools;
which to use and not to use for certain urposes; e.g.pjiars on turn-
buckles. further instruction on tools to be given ion their uses are
considered, The student should at this point be taught the effect of the
various controls on a ship hi la it is in light, i.e. result if elevtor
control is _,usiied forward or backward, action of ailerons, rudder, etc.
b. .(vSso; to ling' a.. a Aiigmichts. 18 t ours.
(1 hour in the third week, 4 hours in the fourth week, 4 hours in the
fifth weak, 6 hours in the sixth v.eek, and 3 hours in tho seventh oek) »
A fev hours ill be devoted to practice in assembling and dis-
assembling wings, center section, eiipennage and landing gear, ,'n or...er to
get the order firmly in mind. hen -nis has been dose , practice on align-
ment may begin. ' This should a elude, first fuselage and alignment (at least
two hours) and alignment of tin landing gear, tail surfaces , center section
and control surfaces ; setting and checking lateral dihedral, stagger,
incidence, Wash- in and ./ash-out; over-all me uuraaents ; "vetting". Every
cadet will assist in making all these .alignments at least once, and if time
permits, several times, ^special attention to be given to the alignment
of wings and control surfaces, by eye as veil as by measurement*, it is- iio
be noted that 5 hours of this work come in, the 3rd and 4th weeks , 1 hour
in the 3rd and 4 hours in the 4th. During this time the needs of oorabers and
observers are especially to be oome in mind, After the fourth week the
course is for pilots only.
3. lie-pair of Machines 11 hours
a. Inspection (fourth keek) 3 hours*
(1) Detailed Inspection. Shis art of the course will con. ist
of an actual systematic inspection of an airplane from the standpoint of its
acceptance or rejection as unsatisfactory. This inspection should be m de
complete, by the cadet, using foams and methods of aspect ion furnished all
schools. Instructors ..-ill explain in detail what constitutes cause for re-
jection, .especially with relation to the - ires am faulty grain of ooden
members •
(2) Inspection before flight, (be© Stencil Ho* 281 (Pilots
Procedure before flight) over),
This inspection sho Id be of ouch character as the
inspection hick should usually be .ado by a pilot before taking to the air.
Ihe instructors should be very careful to emphasise poh.ts to . hich particular
attention must be id, such as control wires where they pass through the
sheaves or guides, landing gear fittings where they are secured to the lower
longeron, tension on landing ami fly in, ires, etc.
In .all cases of inspection, the plane should be inspected by a
different grou of students than that vmich ? sue doled it. fhe form of inspection
will be furnished all schools promptly u on its completion.
b. Gore of .Machines (Fifth Week). 1 ho r.
Directions for packing and unpacking, loading on trucks and un-
loading. kales for daily care of air lanes and hangars. This must be > one by
practical demonstration, cadets assisting when iecessary. 1 ee pages 39-42, Air
Service Handbook, Vol* I.)
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INBPECT 101 OF .11 EFL il 13 .
(fee oteac.il Ho. 272, vepair of machines, a ( ) , p. 14).
Pilot’s Procedure Before flight.
Inspection of an airplane should always begin at code-pit on
mounting side and continue around airplane couter-ciock ise®
A# In making this circuit be sure to examine all control •> ires, and
see that they are not frayed where they come in contact -frith
pullers and guides.
B. See that all fittings have castellated nuts cot -©red®
C. notice all turn-buckles to see if they are safetied®
1. Grasp horizontal stabilizer and see that same has necessary firmness
2. See that horn’ on elevator is firm - that all vires attached thereto
aro in good shape and that nutot are cotter© •
3. See tha* hinge pins of elevator are cottered.
4* See that hinge pins of rudder are cottored* examine horn and
wires of rudder.
5® Examine stabiliser on right side as in paragraph 2.
6* See that pins holding upper and lover wings to body of the ship
are safety ired. Jixanine each strut by sounding it - ith a smart blow with the
palm of the hand*
. 7* Move ailerons in bruer that hinge pins can be seen, and be sure
they are cottered.
6* See that wing skid is in proper shape*
9* On passing around to front of rings, step on entering edge of lower
wing in order that the top of the wing can be examined* liotice if horn bus its
castellated nuts cottered, _n& if elevator control wires are not frayed where
they pass through the pulley*
10. Seat landing and Hying v ires for proper tension*
11. Examine landing gear, so© that its struts are not in any ay
damages, that elastic is in place, and all guy wires are in good shape®
12* dee that ropaller is wot scarred or cracked* If tipped, see
that no part of tip is loose. Bee that all nuts on hub are safetied.
13. Continue on left upper and lower in. vs as on the right wings*
14. If dual control and flying alone, see that svtfety belt in front
seat is hooked over seat and no tools or iQOae objects are loft in front ock-pit
la* Bee that gas guage registers, and gas tank is full*
1G. Look inside of fuselage from rear cock-pit® Bee that there is no
waste, paper, or any loose ooject i i same.
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c* Patching, Lending and Doping (Fifth eek) * 3 hours.
Cadets should bo instructed 'by demonstration and actual ork in
making ermanent and ter. orary patches, saving of tears, nd patching ith dope.
Bach cadet should cover a small surface such as an aileron or rudder, sewing
cloth at open end and around ribs, dee Pages 46-47, air service Handbook, Vol • 1 «
d, dpi icing and soldering (seventh eek). Z hours.
Cadets v.ili be instructed by demonstration in making French and
A erican running eyo splices and the relative efficiency of each. Give demon-
strations of soldering, o razing, •..•elding, oho i g advantages ,.nd .isnc vantages
of each .method, also hard and soft sol ering prodessc:: , and urposos and use of
fluxes. Explain things to be avoided such os overheating* grcc.se, ai rabbles,
etc. Hach cadet ill make two splices.
e* L-.hdi-i^ Longerons (Seventh Meek) 1 hour*
Cadet a ill be obstructed by demons tr. tion, in rethods of mending
a Ion e roc, cutting a joint, glue, >olt , do el .airs, v rapping, varnishing, how
to i.:cnu a rib ’rob, afid ..or to repair c Ling ad trs ilihg edges of a wing#
f» Propellers (Seventh eek) 1 hour*
Explain oy demonstration the us© of balancing ays mid chocking
t. jle, checking of pitch, trade, curve or camber* Cadets .all *.o this oik in
groups .
■deferences: draining Lanual ..Loyal Plying: Corps, Part 1, pp. 10-16;
Signal Corps 'Graining Manual, iart I, Chap, III; manuscript h c ure Hotes;
Inspection ..anual, Jignal Corps, t>. . ircraf t Mechanics Handbook - Colvin*
4. Instruments (Third eek) 2 hours*
.Jefe fences: Signal Corps Training Manual, Part i, Chapters VI, 711;
'Graining Manual Loyal /lying Corps, Part I, pp. 80-100 ; The hues of the
Arp and ilavy (a* « Ibmday) Chap* X; ..oral • _L acioica tic. a, a. 25-2$,
Second Annual Report, national Advisory Committee for -aeronautics; Stencils
1?CS* 56b, 662; Manuscript Lecture notes; Instruction Manual, Instruments,
issued by Air Information, Signal Corps*
Purpose and mocha- ism of the altimeter, barograph, air speed indicator,
tachometer, oil and gas pressure gauges , gasoline gauge, drift meter, in-
clinometer, methods of use, setting, errors end corrections* (The compass is
fully covered in the course in navigation* }
5* Tivpas (fourth reek) ' 2 hours*
Service Planes » .
The object of this lecture is to familiarize the cadets, in a
general way, -I th the construction ami specifications of the machine now
being used by the American Hxped it ionary Forces (See Bulletin Ho. 173 for
All Schools), and with French, British end German machines* To id in accom-
plishing the latter purpose „ art of the second hour spent oh a test
using . ilbouette carts of a few of the important types* (Joe Bulletin ITos*
100 jmd 110.)
deferences: Lotos on the Identification of eroplanes; silhouettes
d’-vions; Brief Technical ■ nous Airplanes (Ste .oil Ho, 176) .
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SYLLABUS FOUR COURSE IN ENGINES IN
UNITED STATES SCHOOLS OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
October 14, 1.18.
V. ENGINES 69 hours.
Introduction.
The course in engines will occupy 69 hours, of hich 16 are to be spent
on lectures, 50 on practical work and 3 are to be reserved for final
examinations. Laooratory periods should be 3 hours or more in length
to avoid interruption in the erfo nuance of a definite of work.
The aha of the theoretical ork or lectures will be; (1) to establish in
the cadet’s ind the fundamental rinciples of internal combustion en-
gines and their accessories; ( 2 ) to give the cadet a clear un erst aiding
of the parts of his engine; (3) to give the cadet a thorough understanding
of the working relations of each part with the object in view of preventing
trouble*
Lectures should je of a demonstration nature, it being the aim of the
laboratory work (1) to give a clearer meaning to the lectures,- since the
engine a ts referred to are seen .and handled by the cadets themselves,
and (2) to give the cadet the technical skill requ red so that he will be
able to make minor repairs and adjustments should he be cajfled upon to do
so while engaged in field service.
It will be noted that the fist four hours of lectures and the first five
hours of laboratory v.ork roust be so arranged as to make a complete funda-
mental course in engines for .umbers and observers, as these classes of
cadets are split off from the pilots t the end of the fou th week of the
course, and have no further instruction in Engines.
General e Terences ;
Signal Corps Training Manual Part I. Aviation Section, Signal Corps)
Airplane Motors - Major Geo. B. A. Hallett.
Aviation Engines - Captain Victor . Pag&,
->hart for Location of Airplane Power Plant Trouoles - Captain Victor W. Pagfel
Dyke’s Automobile and Gasoline Engine Encyclopedia*
Mechanical Engineers* Handbook.
Aircraft Mechanics Handbook - Colvin.
Special References:
Instruction books of various manufacturers,
h:'.CTU,...3
1. Princi les . 12 hours,
a. Engine Action. 3 hours
(1) Essential requirements of aerial motors, (2) Power require-
ments. (3) Advantages of gasoline engines, (f) General rinciples of
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12 hours.
see Bulletin 327 „ October 7, 1918.
Examination
A one hour •written examination ‘ ill he given at the end of the
fourth week after t. on ty- three hours Instruction. In the course for umbers
and observers this will be the final examination, it the en of the seventh
week: a two period final written exam: nation v.ill be given in the course for
pilots .
ITOx.l:,; Oral ouisses of short duration should be iven at the
discretion of the instructors a d an examination of
one-half hour’s duration might well be given at "the
end of each week.
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explosive type of motors. (5) Power - tore- stroke - elocity -
R.P.M. - source of over - heat - pressure - transmission of rower -
piston - connecting rod - wrist pin - crank pin (throw) - crank web -
crank sha t - intake and exhaust valves - location of valves - cam -
cam sha t - cam folbwer - tappet rod - rocker arm - gears - gaskets -
bushings - bearings - bearing cl arance - shims - thrust bearings,
(6) Cycle f operations s (a) Int ke stroke - position of valves -
suction ~ charge - intake manifold; (b) Compression stroke - position
of v. Ives - compression - low comjjression - piston rin&s - cast iron -
heat - re-ignition; (c) Power stroke - position of v. Ives - combu tion
chamber - heat loss - back-kick - misfiring - exhaust valve lend; (d) xh-.ust
stroke - position of v. Ives - heat loss - back I'iring - piston tra el; (e)
Valve timing - earning - purpose - method, (7) Multi- ylinder engine -
working strokes - smooth arrangement of cylinders (a) vertical; (b) Vee; -
firing- order
b. Car buret ion £ hours
Fuel - principles of car burea tion - principles of the simple carburetor -
float feed - venturi tube - choke and altitude adjustments - throttle - nixing
chamber - rich mixture (effect) - lean mixture (effect) - difficulties in use of
single jet carburetor - Zenith carburetor - main jet - compensating jet -
priming tube - priming well - effect of altitude on carburetion,
c, Ignition 3 hours.
Elementary electricity - definition of terms and unit of e< surements -
electrical ignition systems - magnetos - airplane ig ition (Eerling and Dixie
magnetos, Delco battery system) - care and testing of magnetos - spark pin re-
timing ignition - (1) meaning; (£) purpose; (3) me -hods - sequence of firing.
Complete instruction on Berling and Dixie magnetos or equivalent; complete In-
struction on Delco battery ignition.
d» Lubrication 1 hour.
Importance of lubrication. Oil film - fluid friction. Requirements of
lubricant - body* fluidity - conductor of heat, etc,, etc. Must not vaporise
from he t or coagulate or leave injurious deposits, etc. Kinds of lubricants,-
petroleum - castor oil. Pumps ( lunger, gear) gauge - ressure relief valve-
filter screen - su^P - reclamation. Lubrication bystems (force feed, full
force feed, gravity and splash).
e» Cooling 1 hour.
Air cooling - water coding - radiator - water jacket - pump (gear and
centrifugal) - Thermo- syphon. Anti-freezing mixtures. Advantages and dis-
advantages of air nd water cooling.
f. Trouble Shooting 2 hours.
Causes of noisy action - misfiring - overheating - loss of power -
failure to start - failure to sto ' - failure to throttle down - back firing.
Outline method of locating troubles by elimination - give causes and
remedy for common trouble, s.
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(Stencil iJo. £72,)
-.eforencej Curtiss Luvi Book on standard Model OX Motors, pp. 29-34.
2* Type s 4 feours*
a. notary . hgines £ hours.
Principles of rotary engines. Arrangement of cylinders - crank shaft
center - crank pin center - rotation of cylinders - firing order - rotation of
pistons - transmission of power - length ox stroke - reason for odd nvon'ber of
cylinders - cycle of o orations - car buret ion - valves c.nd cams - timing of valves
and magnetos. Method of lubrication - cooling materials employed - advantages
and disadvantages of rotary motors, Lx, Iain difference between various types of
rotary motors - Gnome - Le Bhone - 01 ergot.
Ilote: This lecture is intended only to give the owlets a general
knowledge of rotary motors, a detailed study of which will
be given at advanced flying school.
b. Hispano- Luisa 1 hour.
Details of construction. Method of fitting cylinder sleeves and reasons
why aluminum castings are used - valve action - follow instruction book and
bring out wherein this motor differs from the usual fee type.
c. Liberty. 1 hour.
Fellow instruction book - outline cylinder construction and material -
valve action - angle of eyl nders and v/hy so placed - piston construction
- generator installation - oiling system - bearing installation - timing -
firing order, etc*
mmCAL WOPJK 55 hours
3. fhotmork
Sketching.
Whenever practicable student should be required to
sketch various parts of engines, magnetos and car-
buretors as well as wiring diagrams.
a. engine Studies. 18 hours.
Cadets in groups of not less than four nor more than six, will
assemble and disassemble at least two engines - check timing - clearance -
lubricating systems - cooling systems - in terials and specifications of
each - note procedure in tearing down and assembling. Instruct in ueeof
tools in connection with their use. Take apart and study oil and water
pumps, etc., cooling and oiling systems.
b. Cooling and Oiling Systems, 1 hour.
Cadets in groups of ot less than four nor more than six should fit
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v/ater connections and make -.per gaskets. By demonstration show how to
stop leaks temporarily by use of tax>e, etc. Explain setting of oil pres-
sure relief valve, testing flo\ of oil at varii us points.
Note: Shis York should be done in addition to that
which is done under Engine Studies.
c. Carburetor. 2 hours.
Cadets in groups of not less t an four nor more than six should take
down Zenith carburetor, remove and clean all jets, check float level, remove
Venturi, reassemble and install oaruuretor on motor, make all gaskets and
check for air leaks.
d. Ignition. 6 hours.
Have cadet take a art a d assemble a Dixie or a Berling magneto. In
assembling cadet should assemble machine torn down by others, each magneto
when assembled to be tested. Instruct as to care of . .^nets, etc. Each
cadet to prepa e chart, tracing current from origin to plugs* Take down,
and reassemble Deloo distributor and s itch block. Prepare chart showing
travel of current in Delco Liberty system. Check breaker points for clear-
ance and condition, i st and fltish Li berty battery*
e. Valves and Cylinders. 2 hours.
Explain by demonstration how to remove valves from cylinder — clean
the carbon from valves and cylinders and grind valves, also demonstrate by
comparison cylinders and valves in good and poor condition.
f. Pistons.. 1 hour
Explain by demonstration when a piston is in poor and when in good
condition. Show method of cleaning thoroughly and brushing with mineral
wool. Outline importance of cleaning ring grooves thoroughly and having
proper elasticity to the rings, and ,ot too much side play in grooves.
Demonstrate good and bad rings, explain clearances. Show method of fitting.
g. Bearings 1 hour
Explain hat is meant by bearing clearance, why differences are allowed
in various motors, why some hearings have oil grooves and others are plain.
By demonstration show how to fit a connecting rod bearing and cap. Explain the
use of bearing scraper and how to secure clearance* Familiarise cadet with amount
of pull necessary to turn over motor in . _ich bearings are properly fitted.
h. Inspection before Flight 1 hour.
Outline systematic method of inspecting motors and accessories previous
to flight. The form for this inspection is being made up and will be furnished
all schools.
4. Engines Running 18 hours
Trouble Shooting.
Cadets will locate and correct faults in carburetion and ignition system
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system of motors on test blocks, set oil pressure relief valves, find causes of
overheating, irregular and. back firing, etc. Motors should be prepared for
trouble shooting by instructors in such troubles as bent valve, improper timing,
insufficient valve clearances, bent rocker anas, plugged carburetor jets, short
circuited plugs , water in carburetor bowl, etc., and the iethod of adjustment
explained. Cadets should be required to adjust motor so as to have it func-
tioning properly at the required number of BBi with standard propeller or brake
installed.
Reference: Curtis Hand Book on Standard Model OX Motors, pp. 29-34,
Examinations 3 hours
a one iour written examination will be given at the end of the fourth
week after nine hours of instruction. In the courses for bombers and observers
this will be the final examination. At the end of the ninth week a two
period final written examination will be iven in the course for pilots.
Quizzes.
U02E: Quizzes of short duration should be given at the discretion
of the instructors and eel examination of one-half hour’s
duration might well be ,iven at the end of each week.
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SYLLABUS FOE COURSE 111 OBbERWflON
C1TIT f> STATES SCHOOLS OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
October 14, 1918*
VI. OBSERVATION 66 Hours
1* Haps
This course consists of tv/o parts, (a) Maps, 10 hours and (b)
Geography, 6 hours, ith an examination of 1 our covering >oth subjects.
a. Maps, 10 hours
References; As given in Stencil ilo. 157; also Stencil Ho* I, 5* 300;
the page of references in the desorption of the course which follows are to
the pages of Stencil Ho. I. S. 300*
Each lecture should be of one our’ s duration, followed by one or two
hours of laboratory exercises as suggested, in order to apply the principles
explained in the lectures and drive them h o$e by reiterated application.
Lecture 1, (pp. 1-5, omitting Orientation) 1 hour.
Laboratory, 1 hour.
Exercises b sed on the above lecture, including not only such examples
as are given on p. 6, but also examples on i stance and time scales,
and problems in the use of R. F,
Lecture 2, (pp. 7-13) 1 hour.
Laboratory, 2 hours,
Are raises based on the a Love lecture, one of via _■ ch should be devoted
to sketching a contour map to conform to a complete detailed descrip-
tion. This d scription should be such as to reruire the use of the
more common conventional , igns as well as various combinations of con-
tours.
Lecture 3, (pp. 11-17) 1 hour.
Laboratory, 1 hour.
Exercises on pin-pointing and ractice with the British system.
Lecture 4. (pp. 17-19| and the paragraphs on Orientation, p« 2) 1 hour.
Laboratory, 1 hour.
Problems with French maps, and one- half hour quia on the oour. e to
this point.
Laboratory, 1 uqur.
Exercises in Orientation and pin pointing on the rotary map,
Examination# One-half the examination provided in the fourth week will
be devoted to testing the cadets in the foregoing work.
b. Geography. 8 hours,
purpose*
(1) To give the cadets some introductory knowledge of maps*
(2) To give the cadets a thorough ;no lodge of the salient features
of the geography of northwestern Europe. The ability to make a free-
hand map of this region, shov ing the chief mountains, rivers, and cities,
and the boundaries of the countries studied, .ill be cons idered an essentail
test of the cadet’s mastery of this part of the course.
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estem front to enable them to understand and r member the general course
of the ar in th t re ion,
(4) lo acquaint the cadets with German industrial geography, routes
of transportation, centers of distr oution, etc.
Distribution of lime.
Lecture on maps in general, 1 hour.
Lecture on the freehand map of northwestern Europe, 1 hour.
Drill in black-board work, etc, on the freehand map, 2 hours,
(Dee attached photo. ,r ph)
Lectures on the geography of .estem Front and the course of the
v/ar to date in that region, 3 hours.
Lecture on German industrial geograjhy. transportation, coal
and iron dei^osits, industrial centers, etc. 1 hour.
■hbcaml nation
1 hour,
One naif the hour to be devoted to maps and one half to the fora**
going' course in Geography.
( 1 ) Maps •
Details of the Course in Geography,
1 hour.
(a] Finding North,
.cy night; the North 3 tar, and the neighboring constellations,
■By day; the sun and the watch; the usual orientation of
churches in Europe; the flow of rivers of North ©stern Europe,
(bj Meridians*
Mercator* s projection and other compromises*
,e) -tea' Ullels of latitude* Latitude and longitude.. Value of a degree*
(d) Sclaes,
R. F,
Comparative areas, Europe and the U. s*
Latitude of European countries compared with N* 3* (Davis, pa e 3
(2) The Geography of Northwestern Europe* 1 hour,
(a) Mountains and plains,
1. The Alps
2. The Vosges
3» Mountains of Germany
4, The Ardennes*
5* The Paris basin,
6, The coastal plains of
( a ) France
( b j Belgium
( c ) Holland
7* The great German Lowlands,
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1, >.• ■•.oral remarks (Character, < iroction of flow, otc* )
2*
../ho diene and
its
uys tern »
3*
She . - .e*
4,
The House and
the
LUii ibre*
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fiio Moselle#
6*
The xiiiino on '
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J- to
other tri outaries.
7.
lie , user*
8*
The Cl be*
(cj Dtatos and ooundary lines*
ohapes and directions emphasised*
Instruction in drawing the lYe hand map*
(d) icon t os of travel and corarnmication.
i jjistribuv, ing centers.
2. orts,
3* Hallways and bridges.
&» Main Mgh- roads*
5. Canals.
1
(3) Drill on the freehand map* 1 hour*
•This drill should ho done with small sections of not or than ID
cadets* Mach should receive thorough drill at the black-board and on
paper* The map should be drawn again and again, starting from all sorts
of points of departure - ouch as a boundary line, a city, a mountain range,
etc* etc. .pedal care should, be given to relative proportions and directions*
(4) Conti; 'nation of drill on ire a...v. imp# 1 > -ur*
The
location on the map
of Lhe river
s named in #2, and of the foi-
lo ing towns should be made
with a , pod d
eal of accuracy.
1.
it* Nazaire*
12.
Antwerp
2*
Le Havre*
13,
Druse els
3.
Paris
14*
The Hague
4.
Hanoy
15*
3 trasburg
5*
Mots
16.
Frankfo rt
G*
Drniens
17.
Coblenz
7«
Calais
18.
Cologne
8.
London
19.
Bremen
9a
Dover
20.
E am burg
10.
Couthampton
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revX 4
Berlin
11.
Plymouth
99
a
Dome
Pro.
and from
ctice should bo given in estimating i stances, both from memory
the map itself*
(b )
, (6), (7 } » The es
tom Front*
3 hours*
The
discussion in these
three lec tures should not attempt to deal •! i
tactics
but ith the effect
of ho local
topography on the general course
operations on the cetera Front from ivl4 to the present ck to* n excellent
basis for those lectures will be found in the following two books?
Johnson, D* V*, "Topography and ctratogy in the bar”, pp# 1-49*
Davis, \V* M», "Handbook of northern France"*
Any standard ■ orks on the course of the ' ■ar in the best . ill assist the
instructor to vork out an authoritative outline of ho sequence of events.
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but it should never be lost sight of Lha t the object of the vhole study is
to show the close relation between topography and strategy*
The battle fronts should be located on the freehand map, an then
studied more in det il. the ositi ms of famous points should be emphasized,
^uch ass
liar tmanns wills rlcop f *
Pont-a-Mou. son
St» Mhlel*
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harsh of St. Gond*
Chateau Thierry.
Rheims
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The' Marne •
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The ilette.
The Oise*
The Somme
The Lys*
The Canals,
Can) bra i.
Arras*
Ypres and the Passchen&aele -ddge.
Lines of com uni cation should be discussed, and some understanding given of
the limitations to the use of numbers of troops on a limited front.
(8) Industrial Geography of German;, * 1 hour*
The object of this lecture is to familiarize the cadets with the
general distribution of German industries, and with the Geman railway
systems* A secondary object is to assist an airplane to find its bearings
on the German side of the lines, and for this purpose emphasis s.l ould be
placed on the location of congested manufacturing districts and their
relations to rivers and railways; on the location and extent of agricultural
districts; mining regions; the Shine bridges; cathedral towns and their
surroundings ; main high-roads; etc, , etc.
Examination l/2 hour, as noted above*
2* ilaviwa tion 15 hours,
Reference: Stencil ho. 1*3. 268. ( Page re erences in the folio ing out-
line of lectures are to this stencil.)
It is to be noted that the division of the subject matter into five
lectures as here outlined is not obligatory, but uh.it the instructor may alter
the division or the number of lectures if expo ience proves it desirable. In
all, fifteen hours are to be devoted to navigation; it is believed that the
best results will be obtained by giving the larger part of this time to the
wording out of problems with the floor map and rotary map* Problems in
navigation ;.<ay be combined with the problems nos, 4 and 5 for the rotary map
outlined in Bulletin Ho* 299*
Lecture I. (pp* 1-10, th wough paragraph VII )
Lecture IX*(pp. 25-27, and 10-13)
L
Lecture III. (pp. 20-34)
Review and problems*
Lectures IV & V* (pp. 14-19)
Use of instruments and a lication to problems*
Ten hours to be given in the minature range on problems in navigation*
Problems like those described on page 20, Stencil Ho* 157, numbers X, XI, XII,
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(Stencil No. 292)
Training Section,
ground schools Branch. D.S.McC.’mrc
IAR DKPAETMNNT
Office of the Director of Military -aeronautics
Washington
November 6, 1918.
BULLETIN NO. 348 TO ALL SOHO IS
1. inclosed herewith is Eteneil No. 272, Curriculum for the U, S. Schools
of Military Aeronautics Revised October 14, 1918. additional copies of this Stencil
have been sent to the Schools under separate cover.
2. attention is invited to the following changes in Stencil No. 272 from
the typewritten copy of the Curriculum revised October 14, 1918 sent to the Schools
on that date. These changes were made in order o facilitate the carrying out of
the provisions of Memorandum No. 340 Nor All Schools
3. In Military Subjects the lectures on Methods of Modem Warfare are to
be given in the second and third weeks, in order that the cadets may be instructed
'in the respective parts played in aerial operations by the pilots, army corps ob-
servers, bombers and fighting observers before they state their preferences. To make
room for these seven lectures in the second and third weeks, an hour has been added
in the second week and the three hours of Military Hygiene and the four hours of
Military Law have been postponed to the fifth and sixth weeks. An examination of one
hour, to cover Military Hygiene, Military Law, and the lecture on Morale, has been
added in the sixth week.
4* In Engines, three hours of shop work have been transferred from the
eighth week to the ninth week.
5. In the subject of observation, separate final examinations are to be
given on
(a) Navigation
(b) Cooperation with Artillery
(c) photo Interpretation
(d) Bombing
6. The two-hour final examination on photo Interpretation in all three
courses will be taxen from the hours allotted to that subject in the typewritten
copy Cl the curriculum. This change will give 18 hours of instruction am 2 hours
of examination in the Pilots* and Bombers’ courses and 38 Hours of instruction and
2 hours of examination in the Observers’ course*
7* A final examination of one hour on Navigation will be given in the
sixth week of the Observers’ and Bombers* courses. The two hours of Meteorology in
the pilots’ course has been moved up from the ninth to the eighth week; this ex-
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amination will be final on these two subjects.
8» One of the lectures on Cooperation with Artillery has been moved from
the sixth to the seventh week of the Observers’ course and from the ninth to the
tenth week of the Pilots’ course. A final examination of one hour on Cooperation
with Artillery will be given in the seventh week of the Observers’ course. There
will be no set final examination on Cooperation with Artillery in the pilots* course.
Tests may be given as found necessary, as provided in paragraph 8, Memorandum 'Co. 340
For All Schools.
9. In the Bombers’ course, the instruction in Bombing in the sixth week
has been reduces, from 5 hours to 3, and the 2 hours inserted in the eighth week. A
final examination of one hour on Bombing will be given in the eighth week.
10 o The Syllabus for the course in Signalling is included in Stencil $0. 272,
It will be noted that the requirements in receiving in the final examination have been
reduced from 90$ correct to 75$ correct. It will also be noted that a pilot candidate
who passes the final sending examination but failes in deceiving will be passed if
his average on the two Is 60$ or better. A pilot candidate who fails in receiving
will therefore be given a percentage grade based on the actual proportion which the
number of symbols which he received correctly is of the 45 symbols required for
passing; that is, a cadet who receives less than 45 symbols correctly will be given
l-l/3$ for each symbol correctly received*
11. Attention is invited to paragraph 11 of the Syllabus for course in
Signalling. This policy should be brought to the attention of all cadets by the
Instructors In Signalling.
12. The Syllabus for the course in Gunnery is included in Stencil lo. 272.
It will be noted that there is no separate course In Gunnery for Fighting observer-
candidates. Cadets re-classified as Fighting Observer candidates must meet the same
final examination requirements as Observer candidates before being graduated.
By direction of Major General Kenly*
D. H. Grissy,
Major, 8. G.
Incl
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APPENDIX F7
Contains the following:
Memorandum No. 340 - (4 pages)
Memorandum No* 342 •« (1 page)
Memorandum Ho. 350 - (1 page)
Hating Sheet, Squadron D - (i
page)
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Training Section
Ground Schools Branch.
APPENDIX
7/AK DEPARTMENT
OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS.
Washington.
October 30, 1918.
MEMORANDUM HO. 340 FOR ALL SCHOOLS.
1. Memorandum. No. 295 For All Schools is hereby revoked. The
classification, demotion, reeducation and transfer of cadets shall be
governed by the following rules.
2. Each cadet shall be carefully observed from the time he
enters the School, with a view to determining to which of the following
classes he belongs:
A. Flying Officer material
B. Air Service material (enlisted)
C. Of no value to the Air Service-
3. Cadets of class "A shall be retained in the Ground Schools,
as Observer, Corps d’Armee, candidates. Bomber candidates. Pilot candidates,
or Fighting Observer candidates, until they may be properly certified for
graduation.
4. Cadets of class "B" shall, in accordance with the provisions
of paragraph G, bo relieved from duty as cadets and assigned to Air Ser-
vice organizations.
5. Cadets of class ,!C" shall, in accordance with the provisions
of paragraph 6, be relieved from duty as cadets and, subject to proper in-
structions, transferred to another branch of the service.
6. Any cadet who at any time gives evidence of not being Flying
Officer material, because of insufficient previous education, insufficient
mental capacity, military inaptitude, lack of proper spirit, or tempera-
mental or moral unfitness, or like cause, shall be called before a Board
of Officers and, if the Board so recommends, shall be relieved from student
duty. In case the Board recommends relief from student duty It shall also
determine whether the cadet is to be classified as soldier material of
value to the Air Service cr as of no value to the Air Service. Failure in
academic studios shall not be a cause fo: relief from student duty. This
does not mean, however, that repeated failures in the same subject shall
not bo considered presumptive evidence of insufficient mental capacity for
a candidate for a commission.
7. No grades shall be given except on examinations.
8. Any cadet who, in the opinion of a competent instructor, is
net making satisfactory progress may be given a suitable test to determine
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Curriculum.
whether he shall continue with his class or be demoted.
9. Any cadet who fails in Military Subjects in the third week
shall be demoted and reeducated in this Subject.
10. Any cadet who fails in Signalling in the third week shall
repeat the work of the second and third weeks. He may, however, he excused
from repeating Military Subjects if he has obtained a satisfactory grade in
that Subject.
11. Upon entering the fourth week of the course each cadet shall
state in writing which of the four courses. Observers, Bombers, Pilots, or
Fighting Observers, he prefers, or the fact that he has no preference.
12. During the fourth week of the course each cadet shall be ex-
amine d by a Rating Board and given a rating on his Special Qualities and on
his Previous Education, in accordance with paragraphs 18 and 19. The Rating
Board shall be composed of three members and shall include the Personnel
Adjutant and the President of the Academic Board.
13. At the end of the fourthweek of the course each cadet shall be
given a total rating based on his Special Qualities, Previous Education, and
examination grades in the academic subjects through the fourth week. In com-
puting the total rating, the ratings in Special Qualities, Previous Education
and the grades in the several academic Subjects shall be weighted as follows'.
1. Special Qualities 12rh
2. Previous Education 12u
3. Observation 30
4. Signalling 25
5 . Airplanes 8
6 . Engines 6
7. Military Subjects 6
Total 100
14. After the individual ratings have been determined the members
of the class shall be listed in the order of their ratings.
15. The quota of Observer candidates shall be taken from the list
first. Those cadets who have expressed a preference for the Observers’
course will be assigned to that course from the list in the order of their
ratings, until the quota is complete. If the number of those who have
expressed a preference for the Observers' course is less than the quota,
cadets shall be assigned from those who have expressed no preference, in
the order of their ratings, until the quota Is complete. If these two
groupds do not complete the quota, the additional number required shall be
assigned from the list of those remaining, in the order of their ratings.
10. The quota of Bomber candidates shall then be assigned from the
list of those remaining, in the same manner. Those who have expressed a
preference for the Bombers' course shall be assigned to that course in the
of:J. '■ : ' ■: o ceoe oil .ceO" Oo i j.'.c.rfr:! e. . -tocCocC
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Curriculum.
order of their ratings -until the quota is complete. If the number in this
group is less than the quota, cadets shall be assigned from those who have
expressed no preference, in the order of their ratings, until the quota is
complete. If the quota cannot he supplied from these two groups, the
additional number needed shall be assigned from the list of those remain-
ing in the order of their ratings
17. Those men whose names remain on the list shall then be
assigned to the Pilots* course.
18. In determining the cadet1 s rating on Special Qualities, the
following are the qualities to be considered: Maturity, Judgment, Accuracy,
Alertness, end Tenacitjr of Purpose. It is to be borne in mind that the
cadet is to be rated on certain qualities which are important for a special
type of aviation work and not on his efficiency in general as a candidate
for commission as a flying officer.
19. In determining the cadet ® s rating for previous Education, the
subject of greatest value is Mathematics, including Algebra, Geometry,
Logarithms, and Trigonometry . Subjects such as Drawing, free hand and
mechanical. Surveying, Physics, and Chemistry, which tend to develop accuracy
of observation, measurement and recording, are also of value.
20. Any cadet assigned to the Pilots f course who failed in Air-
planes, Engines or Maps in the fourth week shall be demoted and reeducated
in that subject or subjects in which he was deficient.
21. Any cadet assigned to the Observers’ or Bombers'1 course who
failed in Maps in the fourth week shall be demoted and reeducated in the
subject .
22. Any cadet who fails in Theoretical Military Subjects or in
Gas Defense in the sixth week shall be demoted and reeducated in the sub-
ject in which he is deficient.
23. Any cadot in the Pilots1 course who fails in
the final examination in Airplanes, Engines, or Navigation shall be re-
classified as a Fighting Observer candidate.
24. Any cadet in the Observers® course who falls in the final
examination in Navigation, Cooperation with Artillery, Photo Interpretation,
or Signalling, shall be reclassified as a Fighting Observer candidate.
25. Any cadet in the Bombers’ course who fails in the final ex-
amination in Signalling, Navigation, Photo Interpretation, or Bombihb shall
be reclassified as a Fighting Observer candidate.
26. Any cadet reclassified as a Fighting Observer candidate who
has passed the final examination in Gunnery on the Lewis Automatic Rifle and
Ring Sights shall be certified as a graduate in the Fighting Observers*
course.
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Curriculum.
27. Any cadet reclassified as a Fighting Observer candidate before
he has taken the final examination in Gunnery on the Lewis Automatic Rifle
and Ring Sights shall concentrate on that Subject, to the exclusion of other
academic subjects, and upon passing the final examination shall be certified
as a graduate in the Fighting Observers3 course. Provided that if any cadet
in the Observers1 or Bombers r course is reclassified as a Fighting Observer
candidate in the sixth week, has also failed in Theoretical Military Sub-
jects or in Gas Defense, in the sixth week, he shall be reeducated also in
one or both of these subjects accordingly as he is deficient and shall not
be certified as a graduate until he has passed the examinations in both.
28. Any cadet reclassified as a Fighting Observer candidate who
has failed in the final examination on the Lewis Automatic Rifle and Ring
Sights, or who fails in that examination after he has been so classified,
shall concentrate upon that subject to the exclusion of all other academic
subjects, and upon passing the examination shall be certified as a graduate
in the Fighting Observers5 course.
29. Any cadet in the Pilots course who fai Is in the final ex-
amination in Signalling, Gunnery, or Photo Interpretation, shall be demoted
at the end of the twelfth week and reeducated in the subject or subjects in
which he is deficient and upon passing the examination in the subject or
subjects shall be certified as a graduate in the Pilots3 course.
By direction of Major General Kenly:
M. F. DAVIS,
Colonel, S. C.
Chief of Training.
> '
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Curriculum.
(Stencil No. 286)
Address reply in duplicate to
Director of Military Aeronautics
Washington, D. C.
Training Section,
Ground Schools Branch.
WAR DEPARTMENT •
Office of the Director of Military Aeronautics
Washington .
MEMORANDUM NO. 342 FOR ALL SCHOOLS,
November 1, 1918.
1. Inasmuch as the requirement that the Personnel Adjutant
should interview and accomplish qualifications cards for all entering
cadets has been cancelled by Letter from Office, Director of Military
Aeronautics, dated October 4, 1918, Subject: "C.C.C.P.l cards in Ground
Schools", the requirement in paragraph 12, Memorandum 340 For All Schools
that the Personnel Adjutant should be a member of the Rating Board is
hereby revoked.
2. The following rules of procedure will be followed by the
Rating Board in determining the ratings of cadets:
a. Each cadet shall first be rated by each member of the
Eating Board separately.
b. In rating a cadet, the member of the Board shall give
him a grade on each of the five qualities. There
shall be but four grades, viz: "Excellent"; "Good";
"Fair" : and "Poor" . The respective numerical values
of these grades shall be as follows: "Excellent"- 20;
"Good" - 15; "Fair" - 10; "Poor" - 5.
c. The sum of the numerical values of the grades given
the cadet in the five qualities by a member of the
Board shall be the rating given him by that member.
3. Inasmuch as the requirements of Memorandum No. 295 and
Memorandum No. 306 For All Schools as to weekly grades in Efficiency
have been superseded by Memorandum No. 340 For All Schools, the giving
of weekly grades in Efficiency will be discontinued.
By direction of Major General Kenly:
D. H. CRISSY,
Major, Signal Corps.
APPROVED:
CUSHMAN HARTPELL,
I.iaj or, U.M.A., S.C«
Executive Officer.
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Curriculum.
Appendix F7
Training Section,
Ground Schools Branch.
WAR DEPARTMENT
Office of the Director of Military Aeronautics
Washington.
December 3, 1918.
MEMORANDA NO. 350 FOR ALL SCHOOLS.
1. Inasmuch as no cadot will, hereafter, be classified as
an Observer or Bomber unless he prefers such classification to Pilot
training, the preparation of the rating list provided for in Memoran-
dum No. 340 For All Schools, will be discontinued.
By direction of Major General Kenly:
D. H. CLISSY,
Major, S. C.
API ROVED:
M. F. DAVIS,
Colonel, A.S.M.A.
Chief of Training.
1st Ind.
From: President, Academic Board. To: Commandant, S.M.A., Berkeley, Cal.
Dec . 10th, 1918 .
Noted for compliance. Copy taken for this office.
B. M. Roods
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a.ooo- .
UNITED STATES
Appendix school of military aeronautics
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA
JUOTA
Observers
Bombers
Pilots
Special Qualities, 12 %%
Previous
Education, 12 %%
Observation, 30%
Signalling, 25%
00
02
w
525
3
Engines, 6%
Military
Subjects, 6%
Total Rating
Basis, 100
Rating Order
Number
Preferance
Assigned
Maturity
Judgment
Accuracy
Alertness
Tenacity
Total,
Basis, 12 V2
Observers
Bombers
Pilots
Black, H C
15
17
14
14
15
376
11
24
25
7
4
4
ml
: 3
Pi
0
Bliley, G A
13
XO
15
11
11
3X5
8
8
21
24
6
4
4
75
50
Pi
P
ihirkhnrdt, 0 3
13
13
14
12
13
325
8
10
20
24
7
5
4
78
12
Pi
P
Bums, 1 J
X?
17
14
14
16
390
10
7
22
23
6
5
4
77
17
Pi
P
Gao tcnd^dic, G H
15
15
16
14
15
375
S-.V
9
26
18
6
6
4
77?
**
16
Pi
P
Colvin, 1 0
16
15
15
15
16
385
9i
12?
• 28
25
6
5
4
90
1
Pi
0
Mmidk, G B
16
14
20
17
16
415
10
§3.1
26
22
6
6
4
84?
- 4
BO
0
H&l> s H ¥
13
13
11
11
14
310
8
9
28
21
5
4
4
79
10
Pi
B
Hods , H W
16
18
IS
IB
IS
445
11
12j
■ 20
15
7
4
4
73?
- 23
HP
0
Hewlett, % A
i.5
15
13
14
14
356
S
11
22
5
5
4
78
13
Pi
P
Hngboe, H I
15
13
14
15
14
355
9
1G
20
19
5
4
3
70
28
Pi
P
| Irwin, H a
15
11
13
11
13
315
G
10
18
19
5
4
4
66
29
Bo
j Lcnberton, H de A
14
15
11
13
16
345
&
8
28
21
6
/X
4
79?
9
Pi
B
Lewis, G X
14
14
14
15
17
370
9
10
23
21
6
5
4
78
14
Pi
P
i kattenle©. j |l
15
16
15
14
13
395
10
10
26
22
6
6
4
85
2
Pi
0
' licCaleb, ¥ 3
14
13
15
15
13
350
9
9
V"*T
23
4
2
4
72
27
Pi
Ldlurray, 0 H
16
16
18
16
17
416
10.
1- 9
£6
23
7
5
4
84*
• 5
Oh
0
i kills, 0 L
It©
lie'
red
fro
:i ii
isti
net
Ion
Roi
t
or ;
JO,
191
6*
$ Horiarty, J J
15
14
11
14
17
350
9
10
19
24
3
4
4
73
25
Pi
1 Hordeckf J 0
14
14
12
13
12
525
10
21
23
4
4
4
7/1. -
f 21
Pi
P
i Pratt, D L
17
15
17
16
15
400
10
?
24
21
6
6
4
76
18
Pi
P
^ Holler. R L
16
14
13
10
11
320
8
9
27
24
4i
5
3
80
8
Pi
B
2 Bchmidt- B
*
14
12
15
14
17
360
9
9
27
21
5
4
4
79
11
0b
0
4 Borof?duat L Y
14
14
13
13
16
345
&
U o
i u
22
23
6
4
4
7&r
• 19
Pi
P
Jtelcbou K J
14
15
12
16
15
360
9
9
25
22
5
4
4
78
16
Pt
"P
i wtohl, L J
12.
14
13
11
320
6
9
29
23
6
4
4
83
6
Pi
0
- , >T G
11
12
12
12
11
290
rk
8
27
24
7
5
4
ss;
• 7
Pi
B
2 .heeler, G P
16
15
13
13
13
350
9
154
• 16
23
4
3
4
73
• 24
Pi
P
9 Good, A ¥
13
11
13
13
14
320
8
9
24
18
7
4
4
74
22
Pi
P
2 iGiiriOhr.lt, II A
14
15
12
12
13
330
6
21
23
4
5
3
75[
■ 26
Pi
Wiser
3 rt(
1 HI
slg
.ir
it *
S 1
Ad©
the
y -
re i
ler.c
too
or
die
cha
r<;e<
l.
SQUADRON D
RATING SHEET
Week ending \iUV*
r
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;t
i
\
/
f
f . u
V
A
^ /
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I
AFPEKDIX F8
Contains the following:
Copy of Weekly Schedule of Classes for
Week beginning Monday, October 14, 1918. (22 pages)
■ ' ' -■-O'l ■' ’ ; .7; Q )
53)OX ^;h'tdQp* IQ -;oO
APPENDIX
F8
Class Squadron A Section First Effective 10/l4./l8
MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY
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21 Aero
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MONDAY
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THURSDAY
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SATURDAY
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. Map
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Shooting
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Signa 0.1 ing
11:10
to
12:00
Bldg*
Engine Lab.
Trap
Shooting
Return
Material
to
Tool- room
Mo
to
2:00
Eng. Tost
Bldg.
Engine Lab*
2© Aero
Signalling
11 Aero
Miniature in
Range Test
2:10
to
3:00
Eng* Test
Bldg.
ECng* Lab.
J
llAero
Min* Range
133 Mil
Ex an.* in
Glume ry
11 Aero
Miniature
Range Test
Drill
3:10
to
4:00
2 I'QVO
Signalling
4 Aero
Machine
Guns
125 Hil
'Exam. in
Gunnery
Barracks
Exar « in
Signalling
Hiko ",
Bath
4:10
■
to
5:00
11 Aero
lie. chine
Guns
Barracks
So: a * in
Sigr ' lling
Inspection
5:10
to
4:00
Ceremony C
eremony
Ceremony
Ceremony
Ceremony
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APPENDIX
II
Contains the following:
Alphabetical List of Instructors Who Served
In the School- by departments with data on period
Of Service, Status, Education and Previous Experience
(10 pages)
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SCHO.' L OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS — BERKELEY
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APPENDIX XI
Contains the following:
Copies of Syllabi of MILITARY SUBJECTS DEPARTMENT
Furnished to Cadets on:
Administration and Organization of the U*S» Army (20 pages
Military Courtesy (9 pages)
Guard Duty (12 pages)
Questions and Answers on Guard Duty (2 pages)
Military Hygiene, Sanitation and First Aid (7 pages)
Articles of Yifar (14 pages)
Military Law (17 pages)
Trench Warfare- (17 pages)
Gas Warfare — (14 pages)
Modern Foreign Armies (9 pages)
Instructions to Cadets (S pages)
General Order Ho* 1. (1 page)
General Order Ho. 2. (1 page)
Personal Equipment Suggested to Be Taken to France (4 pages)
Army Paper Work and Squadron Administration:
Sources of Information (6 pages)
Military Correspondence (7 pages)
The Military Letter (3 pages)
Forms for Enlisted Man and Officer (11 pages)
Organization of Military Office (13 pages)
Public Property (8 pages)
Disbursing of Public Funds (8 pages )
Hank, Grade, Uniform and Insignia (II pages)
Army Regulations (17 pages)
Infantry Drill Regulations (5 pages)
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VI) 8; C.
,'-29-13,
UNITED STATES
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY Of CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY
MILITARY SUBJECTS DEPARTMENT
NOTES ON ADMINISTRATION AND ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY
These notes contain COMF1 DENTIAL INFORMATION and are furnished for the use of
Officers, Instructors and Students of the School of Military Aeronautics and au-
thorized persons in the employ of the Government ONLY,
I. THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
a. Powers
1, Appointment of officers
2. Federalization of the National Guard
3. Call for Volunteers
b. Connection with the Secretary of War
II. THE SECRETARY OF WAR
a. Appointment by the President
b. Representative of the President
c. Duties of the Secretary of War
d. Exercise of control thru the Chief of Staff
-1
Notes on Administration and Organization of the United States Army
(Continued)
III, THE CHIEF OF STAFF
a. Detailed by the President
b. Connection with the Secretary of War
c. Duties of the Chief of Staff
IV. THE STAFF (Organized into nine Staff Corps and Departments)
a. General Staff (Corps)
b. Adjutant General's Department
c. Inspector General's Department
d. Judge Advocate General's Department
e. Quartermaster Corps
f. Medical Department
g. Engineer Department
h. Ordnance Department
i. Signal Corps
a. The General Staff (Corps)
1, Composition
2. Length of appointment- ,(Manchu Law)
3 . Reappointment
4. Organization of the General Staff
(a) War Department General Staff
(l) Composition
(2) Division into Sections
Executive Division
War Plans Division
Purchase and Suoply Division
Storage and Traffic Division
Army Operations Division
. . .
. b'ia
.
. •
. .
-■ . .
-- - — — -
Notes on Administration and Organization of the United States Army
(G cniinues )
(b) The General Staff serving with Troops
(l) Composition
5. Duties of the General Staff
b» The Adjutant General’s Department
1. Organization
2* Duties of the Department
c * The Inspector General's Department
1. Organization
2. Duties of the Department
3. Classification of inspections
d. The Judge Advocate General *s Department
1. Organization
-3-
.
.
.
.
■■
• ' . ■ • ■ -
■ -
■ ■
'■ ■
' .
Notes on Administration and Organization of the United States Army
(Continued)
2. Duties of the Judge Advocate General
3 * Duties of the Department
e . The Quartermaster Corps
1. Organization
2. Duties of the Department
f . The Medical Department
1. Organization
2. Duties of the Department
g. The Engineer Department
1. Organization
2, Duties of the Department
-4-
;
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■ : •
C » :
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Notes on Administration and Organization of the United States Army
(Continued)
h. The Ordnance Department
1. Organization
2. Duties of the Department
i. The Signal Corps
1. Organization
2. Duties of the Department
3. Duties of the Chief Signal Officer
4. The Aircraft Production Board
(a) Organization
■
(b) Duties
V. THE WAR DEPARTMENT
a. Definition; composition
-5-
. ■ •
■ - -
.
‘ '?■
. • . . •
: ; ■
Noted on Administration and Organization of the United States Army
(Continued)
VI. TERRITORIAL DEPARTMENTS
a. Definition
b. List of the Departments
c. Department Commanders
VII. COAST ARTILLERY DISTRICTS
a. Definition
b. Subdivisions of
UNITS
Battery or Mine Layer
(Company)
Fire or Mine Command
Fort Command
Coast Defense Command
Coast Artillery District
Districts
TABLE A
COMMANDER
Captain
(Captain)
Major
Major or Lieut. Col.
Lieut. Col. or Col.
Brigadier General
COMPOSED OF
1-4 guns or the same caliber
or a mine layer .
(Not a tactical unit. Used
for drill and discipline.)
2 or more batteries.
All the armament of a Fort.
One or more Forts protect-
ing a resti'icted district.
A subdivision of the coast
line for administration.
c. Note on the above units.
-6-
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Notes on Administration and Organization of the United States Army
(Cor tinned)
d. Duty of the Coast Artillery Corps
e. List of the Coast Artillery Districts
f. District Commanders
VIII. ORGANIZED DIVISIONS OF THE REGULAR ARMY, NATIONAL GUARD AND NATIONAL ARMY
a. Organization
b. Division Commanders
1. Rank and powers
2. Connection with Department Commanders
IX. THE AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES
a. Organization
1. Naval Forces
2. Land Forces
b. Administration
-7-
" - -
•. : ' " ;• -t • -"A -
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. . . ; ;
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.
.
Notes on Administration and Organization of the United States Army
(Continued)
THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES
The National Defense Act of June 3, 1916 divides the Army of the United State
into the following parts:
Regular Army
Volunteer Army
Officers J Reserve Corps
Enlisted Reserve Corps
National Guard (Federalized)
To those^may now be added:
United States National Army
(By Selective Draft, May 16, 1917.)
X. THE REGULAR ARMY
a. General classification
1* The Line
(a) Definition
2. The Staff
(b) Definition
3. Additional Groups
(c) Definition
b. The Line
1. Infantry
(a) Number of regiments in peace time
(b) Present numbering of Infantry units
-8-
'
Notes on Administration and Organization of the United States Army
(Continued)
(c) Division of Infantry Units of the Regular Army
TABLE B
UNITS
COMMANDER
COMPOSED OF
Section
Corporal or Sergeant
9-17 men in a section
Platoon
Lieutenant
Platoon HQ and 4 sections
Company
Captain
Company HQ and 4 platoons
Battalion
Major
4 companies
Regiment
Colonel
Regimental HQ and 3 battalions
Brigade
Brigadier General
2 infantry regiments
Division
Major General
2 infantry brigades
Army Corps
Lieutenant General
3 infantry division and corps
troops
Army
General
3 or more army corps and
additional troops
(d) Note
on the Infantry Division
TABLE C
Organization of an Infantry Division
1 Division Headquarters (See Table D)
1 Machine Gun Battalion (2 companies, motorized)
2 Infantry Brigades (See Table E, F, G, H)
1 Field Artillery Brigades (See Tables I, K, L, M, N)
1 Engineer Regiment
1 Field Signal Battalion (See Table 0)
1 Train Headquarters and Military Police
1 Ammunition Train
1 Engineer Train
1 Sanitary Train 26,312 men, 888 officers
1 Supply Train AGGREGATE , 27,200
1 Mobile Ordnance Repair Shop
-9-
Notes on Administration and Organization of the United States Army
(Continued)
TABLE D
Organization of a Division Headquarters
Division Commander - Major General
3 Aids and 2 Aerial Observers
General Staff
Adjutant
Inspector 135 men, 29 officers
Quartermaster Department AGGREGATE , 164
Medical Department
Ordnance Department
Judge Advocate General's Department
Signal Corps Department
Veterinary Service
Headquarters Troop
TABLE E
Organization of an Infantry Brigade
1 Brigade Headquarters
2 Infantry Regiments
1 Machine Gun Battalion (4 companies)
Medical and Veterinary Corps and Ordnance Department
7978 m*nf 232 officers
AGGREGATE , 8210
TABLE F
Organization of an Infantry Regiment
Regimental Headquarters
1 Headquarters Company
1 Machine Gun Company 3652 men, 103 officers
1 Supply Company AGGREGATE, 3755
3 Battalions
Medical and Ordnance Departments
TABLE G
Organization of a Machine Gun Company
1 Readquar
1 Headquarters
3 Platoons 172 men, 6 officers
1 Train AGGREGATE, 178
16 Heavy Machine Guns
10-
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Notes on Administration and Organization of the United States Army
(Continued)
TABLE H
Organization of a Rifle Compan y_, In fa. ntrv Re .giment
1 Headquarters, with 2 officers (Capt. & 1st Lieut.) & 18 men
4 Platoons, with a total of 4 officers (Lieuts.) and 232 men
Each Platoon consists of:
1 Platoon Headquarters - 1 Lieutenant, 1 Sergeant (who
is an Assistant Commander) and 4 men
1st Section - Handbombers 12 men
2nd Section - Rifle Grenadiers 9
3rd Section - Riflemen IT
4th Section - Automatic Riflemen 15
Total 58 men
Total Company - 6 officers, 250 men AGGREGATE . 256
The senior First Lieutenant is second in command-
First and Fourth Platoons commanded by First Lieutenants.
Second and Third Platoons commanded by Second Lieutenants.
Additional officers from Regular Army, Reserve Corps or
National Army.
* Cavalry
(a) Number of Regiments in peace time
(b) Numbering of Cavalry units
(c) Organization of Cavalry Regiment
3 „ Field Artillery
(a) Number of Regiments in peace time
(b) Present numbering of units
(c) Types of Field Artillery
(1) Light Artillery
(2) Mountain Artillery
(3) Heavy Artillery
(4) Horse Artillery
-11-
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Nctes on Administration and Organization of the United States Army:
(Continued) ,
TABLE I
Organization of a Field Artillery Brigade (Divisional)
Brigade Headquarters
2 Regiments of 3” Field Guns (2-battalion regiment)
1 Regiment of 6” Howitzers (3-battalion regiment)
1 Trench Mortar Battery (12 mortars)
Medical and Veterinary Corps and Ordnance Department
(2 or 3 battalions per regiment
3 or 2 batteries per battalion
4 guns per battery.
Total number of guns - 72)
4781 men, 185 officers
AGGREGATE. 4966
TABLE K
Organization of a Regiment of Light Artillery (3-inch)
1 Regimental Headquarters
1 Battalion Headquarters 1424 men, 55 officers
1 Headquarters Company AGGREGATE . 1479
6 Batteries
Medical and Ordnance Departments
1 Supply Company .
TABLE L
Organization of a Battery, 3'* Light Artillery Regiment
Battery Headquarters
Special Details (instrument. Signal and Scout)
Firing Battery (Sections 1 to 5 inclusive)
Combat Train (Sections 6 to 9 inclusive)
193 men, 5 officers
AGGREGATE, 198
TABLE M
Organization of a Regiment of Heavy Field Artillery
Regimental Headquarters
3 Battalion Headquarters
1 Headquarters Company 1703 men, 63 officers
1 Supply Company AGGREGATE . 1766
6 Batteries
Medical and Ordnance Departments
-12-
Notes on Administration and Organization of the United States Army
(Continued)
TABLE N
Organization of a Battery of a 6" Howitzer Regiment
Battery Headquarters
Special Detail (instrument. Signal and Scout)
Firing Battery (Sections 1 to 5 inclusive)
Combat Train (Sections 6 to 9 inclusive)
Medical and Veterinary Corps and Ordnance Department
220 men, 5 officers
AGGREGATE , 233
4. The Coast Artillery Corps
(a) Total peace time authorization
(b) Num>ering of units
5. The Engineer Troops (Corps of Engineers)
(a) Peace time organization
(b) Present organization
(c) Numbering of Engineer units
6* Porto Regiment of Infantry
(a) Organization
-13-
. , . A .. .
' ' • •' • i 'i
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• ; ~~
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Notes on Administration and Organization of the United States Army
(Continued)
7. Indian Scouts
(a) Organization
8. Philippine Scouts
(a) Organization
b* The Staff
Composed of nine corps and departments which have been already discussed.
For the organization of Aero Squadrons and the Field Signal Battalion
see the succeeding tables.
c. Additional Groups
1. Detached Officers
2. Detached Non-commissioned Officers
3. Chaplains
4. The Regular Army Reserve
5. Retired Officers
6. Retired Enlisted Men
■ . • ' ■
; ^
Notes on Administration and Organization of the United States Army
(Continued)
7 » Other SmaJ ler Groups
d. Size of the Regular Army in peace time
XI. THE VOLUNTEER ARMY
a. Organization
b. Present status
XII. THE OFFICERS l RESERVE CORPS
a . Purpose
b. Organization
c. Period of service in peace time
d. Present status
e. Reserve Officers* Training Corps
1. Senior division
2. Junior Division
3. United States Training Camps
-15-
Notes on Administration and Organization of the United States Army
(Continued)
XIII. THE ENLISTED RESERVE CORPS
a. Purpose
t>. Organization
c« Period of service in peace time
d. Present status
XIV. THE NATIONAL GUARD
a. Note on the composition of the Militia
b. Organization
c. Number authorized
d. Assignment of officers by the President
e. Appropriation of funds
f* Present status
g. Numbering of UU.S.N.G’j" units
-16-
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'
,
Notes on Administration a,nd Organization of the United States Army
(Continued)
XV. THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL ARMY
a. Status
b. Organization
c. United States Guard
d. The Chemical Service Section
e. The Tank Corps
f. Numbering of National Army units
ORGANIZATION. OF SIGNAL CORPS UNITS
TABLE 0
Organization of a Field Signal Battalion
1 Headquarters
1 Supply Section
1 Wire Company
1 Radio Gompany
1 Outpost Company
Medical Department
248 men, 14 officers
AGGREGATE, 262
-17-
■ i ■ ".hah
- .. ; . ; . . :
V * ‘
'• * ’ - •. r. .
• ' .
Notes on Administration and Organization of the United States Army
(Continued)
ORGANIZATION OF AERO SQUADRONS
CONSTRUCTION. SUPPLY, REPAIR. SERVICE
COLUMN HEADING
Construction Squadron
II. Supply Squadron
HI. Repair Squadron
IV. Service Squadron
TI III IV
Major
1
1
1
1
'r
Captain
10
10
10
First Lieutenant
Medical Officer (Captain or 1st Lieut.)
.
i
11
11
11
19
Total 0 uiiiiii x £3 i o vis ci
4
1
4
4
Master Signal electrician
22
9
23
21
Sergeants, First Class
22
22
33
17
Sergeants
26
15
33
8
Corporals --- —
5
5
3
8
Chauffeurs, First Class
15
25
12
18
Chauffeurs “
6
8
8
6
Cooks —
17
22
9
23
Privates, first Claso
33
43
19
46
Privates "
Privates, 1st Class or Privates (Med.
....
3
5 Dept.)
L — —
1
&
150
150
150
154
Pot/dl iiiiil i s to
- 161
161
161
173
AGGREGAie --
SQUADRON COMPOSITION
I. Construction Squadron
1 Headquarters Section
1 Squadron Supply Section
3 Construction Sections
III. Repair Squadron
1 Headquarters Section
1 Squadron Supply Section
3 Repair Sections
II. Supply Squadron
1 Headquarters Section
1 Squadron Supply Section
c Supply Sections
IV. Service Squadron
1 Headquarters Section
1 Squadron Supply Section
1 Engineer Section
12 Aero Sections
-18-
-V,...:. •: C, ; y-, •
Notes on Administration and Organization of the United States Army (Cont.)
ORGANIZATION OF AERO SQUADRONS (Cont.)
SQUADRON EQUIPMENT
I. Construction
Bicycles 5
Ford Cars 5
M-C's & Side cars 6
M-T ' s ( 3 & 5 ton) 15
Trailers (l-g- ton) 25
Pistols 161
II . Supply
Dodge Cars 5
M-C's & Side cars 8
M-T's (l-g- & 3 ton) 25
Trailers (l4r ton) 25
Pistols 161
III . Re pairs
Motor Cars 3
M-C's & Side cars 6
M-T's ( 1 £ ton) 12
Trailers 12
Pistols 161
IV. Service
Airplanes lc
Motor cars 4
M-C's, Side cars t
M-T's (l-g- & 3 ton) 16
Trailers 1
Machine Guns 7
Pistols 168
L-C = Motor Cycle L-T = Motor Trunk,
Summary of Trades in a Service Aero Squadron
13 Airplane Mechanicians
7 Auto Mechanics
2 Auto Body Builders
2 Balloon Riggers
2 Cabinet Makers
25 Chauffers
6 Clerks
8 Cooks
2 Draftsmen
13 Engine Repairmen
2 Engine Testers
3 Fabric Workers
7 Instrument Repairers
6 Machinists
1 Magneto Repairer
2 Metal Workers
10 Motorcyclists
4 Painters
1 propeller Maker
2 Radio Mechanics
1 Stenographer
13 Stock-keepers
1 True Kmas ter
2 Vuicanizers
2 Welders
13 Non-specialists
Medical Personnel of Aero Squadrons
The Medical personnel authorized for each three squadrons acting
together (Construction, Supply, Repair, but not Service) is as follows:
1 Captain or First Lieutenant
1 Sergeant, First Class
1 Sergeant
4 Privates, First Class or Privates
Squadrons acting independently are to have Medical personnel assigner according
to circumstances.
The Medical personnel assigned to a Service Aero Squadron is included in
the table on the previous page and is as follows:
1 Captain or First Lieutenant
1 Sergeant
3 Privates, First Class or Privates
-19-
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UNITED STATES
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY
MILITARY SUBJECTS DEPARTMENT
STUDENT'S NOTES ON MILITARY COURTESY
MILITARY COURTESY
A. ORIGIN AND EXPRESSION OF COURTESY
B. VISITS AND SOCIAL CALLS
C. ESCORTS OF HONOR
D. FUNERAL ESCORTS
E. SALUTES WITH CANNON
1. Salute to the Union
2. The National Salute
3. Personal Salutes
4. Temporary suspension of Salutes with Cannon
F, SALUTES RENDERED BY THE INDIVIDUAL
1. Origin
5-7-18.
-1-
2. Types of Salute
a. The rifle salute -
1 . Its use .
2 . Indoors .
3 . Outdoors .
b. The salute with sword or saber -
c . The present arms -
1. Its use.
(a)
(b)
d. "Eyes Right" (nr Left) -
e . The hand salute -
1. Its use.
2. Its execution.
3. Manner of saluting
a. What the salute indicates -
b. The salute always given at attention
1. The rule.
-2-
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2. Interpreting the rule.
(a) Rising to salute, if seated
Exceptions :
(b) Returning a salute
(c) Saluting while riding
4. Saluting distance
5. "Common sense" in interpreting regulations
G. PERSONS AND THINGS TO BE SALUTED.
I. OFFICERS (including officials of the U .S . on official occasions)
II. COLORS & STANDARDS NOT CASED
III. THE NATIONAL ANTHEM
IV. THE BUGLE CALLS "TO THE COLOR" & "TO THE STANDARD".
I. SALUTES TO OFFICERS
a. Foreword -
b. General rule for saluting officers-
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c. Rendering the salute-
1. The rule.
2. Interpreting the rule.
(a) The spirit
(b) Saluting in '’groups”
(1) Two groups passing -
; O >
(2) Enlisted men in groups -
(c) Officers rraking reports
(d) Offic ers of same grade
(e) Verbal greetings between officers
d. Returning the salute-
1. Importance.
2. Saluting in "groups".
(a) Group of enlisted men
(b) Group of officers
e. Addressing an officer-
1. Salutes.
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2. Mode of addressing.
f. Omission of salutes to officers-
1. Foreword.
2. In military formation (in ranks), at drill, etc.
(a) When not called out of ranks
(b) When called out of ranks
3 . At work .
4 . At games «
5 . At mess .
(a) Enlisted men, not individually addressed.
(b) Enlisted men, individually addressed
6. Indoors.
(a) Enlisted men, unarmed
(b) Enlisted men, armed
(c) Officers, unarmed
(d) Officers, armed
-5-
7. Marching at double time, etc.
8. In public places.
9. On repeated occasions.
II. SALUTES TO COLORS AND STANDARDS (NOT CASED)
a. General ruie-
b. Definition of terms-
1. Flag.
2. Colors.
(a) National
(b) Regimental, etc.
3 . Standards .
(a)
(b)
(c)
c. Rules for saluting-
1. In uniform.
2. Not in uniform.
(a) Covered
(b) Uncovered
-6-
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HI* SALUTES TO NATIONAL ANTHEM & BUGLE CALLS
a. The National Anthem-
b. The Bugle Calls-
c. National Anthems of other countries-
d. Regulations-
1* In uniform
(a) Covered
(b) Uncovered
2. Not in uniform.
(a) Covered
(b) Uncovered
H. SALUTING WHEN COMMANDING A UNIT
a. Type of salute -
b. Salutes to officere-
1. Officers of superior grade.
(4) Passing in front of, or near the command
(b) Passing in rear of the command
2. Officers of equal or junior grade.
(a)
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3. Special salutes to certain officers*
4. Salutes between commanding officers.
5. Turning over the command.
c. Salutes to Colors, Standards, National Anthem, Bugle Calls
1 . At ceremonies .
(a) Under arms
(b) Without arms
2, Upon other occasions.
(a) Colors and standards
(b) National Anthem - Bugle Calls
I. SALUTES BY SENTINELS
a. The rule-
b. Type of salute-
c. Method of saluting an officer-
d. Speaking with an officer-
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K. SALUTING LADIES
a. The custom.
b„ Its use .
L. PRISONERS FORBIDDEN TO SALUTE
M. USUAL MISTAKES IN SALUTING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1L .
ALWAYS USE GOOD JUDGMENT IN THE MATTER OF SALUTING— AND,
"WHEN IN DOUBT, SALUTE
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UNITED STATES
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA
MILITARY SUBJECTS DEPARTMENT
GUARD DUTY — STUDENT'S NOTES
I. TYPES OF GUARDS
A. EXTERIOR GUARDS
(1) When used »
(2) Purpose -
(3) Nature -
B. INTERIOR GUARDS
(1) When used -
(2) Purpose -
(3) Nature -
C. MILITARY POLICE
(1) When used -
(2) Purpose -
(3) Nature
D. PROVOST GUARDS
(1) When used *•
(2) Purpose -
(3) Nature -
II. INTERIOR GUARDS.
A. CLASSIFICATION
(1) Main Guard.
(2) Special Guards:
III. DETAILS AND ROSTERS
(1) When and where made -
(2) Number detailed -
(3) Company Details -
(4) Adjutant, Sergeant Major and Band for formal guard
mounting -
(5) When a single organization furnishes the guard -
(6) When the guard is detailed from several organizations
(?) Special Guards -
(8) Guard details posted -
(9) Interval between tours -
-2
(10) Daily relief -
(11) Data needed by company commanders
(12) Details made by roster -
IV. THE COMMANDING OFFICER
A. DUTIES
(1) Performance of duty by the guard -
(2) Specifications
(2) Specific duties -
V. THE OFFICER OF THE DAY
A. DUTIES
(1) Performance of duty by the guard -
(2) Guard inspection -
(3) Patrols -
(4) Parole and countersign-
(5) Subject to order of -
(6) Prisoners and Guard House inspection -
(7) Guard report ~
(8) Where the Officer of the Day may be found
yI. COMMANDER OF THE GUARD
A. DUTIES
(1) Instruction and discipline
(2) Visiting the guard -
(3) Subject to orders of -
(4) Responsibilities -
(5) Where officers of the guard may be found
(6) Duties when a sentinel calls: "The Guard"
(7) Guard inspections -
(8) When guard is turned out -
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(9) Sounding of calls -
(10) Flag and gun detail
(11) Members of the guard while at the guard house -
(12) Prisoners sent to the guard house -
(13) Sentences of the prisoner -
(14) Meals sent to the guard house -
(15) Security of prisoners -
VII. SERGEANT OF THE GUARD (Senior non-commissioned officer)
A. DUTIES
(l) In absence of commander of the guard -
(2) Responsibility -
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(3) Lists of men -
(4) Turning out of reliefs -
(5) Custodian of keys -
(6) Instruction of corporals -
VIII. CORPORAL OF THE GUARD
A. DUTIES
(1) Subject to orders of -
(2) Posting and relief of sentinels -
(3) Lists of men -
(4) Call of sentinel for "Corporal of the Guard"
(5) Where the corporal of the guard may be found -
-6-
(6) Arrested persons -
(7) Prescribed salute -
IX. MUSICIANS OF THE GUARD
(1) Duties -
X. ORDERLIES AND COLOR SENTINELS
(1) 3y whom selected -
(2) How selected -
XI. PRIVATES of the guard.
(1) By whom assigned to reliefs and posts
XII. ORDERS FOR SENTINELS
(l) General -
(2) Special -
XIII. GENERAL ORDERS
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(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
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XIV, SPECIAL ORDERS FOR SENTINELS AT THE POST OF THE GUARD
(1)
(2)
XV. COUNTERSIGNS AND PAROLES
(l) Definition -
(2) How received -
(3) Prearranged signals -
X7I. GUARD PATROLS
(l) Definition -
(2) Information necessary when patrols are sent out -
XVII. WATCHMEN
(1) Distinguished from sentinels -
(2) When used
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XVIII. COMPLEMENTS OF GUARDS
(1) Eefinitions-
XIX. GENERAL RULES CONCERNING GUARD DUTY
(l) Hiring another -
(2) Sentinel found absent from, or drunk or asleep on post
(3) Instructions to members of the guard -
(4) Leaving immediate vicinity of the guard house -
(5) Removing aecounterments or clothing -
XX. FUGS
(1) Kinds -
(2) When hoisted and lowered -
(3) Respect paid the flag while being lowered -
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(4) When a salute is fired -
(5) Dipping the flag -
(6) Half-mast
(V) Flag Detail -
(8) Care used in hoisting and lowering the flag
(9) Folding the flag -
XXI. REVEILLE AND RETREAT GUN
(1) By whom fired -
(2) When fired -
(3) Gun detail -
XXII. GUARD MOOTING
(1) Nature -
. •
XXIII. FORMAL GUARD MOUNTING
(1) (Diagram)
XXIV. INFORMAL GUARD MOUNTING
(l) (Diagram)
XXV. RELIEVING THE OLD GUARD
( 1 ) ( Dia gram)
XXVI. BUGLE CALLS
-
’ . .. . - •
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' ■
UNITED STATES
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA
MEMORANDUM:
1. The following questions and answers indicate some of the more important provisions of the Manual of Interior Guard
Duty with reference to the duties of privates of the guard.
2. Any member of the guard found ignorant of these provisions will be reported as delinquent in guard duty.
3. Questions and Answers:
1. Where must members of the main guard who are not on post, stay?
Am. Without permission from the commander of the guard, members of the main guard, except orderlies, will not leave
the immediate vicinity of the guard house. Permission to leave will not be given except in cases of necessity.
2. May members of the main guard remove their clothing while at the guard house?
Ans. No. Not without permission from the commander of the guard.
3. What clothing may be removed with permission from the commander of the guard?
A7is. Only excess clothing such as gloves, overcoats, overshoes, hats, etc. Members of the guard will keep their belts on
at all times.
4. During his tour, to whose orders is a member of the guard subject?
Ans. To orders of the Commanding Officer, Officer of the Day, officers and non-commissioned officers of the guard, only.
5. How does a sentinel on post salute? \ \ j '■ u! uly .jvj iii~ : i 4ii.* m
Ans. To salute with the piece at a right shoulder, a sentinel halts and faces toward the person to be saluted when the
latter arrives within thirty paces, remaining at the right shoulder. The salute (Present Arms) is rendered at six paces, or
if the person to be saluted does not arrive within six paces, when he is nearest. The same rule applies to colors and standards.
6. Who and what does a sentinel on post salute?
Ans. All officers, all colors or standards not cased, the National Anthem, and the calls “To the Color” and “To the
Standard. ’ ’
7. When does a sentinel salute?
Ans. When not engaged in the performance of a specific duty, the proper execution of which would prevent it. Officers
should be saluted at all times of the day or night.
8. Where are the arms of members of the guard who are at the guard house kept?
Ans. In the armraeks, if they are provided. Arms will not be removed from the racks unless required in the performance
of some duty.
9. Who assigns privates to reliefs and posts?
Ans. To reliefs by the commander of the guard and to posts by the corporal of the relief. They will not change from
one relief or post to another during the same tour of guard duty, unless by proper authority.
10. How is a sentinel relieved? Ans. See pars. 108-112, Manual Interior Guard Duty.
11. What information does a sentinel communicate to his successor when relieved?
Ans. All special orders in detail, relating to his post.
12. May a soldier hire another to do his duty for him?
Ans. No.
13. What is done to a soldier who is found drunk or asleep on post?
Ans. Any soldier who is found drunk or asleep on his post, or who leaves it before being properly relieved, shall suffer
such punishment as a court martial may direct, which in time of war may be death. (A. W. 86.)
14. What classes of orders are there for sentinels on post?
Ans. General orders which apply to all sentinels and special orders which apply to particular posts or duties.
15. What are the General Orders for sentinels?
Ans. (1) To take charge of this post and all government property in view.
(2) To walk my post in a military manner, keeping always on the alert and observing everything that takes place
within sight or hearing.
(3) To report all violations of orders I am instructed to enforce.
(4) To repeat all calls from posts more distant from the guard house than my own.
(5) To quit my post only when properly relieved.
(6) To receive, obey, and pass on to the sentinel who relieves me all orders from the Commanding Officer, Officer
of the day, and officers and non-commissioned officers of the guard only.
(7) To talk to no one except in line of duty.
(8) In ease of fire or disorder to give the alarm.
(9) To allow no one to commit a nuisance on or near my post.
(10) In any case not covered by instructions to call the corporal of the guard.
(11) To salute all officers, and all colors and standards not cased.
(12) To be especially watchful at night, and, during the time of challenging, to challenge all persons on or near
my post and to allow no one to pass without proper authority.
16. What additional orders are there for the sentinel at the guard house?
Ans. (1) Between reveille and retreat to turn out the guard for all persons designated by the commanding officer, for all
colors or standards not cased, and in time of war for all armed parties approaching my post, except troops at
drill and reliefs and detachments of the guard.
(2) At night after challenging any person or party, to advance no one but call the corporal of the guard, repeat-
ing the answer to the challenge.
17. How does a sentinel on post change the position of his rifle and turn about?
Ans. He is not required to halt, and change the position of his rifle on arriving at the end of his post, nor to execute to
the rear march, precisely as prescribed by the drill regulations, but faces about while marching, in the way most convenient
to him, either right or left about, and at any part of his post, as may be best suited to the performance of his duties. He
carriers his rifle at either shoulder, and in wet or severe weather, when not in a sentry box may carry it at a secure.
18. When challenging, calling, etc., how does a sentinel hold his rifle?
Ans. When challenging, calling, or holding communication with any person a sentinel comes to Port Arms. At night
he should place himself in the best possible position to receive or if necessary, to arrest the person or party challenged.
19. Should a sentinel give his piece to anybody?
A?is. A sentinel will quit his piece on an explicit order from any person from whom he lawfully receives orders while on
post; under no circumstances will he yield it to any other person.
20. What persons should a sentinel arrest?
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Ans. Suspicious persons prowling about at any time, all parties to a disorder occurring on or near his post, or any un-
authorized persons who attempt to cross his post at night. All arrested persons should be turned over to the corporal of
the guard.
21. What should the sentinel report to the corporal of the guard?
Ans. Every unusual or suspicious occurrence noticed.
22. When may a sentinel call for relief?
Aiis. When by reason of sickness or other cause, relief is necessary.
23. How does a sentinel call for relief?
Ans. Corporal of the Guard, No. ( ) Belief, giving the number of his post.
24. How does he call the corporal for any other purpose?
Ans. Corporal of the Guard, No. ( ), adding the number of his post.
25. If a sentinel finds that the corporal is not needed, should he call ‘ ‘ never mind the corporal. ’ ’ ?
Ans. Under no circumstances will a sentinel call “never mind the corporal,” nor will a corporal heed such call if given.
26. What will a sentinel do in case of fire?
Ans. Call: Fire, No. ( ), giving the number of his post. If possible he will extinguish the fire himself. If the
danger be great he will discharge his piece before calling.
27. What will a sentinel do in case of disorder?
Ans. Call: The Guard, No. ( ), adding the number of his post and discharging piece if the danger is great.
28. At night how close will a sentinel permit a person to approach him?
Ans. Not too close to prevent the proper use of his own weapon before recognizing the person or receiving the counter-
sign.
29. When does a sentinel challenge?
Ans. Between retreat (or the hour designated by the comanding officer) and broad daylight (or the hour designated by
the commanding officer).
30. Who does a sentinel challenge?
Ans. All persons on or near his post, during the time of challenging.
31. How does a sentinel challenge?
Ans. He will advance rapidly toward any person on or near his post and when within about thirty paces will challenge
sharply, Halt. Who is there ?
32. After receiving an answer to his challenge, what does sentinel do?
Ans. Commands: Advance ( ), to he recognized, repeating the answer to his challenge.
33. When the person advanced is recognized what does the sentinel do?
Ans. Commands: Advance ( _). He comes to present arms if the person advanced is entitled to a salute.
34. How are a number of persons advanced?
Ans. By the command: Advance, one, to he recognized.
35. How many persons will a sentinel allow to approach him at one time?
Ans. One.
36. What should the sentinel do if he fails to recognize the person or party advanced?
Ans'. Call the corporal of the guard.
37. What is done if two or more parties approach from different directions at the same time?
Ans. All are challenged in turn. The senior is advanced first.
38. If one party is communicating with a sentinel and another approaches, what is done?
Ans. The sentinel will challenge such party. If the challenged party be senior to the party already at the sentinel’s
post, he will advance such party at once.
39. What order of rank governs a sentinel in advancing persons or parties?
Ans. The following order should be observed: Commanding Officer, Officer of the Day, Officers of the Guard, Officers,
Patrols, Beliefs, Non-commissioned Officers of the Guard, in order of rank, and Friends.
40. When is the guard turned out as a compliment?
Ans. Between reveille and retreat only.
41. How does the sentinel on post No. 1 know when to turn out the guard?
Ans. He should recognize and turn out the guard for the Commanding Officer, Officer of the Day, and all General
Officers. For other persons, notice will be given him in advance that they are in the vicinity.
42. How does a sentinel turn out the guard?
Ans. Calls: Turn out the guard, ( ), repeating, Officer of the Day, National Colors, etc., as the case may be.
43. How is the guard turned out for the new guard?
Ans. Turn out the guard, armed party.
44. What is done if the person named by the sentinel does not wish the guard formed?
Ans. He will salute, whereupon the sentinel will call: Never mind the guard.
45. Should a sentinel call “Never mind the guard”, in case of an armed party?
Ans. No.
46. Would a sentinel call for the guard to turn out if it were already formed?
Ans. Yes, except as provided in the answer to question 47.
47. Would the sentinel turn out the guard for two or more persons at the same time?
Ans. The guard would be turned out for the senior only. If the senior does not desire the guard formed, the sentinel
then calls, Never mind the guard. The guard will not be turned out for an officer while a senior entitled to the compliment
is at or coming to the post of the guard.
48. What does the sentinel at the guard house do at night after receiving an answer to his challenge?
Ans. Calls: Corporal of the guard, ( ), repeating the answer to the challenge.
49. What does he do while the corporal is recognizing the person or party?
Ans. He remains in the position assumed in challenging until the corporal has recognized and advanced the person or
party challenged, when he resumes walking his post; if the person or party be entitled to it, he salutes, and then resumes
walking his post.
50. If officers remain on or near a post, does a sentinel salute more than once?
Ans. No.
51. Will a sentinel interrupt a communication with one officer to salute another?
Ans. Not if the officer be junior to the one already at the post unless directed by the senior to do so.
52. Should prisoners under charge of a sentinel salute an officer?
Ans. No.
BY OBDER OF LIEUTENANT-COLONEL HUNTER:
CHARLES B. CRANE,
Captain, A. S., Sig. R. C.
Adjutant.
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UNITED STATES
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY
MILITARY SUBJECTS DEPARTMENT
MILITARY HYGIENE, SANITATION & FIRST AID
STUDENT’ S NOTES
(including personal hygiene, sanitation, epidemiology, care of the feet,
venereal diseases, and lirst aid.)
I DEFINITIONS
1. Hygiene
a. General Hygiene
b. Military Hygiene
2. Sanitation
a. General Sanitation
t. Conservancy
c. Military Sanitation
II PERSONAL HYGIENE
1. Bathing
2. Care of the Teeth and Nails
3. Cleanliness of Quarters, Bedding, Floors, etc.
4. Individual Toilet Articles
5. Careof the Feet
-1-
■' ' - , .. . }
■
.
6, Refit and sleep
7. Moderation in Eating, Drinking 4 Tobacco
III SANITATION
1. Means for prevention of disease
2. Conservancy
a. Disposal of Excreta and Garbage
b. Sewerage
C. Latrines
3. Transference of diseases
a. General Remarks
b. Transference by contact
c. Indirect Infection
d. Insect-borne diseases
e. Carriers
4. Channels of infection
5. Fomites
6. Aerial Transmission of disease
-2-
7. Inoculation against Typhoid andPo.r atyph o Id
8. Immunity
a. Natural
b„ Acquired
9. Principal communi cable diseases
a. Typhoid
b . Paratyphoid
c. Cholera
d. Dysentery
e. Epidemic Meningitis
f. Malaria
g. Yellow Fever
h. Typhus Fever
i. Small-pox
j. Measles and Mumps
k. Theories of Transmission
-3-
'■ ' ■ . { .
V. - ■
■ .
' :
' ' ■
*
"
- ' ' ■ •; ■. .•••-
10. Water Supply
a. Types of Water
b. Purifying Water inn the Field
IV VENEREAL DISEASES
1. Dangers ®f Venereal Diseases
2. Historical Facts
3. Syphilis
4. Gonorrhoea
5. Chancroid
6. Prophylactic Treatment
7. Points to be Observed
V FIRST AID
1. Introduction
2. Resuscitation of the apparently drowned.
a. Artificial respiration
_4_
b. After-treatment
3. Unconsciousness from any cause
a. Treatment of some Emergency cases
1. Simple Fainting
2. Epileptic Fits
3. Apoplexy
4. Alcoholic Coma
4. Surgical Shock, due to Wounds and Injuries in the Field
a. Symptoms
b. Treatment
5. Electric Shock
a. Causes and treatment
6. Frost Bite and Freezing
a. iGeneral
b. Local
7. Sun or Heat-strokes or Insolation
a. Cause and Symptoms
b. Treatment
-5-
• •:* ••
■
• — >
.
'
8. Heat Exhaustion
a. Causes and Symptoms
b. Treatment
9. Poisoning by way o? the stomach
a. Causes and eymp boms
b. Treatment
10. Bites of insects and snakes
a. Symptoms
b. Treatment
11. Rabies of1 Hydrophobia
12. Tetanus or Lockjaw
13. Anthrax
14. Burns and Scalds
a. First, second, and third degree
b. Treatment
-6-
15. Emergency treatment of wound? in the field
16. The arrest and control of hemcri'hage due to wounds in the field
17. Fractures, sprains and dislocations
a. Fractures
b. Dislocations
c . Sprains
18. Preparing patients for transporta ti on
-7-
UNITED STATES
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA
ARTICLES OF WAR - STUDENT'S NOTES
DEFINITION OF ARTICLES OF WAR
The articles of war are revised statutes or laws enacted by Congress
for the government of the armies of the United States.
ARTICLE 110.
A. Certain articles to be read and explained.
Article I.
a. Definitions.
1. Officer-
2. Soldier-
3 . Company-
's:. Battalion-
Article II.
a. Persons subject to military law.
1.
-1-
3
4- 4k
5.
6.
Article XXIX.
a. Enlistment without discharge. -
1. Nature of offense -
2. Punishment -
Article LIV.
a. Fraudulent enlistment -
1. Definition of term -
2. Conditions necessary »
3. Punishment
Article LV.
a. Officer making unlawful enlistment
1. Conditions necessary -
-2-
2, Conditions necessary
Article LVI.
a. Muster rolls - false muster
1. Definition of term -
2 . Conditions necessary -
3. Punishment -
Article LVI I .
a. False returns - ommission to render returns
1. Definition of term »
2. Condixions necessary -
3. Punishment -
Article LVI I I .
a. Desertion -
1. Definition -
2. Conditions necessary -
3, Fun- absent -»
Article LIX,
a.CAdvising or aiding another to desert -
1. Conditions necessary -
2. Punishment -
Article LX.
a. Entertaining a deserter -
i. Conditions necessary -
2. Punishment -
Article LXI.
a. Abser.se without leave.
1. Definition -
2. Punishment -
Article LXI1 .
a. Disrespect towards the President, '/ice President, Congress,
Secretary of War, Governors, Legislatures.
1. Definition -
2. Punishment -
i
S 34 : i
: . : . • .
'
- v ':X'« , r
- • :■ . . -
- '? ;
Article LXIII
a. Disrespect towards superior officers -
1- Conditions necessary -
2. Punishment -
Article LXIV.
a. Assaulting cr willfully disobeying superior officers,
1. Conditions necessary -
2. Punishment -
Article LXV.
a. Insubordinate conduct towards non- commissioned officers
1. Conditions necessary -
2. Punishment -
Article LXIV.
a. Mutiny or sedition.
1. Definition -
2. Conditions necessary -
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.
'
- . •
: ■ - .
3. Punishment -
Article LXVII .
a. Failure to suppress mutiny or sedition -
1. Conditions necessary -
2. Punishment -
Article LXVIII.
a. Quarrels; frays; disorders -
1. Powers of officers and non-commissioned officers -
2. Refusal to obey officer or non-commissioned officer -
3. Punishment -
Article LXIX.
a. Arrest or confinement of accused person -
1. Definition of terras -
2. When given for officers and enlisted men -
3. Punishment for breaking arrest or escaping from
confinement -
-6-
I
Article LXX
a. Investigation of and action upon charges -
1» Limit to period of confinement and arrest
Article LXXI .
a. Refusal to receive and keep prisoners -
1. Conditions necessary -
2. Punishment -
Article LXXII.
a. Report of prisoners received -
1. When made -
2. punishment
for failure to make report -
Article LXXI II,
a. Releasing prisoners without proper authority -
1. Conditions necessary -
2. punishment -
Article LXXIV.
a. Delivery of offenders to civil authorities -
-7-
.
-
/ • >•' ' ■ •- .
„
1. In time of peace -
2 . In time of war -
(WAR OFFENSES )
Article LXXV*
a. Misbehavior before the enemy -
1. Conditions necessary -
2. Punishment
Article LXXVI .
a. Subordinance compelling commander to surrender
1. Conditions necessary -
2. Punishment -
Article LXXVII.
a. Improper use of countersign -
1, Eefinition of term -
2. Conditions necessary -
3. punishment -
-8-
.
..
u .•
- . ,A 1 ■ : - - : ■■
: ' ■ •
.
•• ; : ... ; ..
■' 3 .... : ' , ' .
.
Article LX VII I „
a. Forcing a safeguard -
1. Definition of terra -
2. Conditions necessary -
3. Punishment -
Article LXX1X.
a. Captured property to be secured for public service -
1. Punishment for wrongful appropriation of, or neglect
to secure certain property.
Article LXXX.
a. Dealing in captured or abandoned property -
1. Conditions necessary -
2 . Punishment -
Article LXXXI .
a. Relieving, corresponding with or aiding the enemy -
1. Conditions necessary -
2 . Punishment -
..
Article LXXLII,
a. Spies -
1. Definition of term -
2. Conditions necessary «
3. Punishment -
(MISCELLANEOUS CRIMES AND OFFENSES)
Article LXXXIII.
a. Military property - Willful or Negligent Loss, Damage,
or Wrongful disposition -
1. Conditions necessary -
2. Punishment -
Article LXXXIV.
a. Waste or unlawful disposition of military property to
soldiers -
1. Conditions necessary -
2. punishment
Article LX'XXV.
a. Drunk on duty -
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■ : .
' ' :: .
'
: - , ■;
X I .rd chment -
(a) Officers -
(b) Any person subject to military law except
an officer -
Article LXXXH.
a. Misbehavior of sentinel -
1. Conditions necessary -
2 . Punishment -
Article LXXXVII.
a. Personal interest in sale of provisions -
1. Conditions necessary -
2. Punishment -
Article LXXXVIH .
a. Intimidation of persons bringing provisions -
1. Conditions necessary -
2. Punishment -
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' - -
’
-• .. .
/
Si? ' • ' :
- '■ ■ / V- :
. ' ■ -■ ■ : "
'
Article LXVXJl
a. Good order to be maintained on wrongs redressed -
1. Punishment for failure to preeerx-e
reparation made to injured parties
order or to see
Article XC.
a. provoking speeches or gestures -
1. Punishment -
Article XCI.
a. Dueling -
1. Definition of term -
2. Punishment -
Article XCII.
a. Murder - Rape
1 . punishment -
Article XCIII.
a. Various crimes -
1- Manslaughter, mayhen, arsen, burglery, robbery,
larseny, embezzlement, perjury, assault, etc. -
2 . Punishment -
-12-
Article XC1V.
a. Frauds against the government -
1, Examples -
2. Punishment -
Article XCV.
a. Conduct unbecoming an officer and gentlemans
1. Punishment -
Article XC7I .
a. General article -
1. Offenses included
2 . Punishment ~
Article CIV.
a. Disciplinary powers of the commanding officers -
1. Disciplinary punishments authorized *-
Article CV.
a. Injuries to Person or property - Redress of -
1. How nature and amount of redress is determined
Article CVI.
a. Arrest of deserters by civil officials -
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r - . :
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, .. . . .. , . ... .... . ^...
Article CVTI
a. Soldiers to sake good time lost -
Article CVIII ,
a. Soldiers - Separation from the service -
1. Authority to give discharges -
Article CIX.
a. Oath of enlistment -
1. ’I, , do solemnly swear (or affirm) that
I will bear true faith and allegiance to the United
States of America; that I will serve them honestly
and faithfully, against all their enemies whomsoever
and that I will obey the orders of the President of
the United States and the orders of the officers
appointed over me, according to the Rules and
Art! c le s of War . 1
2, Ey whom administered -
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3-23-13.
UNITED STATES ARMY
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA
MILITARY STUDIES DEPARTMENT
MILITARY LAW - STUDENTS' NOTES
MILITARY .JURISDICTION
(a) Definition -
(b) Source
(c) Kinds - 1. Military Law -
2. Military Government -
3. Martial Law at Home -
4. Martial Law in the Army -
(d) Exercise of - Military jurisdiction is exercised through the
following Military Tribunals:
1. Courts-Martial -
2. Military Commissions and Provost Courts -
3. Courts of Inquiry -
4. Military Boards -
a . Examining Boards -
b, Retiring Boards --
c. Boards of Survey
II . MILITARY LAW
(a) Sources of Authority:
1 . V/ritten -
2. Unwritten -
(b) When operative:
(c) Persons Subject to:
1.
2.
3 .
4.
5.
6.
in, mtlitary gowrumppit
(a) Sources of Authority:
1.
(b) When operative:
(c) Persons Subject to:
1.
-2-
2
IV. MARTIAL law at home
(a) Sources of Authority:
1.
(b) Persons Subject to:
1.
V. MARTIAL LAW IN TIE ARMY
(a) Sources of Authority:
1.
(b) Persons Subject to:
1.
VI. COURTS -MARTInL ( GENERAL REMARKS )
(a) Persons Eligible for Membership:
1.
(b) Jurisdiction:
1, Definition -
2. Nature -
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■
' .i "V 1 : ;
3„ Depends upon the following conditions -
Cl *
b „
c .
d.
(c) Limits
of punishment:
1.
(d) Appointing the Court:
1 . Kow appointed
2„ Accuser -
3.
Power to appoint an attribute of command not of rank
4.
Cannot appoint self -
5.
Control of court by appointing authority -
(e) Appeal
1.
(f) Writs of Habeas Corpus:
1.
VII. COURTS -MARTIAL ( GENERAL )
(a) Appointing authorities:
1.
2 .
3 ,
a -
b.
c .
...
..
4
(b) Members:
(c) Jurisdiction:
1,
(d) Limits of Punishment:
1. Punishment discretionary except:
a .
b.
VIII. COURTS -MARTIAL (SOCIAL)
(a) Appointing authorities:
1.
2.
(b) Members:
(c) Jurisdiction:
1. Same as General Court-Martial except
a.
b.
c .
d.
(d) Limits of Punishment:
1.
O
3.
4 .
IX. GOUPTF- -MAFTT AI . ^ SUJ!MARY)
(a. Appointing authorities:
1.
-5-
(b) Members:
(c) Jurisdiction:
1* Same as for Special Court except:
a.
bo
(d) Limits of Punishment:
1.
2,
X. MILITARY COMMISSIONS
(a) Appointing authorities :
1.
(b) Members:
(c) Jurisdiction:
1.
e-
3«
(d) Limits of punishment:
XI . COURTS OF INQUIRY
(a) Appointing authorities:
1,
(b) Members:
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.
(c) Jurisdiction:
1. As to persons -
2. As to time -
3. As to subject matter -
a*
b.
c i
(d) Limits of Punishment:
1.
XU. MILITARY BOARDS
(a) Appointing authorities:
(b) Members:
(c) Jurisdiction:
(d) Limits of Punishment:
1.
XIH. PROCEDURE - BEFORE , DURING, AND IMMEDIATELY AFTER TRIAL BY COURT'
MARTIAL .
(a) Arrest:
1, Definition ~
2* By whom ordered -
3. Arrest of Deserters «
( b ) Conf i nement :
1. Definition -
2. By whom ordered -
(c) Charges:
1 . Nature -
_7_
2. Divided into two parts -
3 . Number -
4. By whom initiated and preferred -
5. By whom signed -
6. Accumulative and Duplicative Charges -
7<> Additional Charges ~
8 „ Number of copies -
9„ Charges accompanied by -
10. To whom forwarded -
(d) Investigation by Officer exercising authority to appoint
Summary Court, or officer detailed by him:
1. Must be prompt -
2. Action taken after investigation *
3. Disposition of Charges -
(e) Organization of the Court-Martial:
1. Place, time, members, and Judge Advocate -
-8-
-
\
2. President of the Court -
3. Rank of Members *»
4. Uniform -
5. Seating -
6. Roll Call -
7. Action taken when member is absent -
80 Voting -
9, Judge Advocate (in General and Special Courts) -
10. Counsel -
11. Reporter -
12. Interpreter -
13. Challenge -
14. Oaths -
-9-
15. Continuances -
(f) Arraignment;
1. Definition -
(g) Pleas;
1* To the jurisdiction -
2. In abatement -
3. In bar of trial -
4. To the general issue -
(h) Witnesses:
1. How civilian witnesses are procured
2. Refusal to appear -
3. Fees -
4. Depositions -
5. Accused as witness -
6. Persons in the service as witnesses
(i) Evidence:
1 Kinds -
-10.
(j ) Hours of Session:
1.
(k) Adjournment:
1.
(l) Performance of other Duties by Member
1.
2.
(m) Contempt of Court:
1.
(n) Findings:
1. Definition -
2. Votes necessary to convict -
(o) Previous convictions:
1.
(p) Sentence:
1. How imposed -
2. Votes necessary -
.
.
3
officers )
*. May consist of - (.For
(For enlisted men)
(q) Record:
1* Content -
2. Number compiled -
3. Loss of record -
4. Copy for accused -
5. Disposition of original -
6„ By whom authenticated -
(r) Approval
of sentence:
1* By whom approved -
2„ Mitigation and Commutation -
3„ Sentences of death and dismissal of officers
4. Disapproval -
5. Reconsideration of sentence -
(s) Application for clemency:
1. How made -
-12-
2. Frequency of -
(t) Pardon:
1. By whom granted -
2. Nature -
XIV. COMPOSITION. POWERS , AND PROCEDURE OF COURTS OF INQUIRY
(a) Convening Order:
1*
2 i
(l>) Rank of Members:
1.
(c) Reporter and Interpreter:
1.
2 ,
(a) Powers of the Court:
1 . To summon and examine witnesses -
2. Refusal to appear or testify -
3 . Contempt -
(e) Procedure:
1. Presence of party whose conduct is being in-
vestigated -
2. Counsel -
3. Challenge -
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' - - -
4. Reduced iv ’afters -
o « Oaths —
6„ Examination of witnesses -
7. Depositions -
8( Conclusions -
9 „ Obligation of secracy -
10. Revision bv court -
11. Publication of proceedings
(f) Record:
1. How authenticated -
2. Disposition of -
3„ Admissible evidence -
XV. PROCEDURE FOR f^LITARY COMMISSIONS
(a) Constitution and composition:
1.
(b) Sentences:
1. Nature -
-14-
(c) Record:
1„ Approval -
2. Execution -
XVI . PROCEDURE FOR MILITARY BOARDS
(a) Powers:
1.
(b) Reports:
1.
(c) Review:
1. Authority -
2. Informal Boards -
-15-
NOTE:-
The names John Doe and Richard Roe^ have been substituted for the names
of the officer and non-commissioned officer, respectively, involved in the
trial hereby reported.
General Court- WAR DEPARTMENT
Martial Orders, Washington, March 28, 1918.
No. 3.
Before a general court-martial which convened at Camp Sheridan, Mont-
gomery, Ala., October 24, 1917, pursuant to Special Orders, No. 40, Octo-
ber 6, 1917, and No. 44, October 10, 1917, Headquarters Camp Sheridan, Ala.,
and of v/hich Lieut. Col. Myron C. Cox, 147th Infantry, was president, and
Capt. Guy W. House, 145th Infantry, judge advocate, was arraigned and
tried —
Capt. John Doe, 134th Machine-Gun Battalion.
Charge — "Violation of the 96th Article of War."
Specification I_. — "In that the said John Doe, Capt., 134th Machine
Gun Battalion, on or about the 4th day of October, 1917, while in uniform
and to the disgrace and discredit of the military service, became intoxi-
cated."
"This at Montgomery, and in the county of Montgomery, Ala., on the day
and date first stated."
Specification 2. — "In that the said John Doe, Capt., 134th Machine
Gun Battalion, on or about the 4th day of October, 1917, permitted and
allowed 1st sergeant Richard Roe, a noncommissioned officer of his com-
mand, to drink intoxicating liquor in his presence, and in his company,
and to become intoxicated; to the disgrace and discredit of the military
service, and to the prejudice of the discipline of his command."
"This at Montgomery, Ala., and in the county of Montgomery, Ala., on
the day and date first stated."
Specification 3. — "In that the said John Doe, Capt., 134th Machine
Gun Battalion, on or about the 4th day of October, 1917, although then
and there well knowing the purchase and sale of intoxicating liquors to
be used as a beverage, within the county of Montgomery, and State of Ala-
bama, to be contrary to, and prohibited by, the laws of the State of Ala-
bama, and of the United States of America; and the use of intoxicating
liquors by officers and soldiers in uniform to be contrary to, and pro-
nibited by, the laws of the United States of America, did himself, while
in uniform, use intoxicating liquors as a beverage, and did permit the
use of intoxicating liquors as a beverage by an enlisted man in uniform;
he the said enlisted man, than and there being a noncommissioned officer
of his command."
"This at Montgomery, Ala., and in the county of Montgomery, Ala., on
the day and date first stated. ,r
To which charge and specifications the accused pleaded as follows:
To Specifications 1 and 2, "Guilty."
To Specification 3, "Not guilty."
To the Charge, "Guilty."
FINDINGS.
Of Specifications 1 and 2, "Guilty."
Of Specification 3, "Guilty, except the words 'although then and there
well knowing the purchase and sale of intoxicating liquors to be used as
-16-
■
'
a beverage, within the county of Montgomery, and State of Alabama, to
be contrary to and prohibited by the laws of the State of Alabama, and
of the United States of America; and the use of intoxicating liquors
by officers and soldiers in uniform to be contrary to, and prohibited
by, the laws of the United States of America’, and of the excepted words
'Not guilty.’1’
Of the Charge, "Guilty."
SENTENCE .
"To be dismissed from the service."
The sentence having been approved by the convening authority and the
record of trial forwarded for the action of the President, under the 48th
Article of War, the following are his orders thereon:
In the foregoing case of Captain John Doe, 134th Machine Gun Battalion,
the sentence of dismissal imposed by the general court-martial is hereby
confirmed and will be carried into execution,
WOODROW WILSON.
THE WHITE HOUSE,
28 March, 1918.
Capt . John Doe, 134th Machine-Gun Battalion, ceases to be an officer
of the Army from April 1, 1918.
(201, A.G.O. )
By Order of the Secretary of War:
PEYTON C. MARCH,
Ma -ior General , Acting Chief of Staf f .
Official :
H.P . McCAIN,
The Adjutant General.
UNITED STATES
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
EERE&jfeY
MILITARY SUBJECTS DEPARTMENT
TRENCH WARFARE - STUDENT'S NOTES
INTRODUCTION
A. TRENCH TERMINOLOGY
1. TRAVERSE
^ (a) Definition -
(b) Kinds. -
(c) Size -
2. FIRING BAY
(a) Definition -
(b) Size -
3. PARAPET
(a) Definition -
(b) Size -
4 . PARADOS "
(a) Definition
(1)
-
"C
■ n " . . • ..
■ v. : ' • ■ I'Xdrit
:: a
..‘A
-
. - ,
f* ■
-Ana
.
5. BERM
(a) Definition -
6* FIRING STEP
(a) Definition
7. REVETMENT
(a) Definition -
(b) Kinds ) -
3. LOOPHOLES AND NOTCHES
(a) Definition -
B. KINDS OF TRENCHES
1* FIRE TRENCHES
(a) Definition
2 „ COVERING OR DOUBLING TRENCHES
(a) Definition
(2)
• ■ ■
: - : ,, ■ •-
- y'-. ' ( ■
■ , ■ hn. ; ;; ■;’/
. .
■
j ■ ■ :
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i
3. APPROACH AND COMMUNICATION TRENCHES
(a) Definition -
(b) Nature -
(c) blinds -
4. DUMMY TRENCHES
(a) Definition -
C . TACTICAL LOCATION OF TRENCHES
1. FRONT LINE TRENCHES
(a) Definition -
2. SUPPORT TRENCHES
(a) Definition -
(b) Nature
3. RESERVE TRENCHES
(a) Definition -
(b) Nature
4. CENTERS OF RESISTANCE
(a) Definition -
(3)
. . :• \
.....
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• . :. : ..
i!On
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*■ ' • . :
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,
(b) Location -
5. GARRISONED SECTORS
(a) Definition -
6« UNGARRISONED OR PASSIVE SECTORS
(a) Definition -
(b) Location -
7. SALIENTS
(a) Definition -
(b) Purpose -
RE-ENTRANTS
(a) Definition -
D. SHELTERS
1. BOMBPROOFS
(a) Definition -
(b) Construction -
(4)
2. DUGOUTS
(a) Definition
(b) Construction
3. DRESSING STATIONS
(a) Definition -
(b) Construction
4. LATRINES
(a) Definition -
(b) Construction
5. AMMUNITION BOXES
(a) Definition ~
(b) Location -
6. STORES BOXES
(a) Definition -
(b) Location -
E. OBSTACLES
1. BARBWIRE ENTANGLEMENTS
(a) Definition -
(b) How Const rue ted
(c) Advantages -
2. TRIP WIRES
(a) Definition -
(c) Use -
3. 3ARRICADES
(a) Definition -
\.x : . .
■ 'r}
- : :: f/
;
4. ' INUNDATIONS
(a) Definition -
(b> Methods employed -
5. ABATIS
(a) Definition -
6. MISCELLANEOUS
F. MEANS OF GAINING AND COMMUNICATING INFORMATION
1. OBSERVATION POSTS
(a) Definition -
(b) Location and nature -
2. LISTENING POSTS
(a) Definition -
(b) Location -
(c) Sentinels -
(7)
3. TELEPHONE s TELEGRAPH, WIRELESS
(a) Where used -
4. SIGNALS
(a) Kinds
5, CARRIER PIGEONS
(a) Definition -
(b) Usefulness -
6. TRENCH RUNNERS
(a) Definition -
(b) Usefulness -
7. AIRCRAFT
(a) Definition -
(b) Usefulness -
(8)
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G. SERVICE IN THE TRENCHES
1. EQUIPMENT OF TROOPS
2. TIME OF RELIEF
3. INFORMATION WHICH INCOMING OFFICER SHOULD OBTAIN FROM THE
OUTGOING OFFICER
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(9)
1
' ■' ’ : ■
'
( }
4. SENTINELS IN FILE TRENCHES
5. REST IN THE TRENCHES
6» SMOKE AND COOKING
7. TRENCH CONSTRUCTION AT NIGHT
S. PATROLS AND RAIDING PARTIES
■
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•<
■.I1.
9. INSPECTIONS
10. BRINGING UP SUPPLIES
H. SNIPING
1. DEFINITION
2. HO W SNIPERS ARE EQUIPPED
3. DUTIES OF SNIPERS
1 • GRENADES AND CRJR-IApIERS
1. DEFINITION OF GRENADE
(11)
2. CLASSES OF ORE LACKS
(a) Rille Grenades -
(b) Hand Granada s -
(1)
(2)
3 . TRAINING AND EQUIPMENT OF GRENADIERS
4. WORK OF GRENADIERS IN ATTACK AND DEFENSE
J. GAS WARFARE - Discussed in detail in espearate lectures.
K. LIQUID FIFE
1. NATURE
2. USE
(32)
L. BAYONET FIGHTING
1. IMPORTANCE OF -
2, WHERE INDIVIDUAL ATTACKS SHOULD E:
M. MACHINE GUNS'
1. IMPORTANCE -
2. MACHINE GUN EMPLACEMENTS
(a) Location -
(1)
(2)
(3)
DIRECTED
(fc) Nature
3. PROPER TARGETS
4. AMMUNITION SUPPLY
N. MINING
1. CONDITIONS NECESSARY TO SUCCESS
0. DRAINAGE OF TRENCHES
1. DRAINS
2. PUMPS
3. PITS
4. FLOORS
P. ATTACK ON A POSITION
1. PREPARATION OF THE ATTACK
a.« De tail sd study of the t^o opposing positions
(1) Our own position:
(2) Enemy position:
The position oi departure
c . Smashing the enemy positions
(15)
2. THE ATTACK
a. Formations adopted:
bf Tho advance:
c. The combat:
d„ Might fighting:
ea Laison during lighting:
f* Forwarding reserves.
munitions ,
and food:
g, Organization of the conquered position:
(16)
Q . 1EFBHSE OF A POSITION
1. ORGANIZATION OF THE DEFENSE
a. Detailed study of the two opposing trench systems
(l) As regards the position to be defended:
(2) As regards opposing position:
2, DEFENSE
a.«
a* The maintenance of the troops under bombardment:
b. Defensive combat:
. ; .
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5-13-18
UNITED STATES
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKLEY
MILITARY SUBJECTS DEPARTMENT
STUDENT'S NOTES - GAS WARFARE
I. INTRODUCTION
II. HISTORY OF GAS IN WARFARE
A. EARLY ATTACKS
B. EARLY DEFENSIVE MEASURES
1 . Simple Masks
2. Chemicals
III. FORMS OF ATTACK
A. THE CLOUD ATTACK
1. Method of amnation
2. Detecting a cloud attack
a. A.ppearance
b. Whistling sound
c . Smell
1
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5
■
(Gas Warfare - Continued)
d. Taste
3, Necessary properties of a gas
a „ Physical
b. Chemical
4. Conditions necessary for success
a. Concentration of gas
b. Quantity
c. Surprise
d. Weather conditions
e. Nature of the terrain
5, Kinds of gases used
a. Chlorine
b. Phosgene (carbonyl chloride)
B. THE GAS SHELL ATTACK
1. Similarity to cloud attack
-2-
(Gas Warfare - Continued)
2. Special uses of a gas shell
a. Barrage fire
b. To silence artillery
c . To demoralise troops
d. To prevent re inf orcements , etc.
3. Detecting gas shells
4. Construction of gas shells
a. General notes
b. Special German shells
1* The 7.7 green cross shell
2. The 7.7. yellow cross shell
3. The 7.7. blue cross shell
4. The 7.5 trench mortar shell
5. Nature of gases used
a. General
b. Lethal gases
(l) Palite (monochloromethyichlorof ornate )
(2) Diphosgene (tricnloromethyichiorcforirate)
-3-
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1
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(Gas Warfare - continued)
(3) Carbon monoxide
c. Neutralizing gases
(1) Lachrymatory (gases which produce tears)
(2) Sternutators (which cause sneezing)
(3) Irrita nts (Eye, lung and skin)
IV. CLASSIFICATION OF GASES
A. GASES SUITABLE FOR CLOUD ATTACKS
1. Asphyxiating gpses
a. Chlorine
b . Bromine
c. Phosgene
B. GASES SUITABLE FOR SHELLS
1 . Asphyxiating gases
a. Phosgene
b. Chblropicrin
c . Sulphur trioxide
d. Acrolein
e. Dimethyl sulphate
f. Bromacetone
g. Sulphur dioxide
2. Lachrymatory gases
a. Benzyl bromide
b„ Stannic chloride
c. Methyl chlorof ormate
d. Bromacetic ester
e . Chloracetone
f. Iodacetic ester
g. Formol
etc -
3. Paralysant gases
a. prussic acid
i
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(Gas Warfare - Continued)
b. Hydrogen sulphide
c . Arsine
V. PRECAUTIONARY AND DEFENSIVE MEASURES
A. WITHIN TWO MILES OF THE FRONT
1. Precautionary measures adopted
a. Inspections
b„ Shelter entrances
c. Sentries
d. Ammunition
2. Means cf giving alarm
a. Strombos horn
b. Triangular iron rails
c. Telephones
d. Orderlies
3. Meteorological observations
a. Procedure
-5-
(Gas Warfare - continued)
b« Beaufort Scale
] Speed in
! M.P.H.
Observation of
Natural Objects
Behavior of Flag at Top ’
of Vane *
; 0
Smoke straight up
No movement '
: 2
Smoke slants
No movement :
5
Wind felt on face
Slight movement :
: 10
Paper moves on ground
Three quarters up '■
: 15
Bushes 3way
Up and falling often ‘
: 20
Wavelets on water
Treetops sway
Up and falling less often :
» 30
Trees sway and whistle
: Up and flapping *
c . Formula
4. Protection of shelters
a . Entrances
b. Ventilator shafts
c. Instruments
5, Special Noncommissioned Gas Officers
a. Duties
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
-6-
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i.
- • * ■;
(Gas Warfare - continued)
(6)
(?)
L B. WITHIN TWELVE MILES OF THE FRONT
1. Precautionary methods adopted
a. Inspections
bv Masks
c. Gas Sentries
d. Duties of commanders
C. SUMMARY OF PROTECTIVE MEASURES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
VI . THE ENEMY GAS ATTACK
1. Men in trenches
2. Men on special duty
B. BEHAVIOR DURING ATTACK
1. General
-7
(Gas Warfare - continued)
2* Work stops
3 . Talking
C. ACTION FOLLOWING ATTACK
1. General
2. Exertion
a.
b.
c .
d.
3» Cleansing of contaminated clothing
4. Treatment of gas shell holes
VII. OUR OWN ATTACK
A. PRECAUTIONS TAKEN
1. Working parties
2. Troops in the front line
VIII. SYMPTOMS SHOWN BY VICTIM OF CHLORINE GAS
(Gas Warfare - continued)
A. FIRST SYMPTOMS
1. Respiration
2. Other symptoms
B. LATER SYMPTOMS
1.
2.
IX. HANDLING CASUALTIES
A. GENERAL DIRECTIONS
1. Exertion
2. Removal of clothing
3. Isolation of cases
4. Necessity of sleep
5. Warmth and fresh air
6. Complications
7. Artificial respiration
8. Antidote
S
'
. •• • . ” . ' » "
* I
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.
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(Gas Warfare - continued)
X. RESPIRATOR
A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
1. Purification of inhaled air
2. Discharge of exhaled air
B. EE TAILS OF RESPIRATOR
1 . Inlet valve
2. Canister
3 . Trachea tube
4* The elbow tube
5* The flutter valve
6. Mouthpiece
7. Nose clip
8. Eye pieces
9. Face piece
10. Respirator case
C. SIZES
1. Small, medium and large
2. Fixting of mask
-10-
(Gas Warfare - continued)
D, METHODS OF USE
1. How carried
2. Efficiency of chemicals
E. REPAIRS AND RECORDS OF USE
1. Local repairs
2. Record of use
F. REMOVAL OF RESPIRATOR DURING ATTACK
G. REASONS FOR MAJORITY OF CASUALTIES SINCE RESPIRATOR HAS BEEN IN USE.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
FURTHER NOTES
(Gae Warfare - continued)
INSTRUCTIONS IN PRkCTI CAL ANTI -CAS WORK
000000000000
GENERAL
The satchel containing toe box respirator is carried outside all other
equipment, the strap over the right shoulder, the satchel on the left side. When
away from the trenches it may be worn slung over the right shoulder. Men in the
trenches or proceeding there must carry it slung on the chest, as in the "alert"
position. The flap of the satchel with the press button must always be towards
the body and the press button kept fastened except in an actual gas "alert" . It
is important that the methods described should be practiced by all who are equip-
ped with the box respirator, to insure rapidity in adjustment and proper care in
its use.
Men with perforated ear drums may be affected by the gas penetrating thru
the ear passages to the respiratory organs and causing irritation there. In
these cases it is useful to plug the ears with wadding. Commanding Officers
should obtain from the Medical Officers of their units the names of those suffer-
ing from this disability, in order that the above precaution may be taken.
It must be remembered that the box respirator can be worked in gas for many
hours on end without losing its efficiency or causing any distress. It may be
breathed thru in drills for a period of a quarter of an hour per day for an
indefinite time without impairing its efficiency.
The correct keeping of records as to hours of use of the box respirator, by
entries in the small book forming part of the repair outfit, is of greatest
importance, as these records form the only guide as to whether cr not the boxes
should be replaced. Decisions as to replacements should be made by the Division-
al Gas Officer. The approximate time of actual breathing thru the box should be
noted. These entries should always be made after gas drills and gas attacks, and
great care should be taken that they are correct.
INSPECTIONS
Gas respirators must normally be inspected once a week and daily during
"Gas Alert". It is_ of_ greatest importance that tne_ inspection be carried .n’t
regularly and with greatest care . Anv neglect in doing this may lead to loss
of life .
INDIVIDUAL PRACTICE
In the initial training periods, drills must be arranged so that every man
wears the respirator for one full period of half an hour without removing the
mask or nose clip.
PRACTICE "A"
1. Adjustment of the box respirator in the "Alert" position.
2. On the command "Gas Alert" har.-g the box respirator around the neck with
the press button next the body. With the right hard, sieze the satchel by the
leather tab; with the left hand sieze the sling by the brass button and clip
this into the leather tab. Undo the press buttons closing the satchel.
■
'
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‘
.
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.
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• . ' ' - ' ' '/-••• '• ■ > *
(Gas Waf5*rc - Continued)
The length of whipcord will "then be withdrcwvi ffom "the right hand compartment,
passed thru the ring on tne right of the satchel and carried around the waist to
the ring on the left, where it is fgfjstenad. The- pres a buttons closing the satchel
will be l9ft undone, but the flap will be put in position to keep the respirator
from becoming wet.
PPAC?ICE RBn
Drill by members to obtain the correct adjustment of the box respirator.
NOTE: This drill is to be carried out alternately with one ” judging the time”
i.e, as quick adjustment as possible. It is most important that complete adjust-
ment be obtained by all ranks in SIX SECONDS .
Adjust the respirator in the alert position with the satchel covered but net
buttoned.
1. On the command "one” knock off the hat, press down both thumbs between the
satchel and the body and open the satchel flap. Immediately siese the mask with
the right hand, the me cal elbow tube just outside the mask being in the palm of
the hand and the thumb and first finger grasping the metal frame of the nose clip.
2 . On the command * two’1 bring the mask smartly oat of the satchel and hold it
in both hands with all the- fingers outside round the binding and the two thumbs
inside, pointing upward and inward under the elastic. At the same time throw the
we -l 1 f or 'ward ready to enter the mask opposite the nose clip.
3 . On the command ’’three” bring the mask forward, digging the chin into it
and with the same motion bringing the elastic bands tack over the crown of the
head to the full extent of the retaining tape, using the thumbs.
4. On the command "four” sie^e the metal elbow tube outside the mask,
to the right and fingers to the left— -all pointing towards the face. Push
rubber mouthpiece well into the mouth and pull it forward until the rim of
Kontnpiece lies between the teeth and the lip and the two rubber grips are
by the teeth.
5. On the command "five” adjust the nose-clip to the nose, using the thumb
and the first three fingers of the right hand. liun the fingers round the mask on
either side of the face to make sure that the edges are not folded over. Correct
any fault adjustment. Come smartly to attention,
PRACTICE "Cl
To adjusr the respirator when carried ever the shoulder and not in the
alert position.
1, Sling the satchel around so that it hangs in front of the body. Undo the
press buttons and adjust the mask as in practice ”B”, allowing the satchel to hang
by the rubber tube .
2. After the nose piece is put on, at once proceed to adjust the satchel in
the alert position, as in practice ”A" .
PRACTICE " D’*
Drill to teach cleaning of eyepieces.
thumb
the
the
held
■
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■
'
(Gas Warfare - continued)
1. On the command "CLEAN EYEPIECES" the right eyepiece will he gripped be-
tween the thumb and first finger of the left hand. The first finger of the right
hand will then be pushed gently into the mask fold which is behind the right eye-
piece which will be cleaned with a gentle circular arm motion.
2. The left eyepiece will be cleaned in the same manner.
PRACTICE "Eu
Drill to teach the method of giving orders.
1. It is first explained to a squad that the nose-clip must not be removed to
talk and that before each sentence is spoken a long breath must be taken and the
mouthpiece removed sideways from the mouth by turning the metal tube outside the
mask to one side. After speaking the mouthpiece is replaced.
2. The squad should then be numbered off, extended to four paces and orders
passed along the line.
Officers and noncommissioned officers will receive special care in practice
"E".
PRACTICE "F"
Drill to teach the method of clearing the mask from gas which may have leak-
ed in and is affecting the eyes.
1. Press the mask close to the face, forcing out foul air around the sides
and then fill again with fresh air from the lungs by blowing out around the
mouthpiece .
PRACTICE "G"
Drill to teach method of testing whether trench or dugout is free from gas.
1. With the right hand open the face-piece away from the cheek; then loosen
the nose-clip on the nose and smell gently (do not take a deep breath). If the
gp.s is smelt, the nose-clip and mask are replaced. Then as in practice ”F" .
PRACTICE "H”
Ordinary infantry drill will be carried out while wearing the mask which will
include doing both double time for at least 200 yards at a time. Marching order
will be worn,
NOTE:
(a) If after wearing for a long time, the pressure of the nose-clip be-
comes unbearable, it may be relieved for a few minutes by taking off the pressure
without removing the clip.
(b) Removing masks. It must be seen that when masks are removed, that
it is done without strain on the face or the elastic. On the command "TAKE OFF
MASKS” insert the fingers of the left hand under the mask at the chin, bend the
bead forward, at the same time removing the mask with an upward motion of the
left hand.
(c) After all drills the mask must be wiped dry, folded correctly, and
put away in such a way that the rubber valve is not bent. Do not wipe off masks
with handkerchiefs.
-14-
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UNITED STATES
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY
MILITARY SUBJECTS DEPARTMENT
MODERN FOREIGN ARMIES - STUDENT'S NOTES
THE BRITISH ARMY
I. Administration
' f ■■ r-r
a. The Array Council
1. Position
2. Composition
(a) The Secretary of State for War
(b) The Chief of the Imperial Staff
(c) The Adjutant General
(d) The Quartermaster General
(e) Master General of Ordnance
(f) Civil Master
(g) Finance Minister
b. The Imperial General Staff
1. Duties
• ■ /•:
:
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Modern Foreign Armies (Continued)
2. Composition
(a) The General Staff Branch
(b) The Adjutant General's Branch
(c) The Quartermaster General’s Branch
II. Organization
a. Type
b. Branches of the Army
c. Division of Infantry Units
UNIT
COMMANDER
Army
General
3 Army corps and additional
troops .
Army Corps
Lieutenant General
3-4 infantry divisions and
corps troops.
Division
Major General
2 infantry brigades and divi-
sional troops.
Brigade
Brigadier General
4 battalions
Battalion
Lieutenant Colonel
4 companies
or Major
Company
Captain
4 platoons
Platoon
Sergeant or Lieutenant
4 sections
Section
Corporal or Sergeant
about 15 men
d . The Army
1. Size and distribution.
e. The Infantry Division
1 . War Strength
-2-
...
Modern Foreign Armies (Continued)
2. Organization of an Infantry Division
1 Headquarters
3 Infantry Brigades
1 Headquarters for Divisional Artillery
3 Field Artillery Brigades (Field Guns)
1 Field Artillery Brigade (Howitzer)
1 Heavy Battery and Ammunition Column
1 Divisional Ammunition Column
1 Headquarters for Divisional Engineers
2 Field Companies (Royal Engineers)
1 Signal Company " "
1 Cavalry Squadron
1 Divisional Train
3 Field Ambulances
f* The Regiment
1* General Note
g. The Company
1, Organization
2, War Strength
III . Service
a. Enlistment Period
IV. The British Air Service
a. Administration
1. Commanding Officer
2. Staff
b. The Brigade
-3-
'"1
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Modern Foreign Armies (Continued)
1. Commanding Officer; location of HQ
2. Organization
c. The Army Wing
1. Duties
2. Organization
d. The Corps Wing
1. Duties
2. Organization
e. The Squadron
1. Organization
f. The Flight
1. Duties
g. Cooperation with Artillery
1. Duties of Artillery Flights
-4
Modern Foreign Armies (Comtinued)
h. Similarity of other Air Services
i. Chart.
THE FRENCH ARMY
I. Administration
a. Wer Minister, Staff, etc.
II . Organization
a. General Remarks
b. Division of Infantry Units
UNIT
COMMANDER
COMPOSED OF
Army Corps
Lieutenant General
2 infantry divisions
corps troops
Division
Lieutenant General
2 infantry brigades ;
sicnal troops
Brigade
Major General
2 infantry regiments
Regiment
Colonel
3 battalions
Battalion
Major
3 companies
Company
Captain
4 sections
Section
Lieutenant
2 Half-Sections
c . The Army Corps
1. Organization
2 Infantry Divisions
1 Cavalry Brigade
1 Horse and Field Artillery Brigade
1 Squadron of Pioneers (Engineers)
-5-
;
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' ■
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.
■
Modern Foreign Armies (Continued)
d. The Company
1. Organization
e. Branches of the Army
The Regular (or Active) Army
The Reserve of the Regular Army
The Territorial Army
The Territorial Reserve
f. Peace Strength of the French Army
III. Service
a. Method of obtaining men
b. Service in the Branches of the French Army
Regular Army
Reserve
Territorial Army
Territorial Reserve
3 years
11
7
7
Total -
28 years
c. Active service in each branch
d. Officers
IV. The French Air Service
THE GERMAN ARMY
I. Administration
a. General Remarks
-6-
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;
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,
; : •">' i'1 ' V:
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.
’’ •
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• , • • -•
Modern Foreign Armies (Continued)
b# The Kaiser
lw'
c. War Ministers
d. Prussian General Staff
e. The Prussian Great General Staff
f. Appointments
1* Chief of the Prussian Military Cabinet
2. Prussian Minister of War
3. Officers of the Great General Staff
4. Army Corps Commanders
5. Army Inspectors
II. Organization
a. Branches of the Army
Active or Regular Army
Reserve
First Landwehr
Second Landwehr
Lands turm
Ersatz
b. The Army Corps
c. Division of Units
-7-
■
/
d. The Division
1. Organization
The Infantry Division is composed of the following units
2 Brigades of Infantry
1-2 Pioneer Battalions
1 Brigade of Field Artillery
3-4 Squadrons of Cavalry
2. War Strength
e. Peace Strength of the Army
III. Service
a. Method of obtaining men
b. Liability to Service
c, Service in each Branch
d. The Ersatz
e. Volunteers
IV. The German Air Service
THE ITALIAN ARMY
I. Organization
a. Branches of the Army
1. Permanent Army
-8-
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,
• " •' ■■ >M •
2. Reserve
3. The Mobile Militia
4. Territorial Militia
b. Units
1. The Field Army
2. The Amy Corps
3. The Infantry Division
2 infantry brigades
1 rsginent of field artillery (5 batteries)
4. Additional units -
II. Service
a. First Category
3 years for all arms in the Permanent Army
6 years in the Reserve
4 years in Mobile Militia
7 years in the Territorial Militia
Discharged at the age of 39.
b. Second Category
c. Third Category
III. General Remarks
a. Peace strength
b. Colonial troops
IV, Italian Air Service
-9-
'
IV \
UNITED STATES ARMY
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
INSTRUCTIONS TO CADETS
I. TOOL CHECKS
1. One hour has been scheduled during the week of Squadron "A" for drawing
tool checks from the Tool Room in the Aeronautical Laboratories, At this hour
the commander of Squadron A will proceed to the Tool Room and draw tool checks
for his entire squadron. Six checks will be issued to each man, each check
being stamped with the same number as on the identification button worn by the
man who receives it. These checks are to be given in exchange for tools and
books and are returned when the material drawn is turned in. Care should be
taken to see that material drawn out cn tool checks is returned in as good
condition as when received. Any damage or breakage will be charged to the cadet
responsible. For rules regarding tool checks see General Order No. 2 accompany-
ing these instructions.
II. NOTES AND REFERENCES FOR LECTURES
1. At the first hour scheduled for drawing material from the Tool Room or
as soon as possible thereafter, each member of Squadron A will personally secure
a copy of each of the following books:
U.S. A.rmy Regulations, 1917, with all available changes.
Manual for Courts Martial, 1917.
Infantry Drill Regulations.
Manual of Interior Guard Duty.
2 . At this same hour the Squadron Commander will draw for each member of
his Squadron one copy of the following mimeographed lecture notes. He will
then see that each man is in possession of a copy of the proper notes at each
hour when the Squadron assembles for a lecture. Cadets who fail to receive a
copy of any set of notes should notify the Squadron Commander immediately.
Military Courtesy and Ideals
Administration and Organization of the U.S. Army
Army Regulations
Military Hygiene, Sanitation and First Aid
Military Law
Army Paper Work
Methods of Modern Warfare
Guard Duty
III. BOOKS TO BE PURCHASED.
1. Each cadet will provide himself with a number 6*»C cloth bound, stiff
covered, 3-ring, loose leaf note book, in which to keep his lecture notes.
This binder may be used for the notes furnished by all departments. It may be
obtained at the Students Cj~ operative Store on the University campus, or at
any nearby stationery store.
/
■ . \ -■ ' .
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(instructions to Cadets)
(Continued)
2. It is highly recommended that each cadet purchase for his personal use
a copy of Colonel Moss* book ,!The Officers' Manual”. This is a book which will
prove of great help to a newly appointed officer, and a valuable reference book
on military matters at all times.
IV. USE OF LECTURE NOTES
1. The notes on many of the lectures given in the several departments of the
School have been prepared in ro.lir.so graph 3d form, T.n some cases headings and prin-
cipal topics only have been given, but con-: j derable rpace has been left between
the lines, in order that the cadet may inesrm all of the details and points dis-
cussed, each under its proper heading. The lectures will in general follow the
notes issued, taking up the topics in the order given.
2. The importance of taking complete and concise notes cannot be overesti-
mated. No man should trust to his memory for the subjects discussed in the
lectures .
V. INSTRUCTIONS GOVERNING EXAMINATIONS IN ALL SUBJECTS.
1. These instructions apply to all examinations written on the regular ex-
amination paper furnished by the School of Military Aeronautics and should be
carefully noted particularly before each final examination. A lack of observance
of these rules will result in a delinquency report.
2. Cadets will take alternate seats (one chair between) in the examination
room.
3 . No notes or books of any kind will be brought into the room. (Does not
apply to quizzes given during a lecture hour.)
4. All questions concerning the examination will be asked aloud, the cadet
rising from his seat and obtaining permission to speak, but not moving about
the room without the consent of the instructor in charge.
5. All headings on the examination paper will be filled out. The name will
be written with the surname first, as Doe., John F. The name should be written
legibly. The headings may be lettered if the cadet desires.
\
6. Write in ink. Be sure that the fountain pen is filled before coming to
an examination.
7. Leave suitable margins; about one inch on the left and one half inch on
the right.
8. Tabulate the answers whenever possible.
9. Use good English and spell correctly.
10. Be neat.
11. Write on both sides of the paper, and number the pages in consecutive
order, as the pages of a book are numbered. For final examinations double folded
sheets are furnished. Extra sheets are single and are numbered 5, 6, 7, etc.,
and will be placed inside of the double sheet before handing in the paper.
-2-
(Instruction to Cadets)
(Continued)
12. Do not write out the question but number it exactly as the instructor
has numbered it, using Roman numerals (written in the center of the sheet) for
the number of the question, and Arabic numerals or letters (written at the side)
to denote the different parts or sections of a question.
13. Read the question over several times before attempting to answer it.
Be sure that the meaning of the question is thoroughly understood.
14. If a mistake has been made in answering a question do not attempt to
erase the error but place brackets around the word or sentence which it is de-
sired to omit and write the word "OMIT” in such a way that the reader can tell
which part of the answer should not be graded.
15. After finishing the examination the answers should be read over care-
fully to see that none of the parts or sections of any of the questions have
been omitted.
16. Remember what has been said about absolute honesty in examinations.
17. It should be borne in mind that the final examination paper of each
cadet goes to Washington to form a part of his permanent record, and conse-
quently should represent his best effort in every respect.
18. Cadets ordered to take a re-examination in any subject will report at
the next hour scheduled for the examination in that subject and will omit any
conflicting lectures given to the squadron in ?/hich the cadets are enrolled.
VI . COURTESY TOWARD CIVILIAN INSTRUCTORS
1. The following requirements concerning the rendering of salutes to
civilian instructors have been approved by the Commandant:
2. Salutes will be exchanged between cadets and civilian instructors upon
all official occasions of meeting, such cases being held to include:
a. Reporting the squadron to the instructor in the classroom. (Squad-
ron Commander only.)
b. Being addressed by an instructor outside of the classroom.
c. Addressing the instructor outside of the classroom.
3 . In rendering the report of the squadron in the classroom the squadron
commander will salute once, then report,
4. When addressing an instructor, or when being addressed by an instructor,
outside of the classroom, the cadet will salute at the beginning of the conversa-
tion and will salute again at the end of the conversation.
5. Salutes will not be exchanged between cadets and civilian instructors
upon occasions other than those above prescribed.
VII. GENERAL ORDERS.
1. Copies of General Orders No. 1 and No. 2 are included in these instruc-
tions for the information and guidance of all cadets. They should be read and
their contents noted carefully.
-3-
(G.O. 1.)
GENERAL ORDER,
U.S. School of Military Aeronautics,
No. 1.
Berkeley, March 13 tn, 1918.
1. The following extract from War Department General Orders No. 21, 1918,
i? published for the information of the commissioned, enlisted, and civilian
personnel of this command:
2. "All persons connected with the military service, who receive informa-
tion of proposed inland or oversea movements of organizations, detachments,
or individuals, are forbidden to make public the details of such movements,.
"The names of organizations , dates of departure, arrival, or of em-
barkation, or of the ships to be used in such movements, will not be disclosed.
"When necessary to advise relatives or other private persons of approach-
ing departure, persons connected with the military service will convey only
information absolutely necessary, which will not include rail routing or
probable time of arrival at any station or dates, or names of ships, or ports
of departure, or the destination of organizations.
"The marking of cars or of baggp.ge so as to indicate an over-sea destina-
tion, the date of departure, or the name of the ship which is to sail will be
avoided. Baggage for oversea shipments will be addressed to the quartermaster
of the port of embarkation and information furnished the quartermaster as to
the disposition to be ms.de of it.
"After arrival in France or England no information will be given concern-
ing the names of organizations arriving; destinations of organizations, names
of vessels, information concerning convoys, routes pursued, measures taken to
avoid attack, dates of arrival, debarkation or departure, numbers of troops,
or character of cargoes carried.
"Officers and men will avoid talk or discussion with reference to
military matters while in any public place. After joining the American
Expeditionary Forces all officers and men will view with suspicion any person
asking questions about military subjects or discussing such topics where there
is a possibility, however remote, of such information reaching the enemy.
"Commanding Officers of all vessels carrying troops to join the American
Expeditionary Force will cause this order to be published en route to all
persons in the military service.
"Violations of the previsions of this order will be investigated and
disciplinary measures applied to offenders."
3. Too much emphasis cannot be placed upon the importance of not giving
out any military information wha fcever, either that received at this school
or elsewhere.
Very few persons in the military service are competent to judge whether
such information will or will not be of value to the enemy. It is necessary,
therefore, that the utmost precaution be observed with regard to all informa-
tion of a military character.
BY ORDER OF MAJOR HUNTER:
CHAS. B. CRANE,
Captain, Sig. R.C., A.S., Adjutant.
(G.O. 2.)
GENERAL ORDER, U„S. School of Military Aeronautics,
No. 2. Berkeley, April 11th, 1918.
1. The attention of all cadets is directed to the following procedure
for obtaining books or other materials from the Tool Room on tool checks,
and the rules outlined below will be rigidly enforced.
2. No cadet can graduate without having obtained a "clearance receipt"
from the Tool Room Keeper.
3. To obtain a clearance receipt, all books or other material taken out
on tool checks must be turned in to the Tool Room Keeper, or lost articles
paid for, and the tool checks themselves must be returned.
4. In the case of cadets relieved from instruction all mimeographed
notes, maps, conventional sign cards and all longhand notes by the cadet
himself must also be turned in.
5. Six tool checks are given to each cadet when he enters "A" Squadron.
6. Each cadet should note and remember the number on his checks.
7. One tool check must be deposited with the Tool Room Keeper for each
book or each tool taken from the Tool Room.
8. When the cadet returns a book or tool to the Tool Room, the check de-
posited for the article will be returned to him.
9. Lost tool checks must be paid for at the rate of $1.00 for each
check lost.
10. Books, out on tool checks, which are not returned must be paid for
according to the price list posted in barracks.
11. Tools or other equipment, out on tool checks, which are not returned
must be paid for.
12. It should be emphasized that a lost tool check may cost the man to
whom the check was issued several dollars instead of one dollar, the value
of the check itself. If a lost check is found and the finder is inclined
to do so, he might succeed in obtaining an expensive book or piece of equip-
ment from the Tool Room on this check, and the person to whom the check was
originally issued will be held responsible.
13. Lost checks should be reported to the Tool Room Keeper immediately.
14. From the above it is evident that each cadet should keep careful
record of his tool checks and all material taken from the Tool Room on tool
checks .
BY ORDER OF LIEUT. COL. HUNTER:
CHAS. B. CRANE ,
Captain, Sig. R.C.; A.S., Adjutant.
• - :
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June 1913
UNITED STATES
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY
MEMORANDUM: -
PERSONAL EQUIPMENT SUGGESTED TO BE TAKEN TO FRANCE
1. The following list of arms, equipment and clothing should be in the
possession of an officer in field service in France. This list is based on the Table
of Fundamental Allowances, Quartermaster Supplies; Uniform Regulations; and Circular
oi Information issued from Headquarters, American Expeditionary Forces, dated
November 14, 1917; and actual experiences.
ARTICLES
NUMBER
REMARKS
Basin, canvas
Bedding roll or a combination
1
Sold, not issued to officers.
bedding-clothing roll
1
Do .
Belt, saber, garrison
T_
Do. For officers equipped with the saber.
Sec. par. 65, S.R.No.41 (U.R.). Circular
headquarters American Expeditionary
Forces, states "In addition to the pre-
scribed field belt, the Sam Browne belt
with single sling, will be needed by
all officers. The proper type may be
obtained in France. "Also see Bull.
No *79, W.Dc , 1917." NOTE:- The Sam
Browne or "Liberty Belt" is not author-
ized to be worn in this country.
Belt, waist
1
Sold, not issued to officers.
Blankets, olive drab
3
Do.
Breeches, woolen, pairs
2
Circular, American Expeditionary Forces
states clothing could include heavy
and medium weight. Sold to officers.
Bucket, canvas
]_
Sold, not issued to officers.
Canteen, with c*ver and strap
1
Issued bv Ordnance Department on menoran-
dum receipt.
Cap, service
1
Circular, nmerican Expeditionary Forces.
Sold to officers.
Clothing roll
1
Sold, not issued to officers. Not requir-
ed when combination clothing-bedding
roll is used.
Coat, service, woolen
2
Circular, American Expeditionary Forces,
states clothing should include heavy
and medium weights. Sold to officers.
Collars, linen, white
12
Circular, American Expeditionary Forces „
Sold to officers.
Comfortable
1
Do „
Compass
Sold to officers. Headquarters, American
Expeditionary Forces suggests illumina-
ted dial.
Cuf f 3 , linen, white, pairs
6
Circ o 4 HQ AcE.F. Sold to officers.
Cup
1
Issued by Ordnance Dept, on memorandum
receipt .
Drawers, pairs
4
Sold. Giro.., HQ A.E.F., states heavy wool
and cotton..
Field glasses
Sold, not issued to officers.
First-aid packet, with pouch
1
Packet supplied by Medical Dept., pouch by
Ordnance Dept.
ARTICLES
NUMBER
REIvIARKS
Flashlights and extra batteries 1
Fountain pen, paper and envelopes 1
Gloves, riding, pair 1
Gloves, woolen, olive drab, pair 1
Handkerchiefs 12
Haversack, with pack carrier 1
Laces, shoe, extra, pairs 4
Leggins, russet leather, pigskin,
pair 1
Locker, trunk 1
Moccasins, pair 1
Notebook and pencils 1
Overcoat, olive drab 1
Pistol, with holster 1
Pistol, belt 1
Portfolio, leather 1
Saber and scabbard 1
Saber knot 1
Shirts, flannel, olive drab 3
Shirts, cotton, olive drab 4
or linen
Shoes, high, • -russet leather 2
Circ., HQ A.E.F.
Po.
Sold,, Circ,, HQ A.E.F.
Sold- Net issued to officers.
Sold. A number should be of Olive drab color.
Containing meat can, knife, fork and spoon.
Obtained from Ordnance Dept, on memoran-
dum receipt.
Sold, not issued to officers.
Do.
Do .
Reaching to ankle ; large enough to wear two
pairs of wool stockings worn in rubber
boots; Circ., HQ A.E.F.
Sold; not issued to officers.
Do. Commanding officers may authorize in the
field only s. short, double-breasted over-
coat, (See par. 103, S.R. No, 41, U.R.)
Officers may wear waterproof capes or over-
coats, as nearly as practicable to the
color of the service uniform, when on duty
involving exposure to rainy or other incle-
ment weather- (See par. 124, S.R.No. 41,
U.R.) In Francs the overcoat is worn of
knee length. C-irc., HQ A.E.F. states it is
desirable to have the overcoat well lined.
(See "Slicker" )
Issued in France ; not issued in the United
States to officers not serving with troops.
Do c
For officers habitually carrying papers; sold.
Circ., HQ A.E„F„ states required only by
cavalry officers on duty with troops armed
with the saber. Sold; not issued.
Sold; not issued to officers. (See the
remark above concerning the wearing of the
saber in France*.
Sold; not issued to officers
Sold; Circ., HQ A.E.F,
Sold; not issued to officers . Circ., HQ
A.E.F. states that two pairs of shces are
required for wear inside Arctic overshoes;
and also the following a~e required;- 2
pairs very heavy field shoes or trench
boots, large enough to take heavy wool
stockings . These bcots should be laced in
the instep, and said bcots may be worn by
all officers at all times. Those laced all
the way up are authorized, but in cities
the3r ray be worn only in inclement weather.
Mounted officers may wear boots of russet
leather. See par. 67, S.R. 41.
,
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ARTICLE
NUMBER
Slicker 1
Stockings, pairs 6
Tag, identification 2
Tape, for identification tag, 1
yards
Toilet articles
Towels 6
Undershirts 4
Watch 1
Whistle 1
REMARKS
Sold to officers. Circ., HQ A.E.F. states
"it is advisable that the slicker have a
detachable lining of heavy wool or fleec
The overcoat and raincoat (slicker) for
officers in the trenches should be of th
same appearance as those worn by the men
The English trench coat is satisfactory,
provided it can be obtained. It answers
the combined requirements of overcoat
and raincoats and has a lining that can
be worn separately." NOTE:- A trench
coat very similar to the one above des-
cribed is manufactured by Adler Bros, and
Co. or Rochester, N.Y- and one is on sale
at the Army and Navy Cooperative Store.
It is thought that there are several
manufacturers who make them. Correspond-
ence with the Depot Quartermaster, New
York will secure names of possible manu-
facturers .
Sold, not issued to officers. Circ., HQ
A.E.F. states that cotton and heavy wool
underwear are required and particularly
indicates that heavy weight wool stock-
ings are needed. To meet these require-
ments the number indicated should be
increased; at least doubled.
Sold, not issued to officers.
Do .
Including brushes, hair and tooth, comb,
razor and soap. Sold; not issued to
officers .
Including bath towels; sold.
Sold, not issued to officers, Circ., HQ
A.E.F, states that cotton and heavy wool
underwear are required, so this number
should be at least doubled.
Sold to officers by Signal Corps.
Issued by Quartermaster on memorandum
receipt.
Mounted officers should provide themselves with spurs, until the new model
mounted equipment is available in quantity, mounted officers are authorized to obtain
horse equipment from the Ordnance Department on memorandum receipt. Officers not
serving with troops should obtain this horse equipment after arrival abroad.
Officers entitled to ordnance equipment under this Bulletin, will obtain it on
memorandum receipt from their company or detachment commanders, in case of company
officers, or from the unit supply officers, in case of field and staff officers or
organizations . Companies cr attachments will obtain such equipment from unit supply
officers in the same manner as they obtain articles for the equipment for enlisted
men.
Unit supply officers will obtain such equipment from the nearest Ordnance Depot,
arsenal, or other ordnance establishment in a similar manner to that of obtaining
other equipment for their organizations and will be accountable for it.
: :■ :: .
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Where necessary, individual officers attached to, but not serving with any org-
anization of a regiment, separate battalion, field hospital, ambulance company, or
other tactical organizations for which equipment is prescribed may obtain the
equipment in question on memorandum receipt directly from the unit supply officer.
Staff officers serving at other headquarters will obtain all such equipment on
memorandum receipt from an officer at each headquarters designated by the general
in command to receipt and account for such property.
Should an officer to whom such equipment has been issued by a Post, camp or
depot ordnance officer fail to turn it in prior to his leaving such station, the
accountable officer may certify a list of same to the Chief of Ordnance that its
cost may be stopped against the officer concerned.
The Depot Quartermaster in New York will furnish, on application, officers wit
a list of manufacturers of clothing and equipment. Upon request of officers the
manufacturers on such list will forward to them a price list and will deliver sloth-
ing and equipment to officers ordering same collecting from the officers the whole-
sale price for the articles furnished.
A great many articles are cn sale in the commissaries established by the Amer-
ican Expecitionary Forces. These articles include breeches, whipcord; drawers, woo)
trench coats with detachable linings (suitable as overcoat and raincoat) , underehitfc
wool; boots, rubber, hip; shoes; matches; shaving outfits; soap; towels, bath.
Uniforms can be purchased abroad at about the same rates as in the United
States. Shelter tents complete are issued to company officers as part of company
equipment .
American tobacco and cigarettes, etc. are desirable, but unnecessary items to
add. Leather goods of any description are extremely high priced and often very
difficult to obtain in France. An extra pair of boots or shoes might therefor be
bought to advantage.
The above list of articles are best transported in an officers trunk locker,
and bedding roll. These should be plainly marked in large letters with the
officer’s name. Tags come off and are not sufficient identification. In any case
baggage should not exceed 150 pounds weight.
Cadets should keep this list in view, gradually accumulating the required
articles and disposing of unnecessary articles already in their possession.
Cadets will take with them from this School such articles contained herein as
have been issued to them and the small amount of clothing (excepting overcoats and
raincoats) now in their possession. It is suggested that Cadets defer purchasing
issue articles which are not now required until need for then becomes apparent.
BY ORDER OF LIEUTENANT COLONEL HUNTER:
Charles B. Crane
Captain, A.S. Sig. R.C.
Adjutant .
■ ' •
UNITED STATES
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY
MILITARY SUBJECTS DEPARTMENT
ARMY FAPER WORK AND SQUADRON ADMINISTRATION
(STUDENT’S NOTES)
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
A. MANUALS PUBLISHED BY IBS WAR DEPARTMENT .
1. United States Array Regulations
a. Subject matter
b. Changes
c. Importance of keeping Array Regulations posted
2. Manual for Courts-martial
a. Subject matter
3. Military Laws of the U.S.
a . Sub j e c t matter
4. Digest of Opinions of the Judge Advocate General
a. Subject matter
5. Compilation of General Orders, Circulars and Bulletins of the War Dept.
a. Subject matter
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6. Infantry Drill Regulations
U, (fcfejtO'b
b. Changes
7. Field Service Regulations
a. Subject matter
8. Manual for Non-ccmmissioned Officers, and Privates of the Infantry
a. Subject matter
9. Manual of Interior Guard Duty
a, Subject matter
10. Rules of Land Warfare
a. Subject matter
11. Securing the publications
B. WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLICATIONS
1. Special Regulations
a. Subject matter
b. Manner of issuing
2. General and Special Orders, Circulars and Bulletins
a. The subjects covered
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3. Confidential pamphlets
a. How compiled
b. Subjects covered
c. How issued
4. Tables
a. Tables of organization
b. Army pay table
5. Securing the publications
C. MIMEOGRAPHS
1. By whom published
2. Use
3. Examples
D. PUBLICATIONS OF STAFF CORPS
1. Manuals
a. General remarks
b. Manuals of the S ignal Corps
E. PRIVATE PUBLICATIONS
1. Subjects
2. Reliable
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ORDERS, BULLETINS AND CIRCULARS - INTRODUCTION
A. TYPES OF ORDERS DEFINED.
1, General and Special Orders
a. Definition
2. General Orders
a. Definition
3. Special Orders'
a. Definition
4. Orders
a. Definition
5. Field Orders
a. Definition
b. Manner of issuing
6. Bulletins
a. Definition
7. Circulars
a. Definition
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B. FORM OF CRIERS
1» General and Special - Printed
a. Source from -which the order emanates
b. Ihe date
c. Classification and number
d. Hie margin
e. Size of the paper
f . Substance and paragraphing
g. Signing of orders
2. Form of company order
a. Source
b . Date
c. Spacing in general
d. Substance and paragraphing
e. Signature
3. Form of field order
C. MANNER OF ISSUING ORDERS
1. Numbering of orders
2. Typographical errors
3. Distribution of War Department orders
-5-
4. Manner of filing the form
5, General
D. PRACTICE AND DEMONSTRATION OF FORMS
1. Examples
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5-10-18
UNITED STATES
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY
MILITARY SUBJECTS DEPARTMENT
ARMY PAPER WORK AND SQUADRON ADMINISTRATION
(STUDENT’S NOTES)
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE
INTRODUCTION
1. Meaning and extent of Army Paper Work -
2. References -
a. Engineer Training Manual, Appendix #2 -
b. Officer’s Manual by Moss -
c . Army Paper Work by Moss -
d. Army Regulations (Corrected to date) -
e. General Order No. 23, 1912 -
A. CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Why mentioned in connection with correspondence -
2. Military channels defined -
3. Regulations as to intermediate commanders -
4. Channels for Staff Departments on questions of organisation and
administration -
5. Channels for Staff Departments on questions of military law, pay,
discipline, sanitation, shelter, supply, and equipment (not teckn
cal), etc. -
6. Channels for organised divisions of R.A., N.G., N.A., A.E.F. -
7. Position of the Adjutant General in military channels.-
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8. Correspondence between Staff Departments -
9. Channels for a cadet in this school -
10. General remarks as to channels -
B . THE FORM AND COMPOSITION OF A MILITARY LETTER
Introduction -
The Brief
The Body
The Signature
The Indorsements
The Enclosures.
1. THE BRIEF
a. Margins -
b. Spacing -
c. The Place of writing -
d. The date -
e. The File Number -
f. The word "From:" -
g. The word "To:*-* -
(1) Addressing by office held -
(2) Addressing by name, rank & organization -
(3) Titles of officers addressed (or writing) -
(4) Designation when letter is to go through military
channels ~
h. The word ’’Subject:” -
2. SALUTATIONS
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3- THE body
a. Margins -
b . Spacing -
c. Indentation of paragraphs -
d. Numbering of paragraphs -
e. Beginning the body -
f. Subject matter -
4. COMPLIMENTARY CLOSINGS
5. SIGNATURE
a. Location -
b. Signing by name only -
c. Signing with name, rank & organization -
d. personal Signature of commanding officer -
e. Signature ’.of a Staff Officer - (for the Commanding Officer) -
(1)
(2)
(3)
6. INDORSEMENTS
Definition -
a. Margins -
b. The Heading -
Contains :
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
c. Spacing -
d. Indentation of paragraphs -
-3-
e. Numbering of paragraphs -
f* Numbering of indorsements -
g. Remarks -
h. Signature -
i. Additional pages -
7. NUMBERING OF PAGES
8. FOLDING THE LETTER
a. Single sheet -
b„ More than one sheet -
9 . ENCLOSURES
a. Numbering -
b. Record of enclosures with original communication
c. Record of enclosures with indorseraents -
d. Folding of enclosures -
e. Headquarters stamps -
10. COPIES
a. Number -
b. Copy retained -
c. Copy forwarded -
GENERAL NOTES ON MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE
1. ANSWERING OF COMMUNICATIONS
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2. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
3. penalty ENVELOPES
a. Characteristics -
b. To make a penalty envelope -
c . Writing to civilians -
d. Not for foreign mail -
4. STAMPS
5. EXPRESSIONS USED IN LETTERS
a. ’’The Commanding Officer desires” -
b. "Calling attention to" -
c. "Inviting attention to" -
d. Personal pronhuns -
TELE CRAMS
1. CHARACTERISTICS OF A WAR DEPARTMENT OFFICIAL TELEGRAM
ft* The number.
bo The place from which sent.
c . The date
d. Statement cf the Quartermaster General to the Telegraph Co.
e. The Certificate -
f. Signature of the officer sending the message -
g. Notation of rate -
h. "Government Paid” -
i. "Notice to sending operator” -
(1)
(2)
2. MANNER OF CONVERTING COMMERCIAL FORM TO OFFICIAL FORM
a. Add the statement -
b. Mark -
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c. Instructions to operator -
3. GENERAL REGULATIONS for tslegr/ms
a. Night Letters -
b. Official copies by mail -
c» Serial number -
d. Numbers -
e. Enlisted men -
f. Punctuation marks -
g. Telegrams not government paid -
h* When to use telegrams -
FILING SYSTEM FOR C 0 ERE S P CM DE N GE
U FILES REQUIRED IN A COMPANY OFFICE
a. Document file -
b. Correspondence file -
2. USE OF THE CORRSSPONPENCE pQOK
a. The '.index of correspondence book -
b» The briefs of communications -
c. Data briefed in a paragraph in correspondence book
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
d. Demonstration -
GENERAL REMRKS AND ADVICE
1. AVOIDING PAPER WORK
a.
b
2. CARELESSNESS
a.
b.
c .
d.
3. STATEMENTS OF ENLISTED MEN
a.
4. CHARGE OF NEGLECT OF DUTY
a.
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MS 509
The Mil i fcary Letter (BxlO-g-)
HEADQUARTERS
137th FIELD ARTILLERY U.S.N.G.
File No. 463,7
Kansas City, Mo.,
Oct. 24, 1917.
From:
Margin:
: To:
l-|;i nc h :
Subject:
(Fold Here)
Commanding Officer
Commanding General, Central Department, Chicago, 111.
Authority for expenditure - rental of quarters.
: Mar gin
:1 inch
1. This regiment was organized immediately before the call of
the National Guard into Federal Service, The quarters furnished by the
State of Missouri were ample but arrangements were made for only six
weeks after muster. It has become necessary to vacate those quarters;
and now Headquarters, Headquarters Company, Supply Company, Medical De-
tachment and two Batteries are without quarters.
2. Responsibility has been assumed for the quartering of this
command, and it is now housed until the 28th of October in the Sweeney
Automobile School, 24th and Wyandotte Avenue, Kansas City, Mo», at $10
per day,
3. Authority is requested to pay $10 per day for present quar-
ters in view of the extreme economy of the charge, and on account of lack
of tentage or other means of caring for men.
4. Enclosed is a statement of the Sweeney Automobile School,
certifying that the quarters were occupied by this regiment as above stated.
(Fold Here) 1 incl. (Signed) John F. Henry
--- (Typewritten) John F. Henry
Colonel , F.A.
652-CR-137 F.A.N.G. 1st Ind.
H.Q. CENTRAL DEPT., CHICAGO, Oct. 28, 1917 - To the Quartermaster General of
the Army - Recommended in view of the reasons given, That the expenditure
for rental of quarters be approved and that funds be made available there-
fore .
( S i gne d ) Raich W. Smith
(Typewritten) Ralph W. Smith,
Lt. Col., U.S.A., Retired,
Acting Dept. Adjutant,
In absence of Dept. Commander.
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MS 509
75. 4 2nd Ind.
O.Q.M.G., Oct. 28, 1917 - To the Department Commander, Central Dept., Chicago
111. Returned approved for expenditure of $60.00, chargeable
"Barracks & Quarters, 1917-18, Act of June 15, 1917".
By authority of the Quartermaster General.
1 Incl. (Signed) Geo, B. Brown,
(Typewritten) Geo. B. Brown
Major, Q.M. Corps
652-C.R.-137 F.A.N.G. 3rd Ind.
H.Q. CENTRAL DEPT., CHICAGO, Nov. 2, 1917 - To the Commanding Officer
13 7th F.A.N.G., Kansas City.
1. Attention invited to the preceding indorsement.
2. Submit to these headquarters for payment, certified vouchers
to cover the amount*
3. A copy of thi3 indorsement must also be filed with the account
By command of Major General Carter.
( S i gne d ) Ra lnh W. _S mii Vm
(Typewritten) Ralph W. Smith,
Lt. Col., U.S.A., Retired,
Acting Dept. Adjutant.
Sweeney Automobile School,
24th & Wyandotte Avenue,
Kansas City, Missouri,
October 18, lei'/ „
To whom it may concern:
This is to certify that the buildings of this school have
been in use as quarters for the 137th Field Artillery, U.S.N.G., since
September 12, 1317, and that the rental price agreed upon for this ser-
vice is $10 per day.
(Signed) James F. Sweeney,
President „
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UNITED STATES
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY
MILITARY SUBJECTS DEPARTMENT
ARMY PAPER WORK AND SQUADRON ADMINISTRATION
(Student's Notes)
FORMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SERVICE OF AN ENLISTED MAN AND A
COMMISSIONED OFFICER .
INTRODUCTION
1. The extent of forms
2. General data necessary for complete kno7/Iedge of forms - order of
discussion - «
3* Manner of studying forms -
4. References for this phase of paper work ~
A. SERVICE RECORD
1. Definition.
2. Manner of using the form
3. Copies and disposition.
.
4. Common characteristics of the form.
5. Information and instructions to complete the form.
a. Opening of record by recruiting officer -
b. Report of Assignment -
c. Military Record -
6. Clothing Account -
a. Clothing drawn ~ gratuitous issues of clothing - clothing
settlements -
b. Individual Equipment Record -
7. Allotments.
a. Voluntary allotments -
b. Compulsory allotment -
8. Deposits.
a. A system to facilitate savings by enlisted men -
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9. Indorsements.
a. When used -
b. Information gi\ren in the indorsement -
10. General instructions for completing Service Record *
a. Records required by the Company Commander -
b. Changes in entries -
c. Initialling of entries -
d. Negative entries -
e. Special regulations from Bulletin No. P - 1918.
f. Procedure in the case of the Lost Service Record -
g. Data to be entered upon Service Records of selected man
B_ DEPOSIT SYSTEM - SOLDIER'S DEPOSIT BOOK - ADVICE OF DEPOSIT -
1. References -
2. Definition of the system -
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. Regulations for deposits*
a . Rate of interest -
b„ Minimum deposit -
c. Drawings on deposits -
d„ Paying of deposits -
e. General -
f. Liability of deposits -
4. Manner of making Deposit-.
5. Instructions to complete the receipt for deposit.
6. Instructions to complete advice to Soldiers' Deposits.
C . FURLOUGH
1. Definition.
2. References.
3. Manner of using the form.
4, Copies and disposition.
a .
b .
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5. Instructions to complete the form,
a. Authority for granting -
B. Name, Grade, Organization of man -
C. Date set for departure -
d. Date set for return -
e. Destination on Furlough -
f. Where to report upon return -
g. Signature of issuing authority -
h. Memorandum of Pay and Rations -
i. Description of Soldier -
j. Certificate of Transport Quartermaster -
k. Date of return to duty -
l. Place of return to duty -
mu Report of Discharge, and authority -
n, Accounting for rations -
o- Signature of commanding officer -
p. Commutation of rations -
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q» The fourth page -
D. CERTIFICATE OF DISABILITY FOR DISCHARGE
1* References,
2. Definition.
3. Copies and disposition.
4. Manner of using the form.
a .
b.
c .
d.
E . DISCHARGES
1. References.
2. Definition,
3. Regulations for the use of the form.
a. Signing the discharge -
b. Number of copies -
c. Special notations -
d. Remarks with regard to character -
4. Information and instructions to complete the form.
a. Filling out the form -
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b* Honorable discharge -
(1) Face of the form -
(2) Reverse side of the form -
c. Dishonorable Discharge -
d. Discharge (straight) -
F. FINAL STATEMENT
1. References,
2. Definition.
3. Copies and Disposition.
4. Manner of using the form.
5. Regulations for the use of the form.
a. General regulations -
b. Responsibility of certifying officer -
c. Travel allowances -
d. Repeated data on Final Statement to agree with that on
Discharge Certificate -
-7-
6. Instructions to complete the form,
a. Due soldier -
b. Due the United States -
c . Remarks -
d. Amounts written -
e. Use of the third fold on the face of the form
f. List of Deposits -
g. For detailed instructions -
G. NOTIFICATION OF DISCHARGE
1. References -
2. Definition.
3. Copies and disposition.
4.. Regulations for use of the form.
5. Instructions and information to complete the form.
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FORMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SERVICE OF AN OFFICER
A. MILEAGE VOUCHER:
1. References
2. Definition
3. Copies and disposition
4. Submitting the voucher
a) The Voucher
b) Designation of payee
c) Items on the voucher
1. "From"
2. "To"
3. "For Mileage From"
4. "To"
5. "Transportation furnished between"
d) Certificate of Correctness
e) The Second Page
Data following the words "TO", "ADDRESS" and PLACES
OF ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE, DATES AND NOTATION FOR
TRANSPORTATION
f) Orders for Travel
g) Computation of allowance
h) Indorsement not permitted
B. OFFICERS’ PAY VOUCHER
1. References
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2. Definition
3. Regulations for computation of pay.
a) See notes under pay of officers in lecture on regulations.
b) Basis per month
c) Orders affecting pay
d) Sources of information for allowances and pay according to
grades-Arny Pay Tables
e) Explanation of system of zones
f) Daily pay of officers
4. Information and instructions to complete the form.
a) "For pay from"
b) "For pay for— mount"
c) "For comm, of heat and light"
d) "For comm, of quarters"
e) "Under authority of S,0. No."
f) Deductions for war risk insurance, liberty bonds, allot
ments for dependents {for overseas officers), etc.
g) Deductions for leaves
h) Amounts
i) Information to appear on the second sheet
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j) Location of quarters and number of room occupied
k) The receipt
l) Information for income tax
5. Manner of using the form.
a) Additional information to be given with the first pay
voucher submitted:
b) Enclosures to accompany first voucher submitted and others
in which a change of pay is noued..
c) The form completed will be
d) Indorsement
e) Information on the reverse side of both pages of the pay
voucher —
C. OFFICERS’ EXPENSE VOUCHER
D. PERSONAL REPORT- -OFFICERS .
1. Definition--
2. Copies and Disposition- —
3. Regulations for the use of the form--
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UNITED STATES
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY
MILITARY SUBJECTS DEPARTMENT
ARMY PAPER WORK AND SQUADRON ADMINISTRATION
(STUDENT'S NOTES)
THE ORGANIZATION OF A MILITARY OFFICE AND ROUTINE
FORMS USED IN ADMINISTRATION
A. ORGANIZATION OF A COMPANY OFFICE
1. '’Galled an Orderly Room
2. Duties of the Commanding Officer, the First Sergeant, Supply
Sergeant and clerks with regard to Paper Work -
a. The Company Commander -
b. The First Sergeant -
c. The Supply Sergeant -
d. The Company Clerk -
B. ORGANIZATION OF A POST HEADQUARTERS'
1, Adjutant's duties with regard to Paper Work.
a. Relations with commanding officer -
b. Responsibility with regard to correspondence records and
reports
c. Disposition of correspondence -
2. Position of the Adjutant in the command.
a. Performance of duty -
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b. Authority of Adjutant
C« An example to the command -
3. Duties of the Sergeant Major with regard to Paper Work.
a. General knowledge -
b. His responsibility -
c. Special knowledge -
4. Duties of Clerks and Ordlies.
ROUTINE FORMS USED IN AIHINTSTPAT.TQN
C. MORNING REPORT
1. References -
2. Definition -
3. Period covered by the form, copies and disposition.
a.
b.
4. Manner of using the form.
a. Collection of data -
b. Completion of the form -
c. Forwarding to Post Headquarters and Consolidation
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5. Information and instructions to complete the form.
a. Completion of data under personnel of the command -
b. Extra duty, special duty, detached service, etc, -
c. Remarks -
d. Rations -
e. Station and Record of Events -
f. Computation of corrections for ration returns -
D. RATION RETURN
1. References -
2. Definition -
3. Manner of using the form.
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3. Instructions to compile tethe form.
a. "Ration return cf" -
b. "At" -
e. "From" and "To" -
d. "Number of days" -
s. "Persons present " -
f. "Number of rations" -
g. "Additions" -
h. "Deductions" -
i. "Net corrections" -
j. "Number emergency rations required". -
k. Number of rations required. -
l. "Other issues required" -
m. Rations only for those present -
4. Copies and disposition.
a. Original, with certified statements -
b. Duplicate, without the certified statemen
5. Types of rations and their use.
a. Garrison -
b. TraVel -
c. Reserve -
d. Field - .
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©. Filipine -
f. Emergency -
F. DUTY ROSTER
1. References -
2. Definition -
3. Period covered by the form, copies and disposition.
a.
b.
c.
4. Manner of using the form.
5. Definition of terms used.
a. A tour of guard -
b. Relief -
c. Kitchen police -
d. Fatigue duty -
e. Charge of quarters and room orderly -
6. Instructions to complete the form.
a. Transfer of names -
b. Detailed instructdons for useof the Guard Roster
(l) ’’Present and available" -
(a)
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(b)
(c)
(2) Available but not required for guard duty -
c. Abbreviations to be used in the Guard Roster -
Abbreviations should be strictly adhered to.
A. -
Absent without leave.
Ar.
Arrest in quarters.
C.
In confinement.
D.S.
On detached service.
E.D.
On e:;tra duty
F.
On furlough
P.
On pass
Ret.
Recruit
S.D.
On special duty.
Sk.
Sick.
d. Detailed instructions for roster for other duties
(l) Transferring record from paevious month -
(2) Recording a duty performed -
(3) Duties not specified on roster -
(4) Details for detached service -
G. DAILY SICK REPORT
1. References -
2. Definition -
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3. Manner of using the form.
4. Instructions.
a. Signature of a company commander and medical officer
b. Line of duty
c. Changes and erasures -
d. Continued illness -
e. General instructions -
5. Copies and disposition, and period covered by the form.
a.
b.
c.
H. GUARD REPORTS
1. References -
2. Definition -
3. Copies and disposition and period covered by the form.
a.
b.
c.
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4. Manner of using the fora.
a.
b.
c.
5. Instructions to complete the form.
a. Entering the names of prisoners -
b. Transferring list from previous month -
c. Transferring names at end of month -
d. Entering names of prisoners confined during the month
e. Numbering of prisoners -
f* Data for Remarks on Prisoners -
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g. Data for Ermarks on the Guard -
h. Extra sheets for the fora **
I. SQUADRON (COMPANY!) FUND - (COUNCIL BOOK)
1. References -
2. Definition -
3. Sources of the fund.
4. Regulations concerning the squadron fund.
a* Custodian of the fund -
b. Checks on the fund -
c. Disbursement of funds -
d. Recorder of the Council -
e. Division of the fund -
f. Inspection of the fund and accounts -
5. Regulations for the usecf the Council Book.
a. Vouchers -
-9-
6. Transfer of Council Ptmd -
a. Receipt —
h. Notification of bank -
c. Certified statement of the officer transferring
the fund -
7. Use of the Council Rook -
a. Expend itures-
b. Monthly Account -
c. The certified statements -
8. Carelessness in accounting for fund - Misappropriation.
J. Pay roll and pay cards
Note:
1. Definition -
2. Copies and disposition.
3. Miscallaneous Items.
4. Manner of using the form.
5. Instructions to complete the form.
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K. SQUADRON (COMPANY) RETURN
1. References -
2. Definition -
3. Copies and disposition.
a.
b.
4. Regulations for the use of the form.
a. When rendered -
b. Responsibility for accuracy of the return -
c. Account of enlisted men and officers -
d. Data to be given under Remarks opposite officer's
name -
5. Instructions to complete the form.
a. Condition of the organization at midnight on the
last day of the month -
b. Number of men to be discharged during the next three
months and the number who will probably re-eniist -
c. Effective strength -
d. Alterations since the last monthly return -
11-
■
■ ... _
’V
- v"->i
;
e. Signatureo f the commanding officer -
f. Officers present and absent accounted for by name
g. Under Remarks -
h. Record of events -
5. Common errors noted in the Squadron Return.
L. FIELD RETURN
1. Definition -
2. Copies and disposition.
a.
b.
c.
3. When the form is used.
a.
b.
c.
-12-
" •? •• * -
■
■
■' • ’ '
4. Instructions to complete the form.
5. Important points of dif ferencebetween this form
and the Squadron Return -
a.
b.
d.
-13-
UNITED STATES
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY
MILITARY S SUBJECTS DEPARTMENT
ARMY PAPER WORK AND SQUADRON ADMINISTRATION
(STUDENT’S NOTES)
PUBLIC PROPERTY - SURVEY OF PUBLIC PROPERTY - INSPECTION OF PUBLIC PROPERTY
A. ACCOUNTABILITY
1. Definition
B. RESPONSIBILITY
1. Definition
C. RESPONSIBILITY OF POST COMMANDER FOR PUBLIC PROPERTY
1« Security of Public Property
£h RESPONSIBILITY OF COMMANDER OF SMALLER UNITS
1. Transfer of hisresponsifcilit y
2. Superintends issued
3. Temporary responsibility
4. Detail for detached service
.
-
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TRANSFER OF PUBLIC PROPERTY
L. Points in the traisfer of Public Property
£. Forms used
COMBINATION BLANK, INVOICE OR RECEIPT FOR TRANSFER OF PUBLIC PROPERTY
1. Definition
2. regulations for the use of the form
3. Instructions to complete the form
GENERAL REGULATIONS FOR OFFICERS INVOLVED IN TRANSFER OF PUBLIC PROPERTY
1. Proper receipt for public property
2. Checking and examining property
3. Checking sealed packages
CARE OF PUBLIC PROPERTY
1. Keys for the storeroom
-2-
2. Repair of property
3. Marking of property
I. DISPOSITION OF UNSERVICEABLE PUBLIC PROPERTY
1.
2. Classifications of unserviceable public property
(1) Property worn out: (not saleable)
(2) Property worn out: (some saleable)
(3) Property rendered unserviceable
3. Disposition of above classes -
a. Class (l)
b. Class (2)
c. Class (3)
J. SURVEYS OF PROPERTY
1. Appointing authority of Surveying officer. Eligibility.
a.
b.
c.
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2. Duties of the surveying officer
a.
b.
d.
e.
3. Duties cf persons responsible for public property who desire
the seine to be approved.
a.
b.
4. Authority of the surveying officer.
a.
b_
c.
d.
e.
f.
K. REFORT OF SURVEY
1. Definition
2. Copies and disposition of the form
a.
b.
c.
-4-
3. Manner of using the form.
a.
b.
d.
l .
6-
h.
j-
k.
4. Action taken when Report of Survey recommends stoppage against
enlisted, man*
a,
INSPECTION OF PUBLIC PROPERTY
1. Appointing authorities of inspectors.
a.
2. Authority of the inspector.
a.
b.
3. Manner of conducting inspection.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e .
d
4. Instructions for inspectors.
a.
b. Terms to be used in his recommendation for disposition:
c. Worthless articles ordered destroyed
d. Articles viich cannot be destroyed
<
Use of the Q.M.C., Reclamation Division
L, JN'j'E'-'NTf'RY ANP INSPECTION REPORT
1. Definition
2. Copies and disposition of each
a,
3. Regulations for the use of the fora
a.
b.
c.
4. Instructions to complete the form
a. Column I -
b. Column 2 -
c. Column 3 -
d. Column 4 -
e. Column 5 -
f. Column 6 -
-7"-
£» First Indqrsement-
h. Sec and Indorsement -
i. Columns 7 - 12 -
Column 1.1a-
k. Column 12 -
1*.. Recommendation fcr destr
action
UNITED STATES
school of Military aeronautics
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY
MILITARY SUBJECTS DEPARTMENT
ARMY PAPER WORK AND SQUADRGM ADMINISTRATION
(STUDENT'S NOTES)
DISBURSING OF PUBLIC FUNDS - MONEY ACCOUNTABILITY - EQUIPMENT
A. DISBURSING OF FUNDS— MONEY ACCOUNTABILITY
1. Requirements of an officer handling public funds
a.
b.
2. Regulations for disbursing officer.
a .
b.
c .
d.
e*
f.
g.
h.
3. System of disbursing appropriations of Congress.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
4.
a.
b.
-2-
c* The disbursing officer's account
d. An account current defined
e. The authority for an expenditure
B. EQUIPMENT
1. Classes of equipment
2. Grouping of equipment
a.
b.
c. Groups defined
3. Accountability for equipment
a.
b.
c.
-3-
4. Regulations for the account of the Unit Supply Officer
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
5. Duties of the examining officer.
a.
b.
c.
d.
I certify that all transactions in this Return of _______ property, sheets
numbered 1 to , inclusive, for the period from _i91 to _
191 , as shown by vouchers numbered __ _____ __ to _ hasbeen
examined by me and that I found all balances brought forward, all property
on debit vouchers taken up and all property dropped covered by authorized
credit vouchers which comply with regulations.
( Date )
.,191
U. S. Army.
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6. PROPERTY RETURN.
a. Definition.
b. Copies and disposition of these forms
c. Use of the form
-5-
; .
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d. Certified sts.teEf-.3nts to be used at the end of the
accounting period by the officer submitting the Return:
e. Certificate to be signed by the accountable officer when
turning over his accountability to a successor:
f. Certificateto be completed by the officer to whom the
accountability has been transferred:
7. Vouchersto the Property Return - Introduction
a.
8. MEMORANDUM receipts
a. Definition
b. Copies and disposition
o
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,
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9. REQUISITION
a. Definition
b. Expendable articles -
c. Use of the fora
-7-
10. Other forms that may be used as vouchers to the return of the
Unit Supply Officer which cannot be discussed in detail for
lack of time.
h.
b.
11. Manner of replenishing equipment by the commanding officer of
a sub-organization.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
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• '
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.
.. .. • ■
5-9-18.
UNITED STATES
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY
MILITARY SUBJECTS DEPARTMENT
RANK, GRADE, UNIFORM, AND INSIGNIA - SUTDENT’S NOTES
I* RANK AND GRACE OF OFFICERS AND NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS
A. RANK
1* Definition - Military rank is that character or quality bestowed
on military persons which marks their station and confers eligi-
bility to exercise command or authority in the military service,
within the limits prescribed by lav/.
2. Nature -
B. GRADE
1. Definition - That degree of rank which marks the relative posi-
tions and powers of the different classes holding it.
2. The different commissioned grades of the army with the appropriate
command for each and the corresponding naval grades are as follows:
CORRESPONDING
GRADS COMMAND NAVAL OFFICER
OFFICERS
1. General
2. Lieut. General — -■
3. Maj. General-
4. Brig. General
5. Colonel
6. Lieut. Colonel —
7. Major
8. Captain
9. First Lieutenant-
10. Second Lieutenant
— Army
•Army Corps-
e-Division--
--Brigp.de---
--Re giment—
■(Re giment)'
•-Battalion'
--Company -
•Admiral
■Vice Admiral
•Rear Admiral
•Rear Admiral ( Junior)
■Captain
•Commander
■Lieut. Commander
■Lieutenant
■Lieut. Junior Grade
•Ensign
INTERMEDIATE GRADES
1. Aviator, Signal Corps —
2. Cadet Midshipman
-1-
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‘
3. The different grades of Array non-comrnis3ioned officers, in
general, are as follows: (for details see Art. Ill, A.R.)
1. Sergeants -major, sergeants senior grade, etc.
2. First sergeants, sergeants first class, etc.
3. Color Sergeant
4* Sergeant
5. Corporal
HOW PRECEDENCE IS DETERMINED AMONG OFFICERS OF THE SAME GRADE
II. UNIFORMS AMD INSIGNIA (FOR SERVICE IN THE U.S.)
A. UNITED STATES ARMY
1. Coat and Breeches -
2. Caps -
3 . Hat3 -
Of ficers-
»
Enlisted men'
4. Hat cords -
(a) Officers - (1) General Officers -
(2) All others -
(b) Enlisted men - According to the Corps to which they
belong as follows:
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Quartermaster Corps -Buff
Corps of Engineers Scarlet & White
Ordnance Dept. Black & Scarlet
Signal Corps — — — Orange & White
Infantry Blue
Cavalry- Yellow
Artillery- * --Scarlet
Medical Corps Maroon & White
U.S ,T.C . Red, White & Blue
Detachments at Army Service Schools-Green
(c) Army Field Clerks -
5. Overcoats - (olive drab)
(a) Officers -
(b) Enlisted men -
6. Leggins -
(a) Officers -
(b) Enlisted men -
7. Sboe3 -
8. Gloves -
■
9. Collar ornaments -
(a) Officers -
(b) Enlisted men -
(c) When shirt without coat is worn by officers -
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10. Chevrons and Specialty Marks for Enlisted Men -
11. Flying Cadets -
(a)
12. Recommended for commission -
(a)
13. Identification tags ~
(a) Officers -
(b) Enlisted men -
i±. Aviation uniform -
(a)
15. Athletic Clothing -
(a)
16. Civilian Clothing -
17. Decorations -
(a) Distinguished Service Medal -
(b) Distinguished Service Cross -
(c) War Service Chevrons -
(d) Wound Chevrons -
.4,
(e) Medals a.n d Badges -
18. Jewelry and Foreign Decorations -
19. Civilians who may wear the olive drab uniform.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
B. UNITED STATES NAVY
1* Coat and Trousers -
2 . Caps and hats -
(a) Enlisted men -
(b) Officers -
3. Overcoats -
(a) Enlisted men -
(b) Officers -
4. Leggins -
5. Shoes -
6. Insignia -
B. MARINE CORPS
1. Coat and Breeches -
2. Hats and Caps -
■
■
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3. Hat Cords -
4. Overcoats -
5. Leggins -
6. Shoes -
7. Insignia -
E. BRITISH ARMY
1, Coat and Breeches -
2. Caps -
3. Leggins -
4. Shoes -
5. Insignia - For officers worn on the sleeve as follows:
Field Marshal - Crossed batons with laurel wreath and crown above.
General - crossed sword and baton, and crown and star.
Lieut. General - crossed sword and baton and crown.
Major General - crossed sword and baton and star.
Brigadier General - crossed swords.
Colonel - four stripes or rings and a crown and two stars.
Lieut. Colonel - three stripes or rings, a crown and a star.
Major - three stripes or rings, and a crown.
Captain - two stripes or rings, and three stars.
Lieutenant - One stripe and two stars i
Second Lieutenant - one stripe or ring and one star.
For non-commissioned officers:
Chevrons point downwards on the upper right arm (a lance
corporal or acting bombardier 1; corporal 2; sergeant 3;
color sergeant 3, and crossed colors; staff sergeant 4).
A sergeant major is dressed as an officer except that he
has a crown on the lower part of the right elbow.
The Sam Browne bolt is habitually worn by officers except
in quarters or at mess.
The corps, departmental and regimental badges are worn
on the lapels of the coat..
-6-
v
6. Decorations -
(a) Qualified pilot, Royal Flying Corps *
(b) Wound stripes -
(c) Victoria Cross -
(d) The Military Cross -
(e) Distinguished service Order -
E. BRITISH NAVY
1-
F. FRENCH ARMY
1. Coat and Breeches -
2. Caps -
3. Leggins -
4. Insignia - The number of regiment is shown on the collar. For
officers the following insignia is worn on the lower part of
the sleeve:
Marechal of France- 7- — -6 small geld stars
General de Division (General Lieutenant ) ----3 small gold stars
General de Brigade (General Major) 2 small gold stars
Colonel 5 gold bars
Lieutenant Colonel-- -3 gold bars and 3
silver bars
Major-- -4 gold bars
Captain----- • — -3 gold bars
Lieutenant- 2 gold bar3
Sous Lieutenant — ---- -1 gold bar
Adjutant (W,0.) 1 silver bar, red striped
Sergeant Major 2 broad gold bars
Sergeant — — 1 broad gold bar
Corporal -2 dark blue woolen bars
Soldat 1 Cl 1 dark blue woolen bar
Bugler- — • • — ■ Red, white and blue bar.
5„ Decorations -
(a) Wound chevrons -
(b) S ervice chevrons -
(c) The cross of the Legion of Honor -
-7-
(d) The Military Cross
(e) The War Cross -
G. FRENCH NAVY
1.
H. GERMAN ARMY AND NAVY
1. Army uniform ~
2 . Navy unif orm -
I . ITALIAN ARMY AND NAVY
1. Army uniform -
2. Navy uniform -
J. AUSTRIAN ARMY AND NAVY
1.
K. RUSSIAN ARMY AND NAVY
1. Army uniform -
2. Navy uniform -
L. BELGIAN ARMY
1.
M. TURKISH ARMY AND NAVY
1.
N. SERBIAN ARMY
1
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5/14/18.
UNITED STATES
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKEIEY
MILITARY SUBJECTS DEPARTMENT
STUDENT’S NOTES ON ARMY REGULATIONS
Principal references U.S. Army Regulations, corrected to April, 1917, with
corrections sheets to date.
Unless otherwise noted, all organizations to which reference is made are those
of the Infantry, and of the Regular Army.
THE ENLISTED MAN
1 . ENLISTMENT
a . Qualifications
1. Age
a. The Regular Army
(1) For the period of the emergency
(2) For time of peace
(3) Under 18 years of age
(4) Under 16 years of age
b. The National Guard
(1) For time of peace
(2) War time
c. The National Army
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(Re gulat-i one -continued)
d. The Enlisted Reserve Corps
e. The Re-gular Army Reserve
2. Citizenship
3. Physical, mental and moral fitness
a.
b.
c .
4. Enlistment of married men
a. Peace time
b. War time
5. Special qualifications
a. General
b. The Enlisted Reserve Corps
c. The Regular Army Reserve-time of peace
(1)
(2)
(3)
-2-
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B. Period of Enlistment
1. The Regular Army
a. Peace time
(1) Usual system
(2) One year — six year system
b. War time
U)
(2)
2. The National Cuard
a. Peace time
b. War time
3. The National Army
4. The Enlisted Reserve Corps
a. Peace time
b. War time
5. The Regular Army Reserve
-3-
' . - • ; -
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l.
■
(Regulations -continued)
C . Routine of Enlistment
1. Physical examination
2. The Articles of War
3. The Oath of Enlistment
4* The Service Record
5. Assignment for training
6. Allotments and Insurance
a. Compulsory allotment
b. Voluntary allotment
c. War risk Insurance
II. PAY OF ENLISTED MEN
A. Method
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. Additional Pay
1 . Extra Duty Pay
a. Definition of Extra Duty and pay for the same.
-4-
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(Regulations -continued)
b. Present Gtabus
2. Pay for Foreign Service
3. Additional Pay for Various Ratings
4. Additional Pay for Re-enlistment
a » General note
b. Pay of over §36 per month
c . Pay between §13 and S3 6 per month
d. Less than 018 per month
III . FURLOUGH
A. Definition
B . Rules for the issuing of Furloughs
1.
2,
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
-5-
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(Regulations -continues)
C . Authorities who may issue Furloughs
1. For one month
2. For three months
3 . Over three months
a. By the Adjutant General
b« By the Philippine Department Commander
IV. PROMOTION OF ENLISTED MEN
A . Recommended by -
3. Appointed by -
1.
2.
C . The Warrant
1. Definition
2. Issued to -
3. Ratings not accompanied by Special Warrants
-6-
XT;" ' ■ . - • ■'
" - . -
(Regulations -continued)
D. Transfer of noncommissioned officers which affect the warrant
E. Reduction of noncommissioned officers
1.
2.
V. TRANSFER OF ENLISTED MEN
A. Reasons for which made
a.
b.
B. Authority for transfer - commanders of:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
and also:
6 .
7.
VI. TRAVEL ON DUTY FOR ENLISTED MEN
A. Order authorizing; travel
1.
2.
B . Procedure
C. Rules governing Pullman Accommodation
1.
2.
3.
-7-
(Regulations -continued)
D. Foreign travel
S. Baggage regulations
1. Free or excess baggage
2. For European baggage
3 . Container
F . Rations while tre vel IrAvg
1. Journey of 12 t<o 24 hoars
2. Travel lasting from 24 to 72 hours
3. Journeys of over 72 hours
VII. DISCHARGE OF ENLISTED MEN
A . Reasons
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
“8-
,
. ; ..
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.
. -■ ■
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.
(
(Regulations -continued)
9.
4
10.
B . Types
1. Honorable discharge
2. Dishonorable discharge
3. Discharge
C . Disposition of Service. Record when soldier is discharged
D. Final Statement
E . Trans portati on
1.
2.
III. DERSERTION
A . Definition
B . Action taken by company or detachment coairander upon desertion
1.
2.
3.
C . Action taken by Commanding Officer
1. Publication of descriptive li3t
2. Notification of the A.G.O.
3. Reward
-9-
:
(Regulations-continued)
D. procedure when deserter is srresced
1. Notification of-
2. Procedure relative to a National Army deserter
3. Report of capture
E . Disposition of captured or returned deserter
1* If deserter claims exemption under Statute of Limitations (A,W.30)
a. Affidavit
b. Release
2. * When deserter is unfit for service:
a. Discharge if desertion is admitted
b. If discharge is not admitted
3, When deserter is fit for service:
a . Trial
b. Restoration to duty
F. Forfeitures
1. When restored to duty
a . Pay
b. Lengthening of enlistment period
c. Charged with reward
d. Rights with regard to pay and allowance
-10-
(Regulations -continued)
2. When charges are removed
a. Erroneous charges
b. Removal of stoppages and forfeitures
3 . When sentenced
a. Forfeitures
IX. RETIREMENT OF ENLISTED MEN
A. Definition
B . Status of retired enlisted men
C . Reasons for retirement
1. Length of service
2. Foreign service
D . .-'Procedure of re tirement
1. War Department order
2. Final Statement, etc.
3. Discharge certificate
4. Notification of Quartermaster
5. Report of address
E . Pay and allowances
1 . Pay
2. Commutation of clothing and rations
3. Commutation of quarter, fuel and light
-11-
(Re gulations-continued)
DEATH OF ENLISTED MEN
A. Duties of immediate commanding officer
** " ■ I ■ ' M ■ i — ■■■■■ I I — ■■■■■■ ' 'I — — » . — ■ - - »■ ■■■!■ m.., i mmu m m, .«■
1. Disposition of effects
2. Notification of relatives
B . Reports required by the War Department
1. Report of death and disposal of remains
2. Report of surgeon
a.
b.
c .
3 . Final statement
4. Report of Board of Officers
5. Inventory of effects
C . Disposition of effects
1. Delivered to-
2. If not claimed-
3. Personal property
D. Settlement of estate
1. If relatives cannot be located
2. Payment of debts
3. Allotments, compensations and insurance
4. Funeral Expense
5. Shipment of remains
E. The effects of enemy dead
1. Disposition
-12-
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.
THE COMMISSIONED OFFICER
APPOINTMENT OF COMMISSIONED OFFICERS
A. Qualifications for Original Appointment
1. Age
a. For Commission in Regular Army
b. Officers' R. s serve Corps
2. Citizenship
3. Physical, Mental and Moral Fitness
4. Appointment of married men
a. Regular Army
b. All other branches
B* Period of Commission
1. Regular Army
a. Permanent Commissions
b. Provisional Commissions
c. Temporary Commissions
2. National Guard
3. National Army
4. Officers' Reserve Corps
C. Grades in which original commissions are granted
1. Regular Army
2 » National Guard and National Army - all grades
3. Officers* Reserve Corps
D. Procedure
1* Application for Commission
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3. Acceptance
4. Call to active duty
5. Report for duty
6. Miscellaneous duties
II. PAY OF OFFICERS
A. Base Pay
B. Longevity Pay
C. Additional Pay
1* For foreign service
2. For the various ratings in the Aviation Section, Signal Corps
3. For other types of service when specified.
D. Method of payment - The Pay Voucher
III. ALLOWANCES TO OFFICERS
A. Quarters
1. When in the Field or outside the territory of the U.S.
2# When not in the field
3. Quarters allowed
B. Light and Heat
C. Stationery
D. Mounted Officers
E. Clothing and Equipment
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IV. LEAVE OF ABSENCE
A. Definition
B. Customs with regard to Leaves of Absence
C. Regulations governing Leaves of Absence
D. Applications for Leave
E. Authorities who may grant leaves
F. Leaves to go hunting
G. Procedure to be folio-wed - leave of over 10 days
1. At departure
2. On returning
V. PROMOTION OF OFFICERS
A. Officers below the grade of general officer.
1. Regular Army
3. National Guard, National Army and Officers1 Reserve Corps
3, American Expeditionary Forces
B. General Officers
VI. TRANSFER OF OFFICERS
A. For the good of the service
B. Upon request
VII. TRAVEL ON DUTY FOR OFFICERS
A. Travel with troops
B. Travel as individual (under orders)
-3-
1* Orders
2. Report
3. Mileage voucher-allowance
C. Travel to Europe
D. Baggage to Europe
VIII . SICK REPORT
A. Same as for enlisted men
B. Sick leave
IX. RESIGNATION OR DISCHARGE
A. Rules governing resignation
1. In time of peace
2. In time of war
3. Under charges
4. Acceptance of Resignation
B. Rules governing discharge
1. By General Court Martial
2. Recommendation of Discharge Board
3. For good of the Service - by the president
X. RETIREMENT OF OFFICERS (PERMANENT OFFICERS OF REGULAR ARMY ONLY)
A. Reasons for retirement
1. Automatically at the age of 64
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2. By the President
3 . At his own request
4. For the good of the service
5. By special Act of Congress
B. Pay
C. Status
1. Limited List
2. Unlimited list
XI. DEATH OF OFFICERS
A. Procedure
-5-
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5/18/18.
UNITED STATES
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY
MILITARY SUBJECTS DEPARTMENT
INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS - STUDENT'S NOTES
I. PURPOSE OF INFANTRY DRILL
A. Success in Battle
B. Discipline
C. Ceremonies
D. Salutes
E. The manual of arms infantry drill
F. Value of infantry drill proved by its use in the Navy, Medical
Corps, Field Artillery, Signal Corps, etc,
II. UNITS USED IN INFANTRY DRILL
A.
III. GENERAL TYPES OF DRILL
A. Close order -
B. Extended order -
IV. DEFINITIONS
1. Alignment -
2. Base -
3 . Column -
4. Depth -
1-
5. Distance
6. Element -
7. File -
8. Flank -
9. Guide -
10. Li.ie -
11* Rank -
V. COMMANDING
A* Ability to command men absolutely essential to an officer.
B. Pick errors.
C. Admit error.
D. Position of commander.
E* Explanations.
F, Construction of commands.
G. Timing of commands.
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VI. application of drill principles
A. Tracing the similarity of drill movements for units of various
sizes .
1. Movements on the fixed pivot -
2. Movements on the moving pivot -
VII. POSITION OF OFFICERS, GUIDES & FILECLOSERS IN VARIOUS FORMATIONS
A* Company in Line
i
Capt :
Lt .Guide
Ldr .3rd
Platoon
er
Capt
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B. Company in Column of Squads
Leading Guide (former right guide)
Q Leader 1st Platoon
1st fit.
D
0
2nd fit.
Interior guides
Leader 2nd Platoon
D
0
3rd fit.
Q
Interior guides
Leader 3rd Platoon
I J Rear guide (former left guide)
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3rd Platoon
2nd Platoon
1st Platoon
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Ldr. 2d Pit.
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C. Company in Line of Platoons
Ldr .3rd Pit □ U Guide Ldr.2d Plt.Qjj Guide
3rd
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2nd
Q Guide (former
i~~f Guide
left guide)
Ldr.lst Ptl.QQGuido (former
right guide)
1st
P Guide
VIII. PROBLEMS
A. Given, a line of platoons. Place the last squad of the left
hand platoon at the head of the right hand platoon without
changing direction or halting.
B, Place the rear platoon of a column of platoons at the head of
the column without changing direction or halting.
C. Put the right hand squad of a company into line at the head of
a column of squads moving to the left in two commands. Give
four solutions.
D. Place the rear squad in a column at the head of the column
without changing direction or halting.
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E. Place the right hand squad of a line on the left without
changing direction or halting.
F. Give exact position of the right guide of a company after the
execution of each of the following commands, the first command
being given from a normal company front; succeeding commands
being given after the preceding command has been executed.
1. "Platoons right, by squads."
2. "Squads right,"
3. "Platoons right, by squads."
4. "Squads right about,"
5. "Platoons column left,"
6. "Platoons right, front into line, double time."
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!» Radio Telephone
INSTRUCT! ON IN SIGNALLING
2* Instruction in Sending
4. Arm and wrist motion
7 .. Sending Groups
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SYLLABUS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF SIGNALLING
METHODS OF COMUNI CATION USED ON AIRPLANES
I . AURAL
1. Radio Telegraphy
2. Radio Telephone
II. VISUAL
1* Lamp
2 . Panneau
III. INSTRUCTION IN SIGNALLING
1. Standards of Course
2. Instruction in Sending
3. Method of holding key
4. Arm and wrist motion
5. Sending Practice
6. Instruction in Receiving
7. Sending Groups
8. Passing Out System
S 513
URAL,
1,
2„
Radio Te?,e graph y .
A. Source of Power,
a. Storage battery.
b. Fan driven generator.
B. Primary Circuit.
a. Keys (Pilot and observer.)
be Coil, adjustable vibrator.
c . Trans f ormer .
C„ Closed or Oscillating Circuit.
a. Spark Gap,, adjustable.
b. Condenser.
c„ Oscillation transformer, primary inductance,
D. Open or Radiating Circuit.
a. Aerial.
b. Oscillation transformer, secondary inductance
e* Hot wire ammeter.
d. Ground.
E. Important Accessories.
a. Safety plug.
b. Aerial winch.
c . Aerial We i ght .
d. Fairlead.
F. Installation of Set on Airplane; position of
a . Ke y s .
b. Generator or Battery.
c. Transformer.
d. Aerial*
e. Ground.
f. Fairlead,
g. Aerial winch.
G. Operation of Set While in Flight.
a. Precautions:
Safety plug.
Releasing aerial.
Pin pointing radio station and battery
b. Battery Communication:
Directional sending.
Interference .
S513
3,,
K. Communication with headquarters with respect to
ini an.tr y,
I* Cooperation with artillery.
J. Pre-arranged signals*
2 . Radio Tel eoh one .
A. Radio Telephone Equipment*
a. Source of power; fan driven generator*
b. Transmitter; connections, etc,
c. Antenna ,
d. Interphone set.
B. Installation of Sets on Airplane.
a. Radio telephone.
Generator
Transmitter
laiv"..ead
Aerial winch
Aerial
b. Interphone.
C. Communication.
a. Between airplanes in formation flying.
b. Bet ween station on the ground and airplane.
c. Between pilot and observer on same plane.
II —VISUAL
1 * J amp *
Practice with the lamp is given during the evening
classes in the barracks and xn day classes as well >
This practice is given as sour: as the cadet has suffic-
ient knowledge of code work mo enable rapid progress in
visual receiving. Approximately six hours is devoted to
this subject.
2* Panneau*
Instruction with the miniature panneau is given during
the seventh week and continued thereafter. The requirements
of visual signalling by the lamp and arc panneau are four-
words per minute. This is attained prior to the end of the
course, as proficiency in this work is developed automatically
by the aural training in both sending and receiving.
£513
4.
Ill- — INSTRUCTION IN SIGNALLING .
1. Requirements of Course.
The requirements of the department of Signalling consist of
sending and receiving at the rate of eight words per minute in the Internation-
al Morse Code. Tnis refers direct? y to mixed letters and numerals and not
plain English, The passing cut requirements are ten words per minute in both
senaang and receiving and is explained further on in this syllabus,
2, Instruction in Sending.
The method of instruction in sending which is given during the
first week and thereafter should be complied with very closely by the cadets.
It is necessary to send at the rate of eight to ten words per. minute almost
perfectly at the end of the course. Due to the conditions of operating a
Radio set in an airplane these methods of instruction are necessary-. To
maintain perfect ccmmrnioa cion on the front, it is essential that aI3 cadets
send alike, that is with special reference to rhythm. The operator who is
receiving the messages at the battery station on the ground must hear the same
type of sending from all the men in the air thereby reducing interference and
jambing.
3. Method of Holding Key.
The key is grasped lightly between the first two fingers and the
thumb of the right hand. The index finger gives the downward motion of the key
lever. The thumb aids the spring in bringing the key lever to its original
position* The middle finger prevents the index finger from moving forward while
sending and the thumb prevents the index finger from moving backward during
operation. This gives positive control of the key for all positions during
operation as, up and down, backward and forward which is very necessary.
4, Arm and Wrist Motion.
The arm is relaxed until perfectly free, wrist is loose and the
elbow resting on the table. During the first week of practice cadets should
send very slowly with the full assurance that the arm is relaxed. The wrist
will drop almost to the table while making a dash and approximately half that
distance in making a dot. Cadets who have difficulty in relaxing the arm to any
extent should report the fact to the Radio Instructor curing the class.
5. Sending Practice
sound .
Every character, either letter or numeral has a characteristic
When these individual characters are received thev are recognised
entirely by sound. The letter ‘5Cn may be taken as an example « The code con-
struction of this letter is dash dot dash dot and should s ..'•uni as dah da
dah dit. Notice that the final dot is very short « Always favor or n.
tly
emphasize the last cash of each character as this expresses the individual
sound of the different characters very clearly.
Great care should be taken with respect to speed during the first
practice hours. Never send any faster than you ran and still be capable of
ms king perfect signals. Cadets who continually overs Hud ihei" oar i, that is,
those who make successive mistakes while sending, wi.lf' have difficulty through-
out the entire course. The proper time to eliminate this tendency to error, is
S513
5.
at the beginning of the course and not later. These faults are difficult to
eradicate after a few weeks of practice. Accuracy is what is required in this
course not speed. Cadets who began sending slowly but accurately, will encount-
er no difficulty in attaining a speed of ten words per minute. Proficiency in
speed will come in time but accuracy and speed together requix-e the method of
practice as outlined above.
6. Instruction in Receiving,
This instruction commences during the first week and continues
throughout the entire course. Cadets should not count dots and dashes while
the first practice is being given. It is impossible to count the dots and
dashes of the individual characters above a speed of six words per minute. When
receiving at the rate of seven or eight words per minute the characters must be
recognized by sound entirely, so cadets should take the precaution to recognize
the characters try sourrd from the beginning.
Receiving may be described as the training of the ear by sound or
an education of the auditory organs. When any signal is received it is inter-
cepted by the auditory organs and conveyed to the brain. As these individual
signals are being conveyed to the brain a certain amount of resistance is
offered. Upon consideration of the entire alphabet, which consists of ten
numerals and twenty six letters, we find that the auditory organs offer more
resistance to certain characters than to others. These particular characters
are difficult for any person to receive. For instance the letter ,;C" is very
easy for any normal person to receive at any speed up to twenty words per minute
because this particular sound is conveyed to the brain with little or no resist-
ance and is therefore recognized very readily. For this rea on the entire code
is divided into three groups as follows ; : ;
Group one :
T M 0 C A N 0-9 E I R K D
Group Two :
PX F8L2U0SWYQ
Group Three :
B37HV5641JZ
Group one consists of characters which a normal person has no
difficulty in receiving.
Group two consists of characters which are more difficult to
receive than group one. -
Group three consists of the characters which are most difficult
to recognize by sound. The inability of any person to receive is limited to
this group. Most of these characters are made up of dots. The auditory organs
offer the greatest amount of resistance to these particular sounds as they are
being conveyed to the brain within certain limits of speed.
S513
6
Separate code sheets are made up of the individual groups and
given to the cadets in practice as follows: : :
Considering one hour the time required to attain a certain degree
of proficiency in group one, three hours will be needed for group two and five
hours for group three to obtain the same proficiency. That is, cadets who are
poor in the course should be given three times as much practice on a code made
up of group two than the code made up of group one, and five time as much
practice on group three as group one. Experience shows that the inability of
a normal person to receive up to a speed of ten words per minute is due to the
characters contained in groups two and three. Concentrated practice on these
particular groups as described above will overcome this difficulty within a
short time. Precaution should be taken in changing from one group to another.
For instance , after instruction has been given on group three it is inadvisable
to change to group one without first giving instruction on group two. The theor
of this method of instruction requires the application of these groups to the
cadet with special reference to the advancement of the individual cadets from
week to week. Instruction on the groups should taper off lightly, otherwise tine
cadet will remain on what is known as the ’’critical point” for a greater amount
of time than is required by a perfect receiver.
7. Sending Groups.
Cadets who are having difficulty in sending may overcome this by
practicing onr,sending group” three and also by devoting a certain amount of time
to ^sending dots”.
Classification of Sending Groups : : :
Group one
TMOANO 9EIPGW1J
Group two
RKDXF8L2USYQZ
Group three
CB37HV564
The three groups are arranged for sending practice in a manner
similar to that of receiving. The sending groups however are arranged so to
be of advantage to cadets who are having difficulty in receiving. As outlined
in the three groups it will be noticed that the characters which are the most
difficult to receive are the ones made up of dots. In fact this is true of
the sending groups also. Cadet-6 who are having difficulty in receiving
should practice sending a code made up of the characters of group three of
the sending groups. This training develops the recognition of a sound which
is made* up mostly of dots. Additional practice may be taken in sending dots
separately, that is, any number from two to six.
Group three of the sending groups is the particular group that
is of material value to the above described instruction in receiving.
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S513
This group contains the following characters:
7.
CB37HV564
Cadets who have difficulty with either sending or receiving should
report to the Head of this department once a wedk for special instruction in
the different codes.
8. Passing Out System.
Cadets who are progressing rapidly in this course may be excused
from further classes by passing an examination of ten words per minute in both
sending and receiving. Those who pass this test are considered to have "passed
out". The first "passing out" test is given during the sixth week and each
week thereafter until the end of the course. A cadet who passes the required
test is also excused from the final examination unless he may wish to raise
his final grade. In so doing the final examination grade will be the final
grade and not the previous grade given in the passing out test.
Cadets who have passed out will be notified of the grade received
in this test one week previous to graduation, that is the grade in terms of
eight words per minute. If a cadet is exceptionally proficient in Radio he will
be given credit for such. Those who pass out during the first few weeks of the
course are expected to practice fifteen minutes daily to uphold the standard of
their work to that of the passing out test. A record of this will be kept by
the department.
No examination will be given on Visual Signalling or Radio Theory.
ir'
V-
■'PI END IX
K3
Contains the following:
Copies of Syllabi of GUNNERY DEP. RTiMT
Furnished to Cadets on:
Lewis Machine Gun
Marlin Machine Gun
C* C. Gear
(14 pages)
(15 pages)
( 5 pages)
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LEWIS GUN SYLLABUS
LEWIS MACHINE GUN
AMERICAN AIRPLANE TYPE .
TYPE. Air cooled, magazine fed,
Operated by two forces,
L A part of the combustion gases.
2. The main spring.
Weight.
Barrel .length
Diameter of bore.
Depth of lands.
Twist.
Rifling
Magazine
Weight of cartridge.
Weight of bullet.
Diameter of bullet.
Powder - cordite.
Muzzle velocity.
Deflector bag. Weight
Mounting Yoke 51
Chamber Pressure,
Cartridge Cap.
17£ lbs.
26.056 in.
0.300 in.
97 round empty - 2 7/8 lbs,
97 round fuxl 8 1/8 lbs.
3 95 gr .
150 gr.
0.308 in.
48- 50 gr .
2700 ft. per sec.
- 2 lbs. 15 oz.
- 1 lb . 1 oz.
50,000 lbs. to the
3g» In.
Fulminate of mercury.
0.004 in.
Uniform - one turn in 10 inches.
4 Grooves.
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LEV/I S MACHINE GUN
AMERICAN AIRPLANE TYPE .
AMERICAN AND BRITISH NOMENCIATURE OF PRINCIPE A FEATURES AND PARTS.
BRITISH
AMERICAN
Receiver group
1. Receiver.
a. Magazine Pist.
b. Centre Key.
c. Receiver Locking Pin.
d . Safety.
e. Ejector Seating.
f« Gear Case Hinge. Pin.
g. Ramps.
h. Feedway,
i. Locking recess.
2. Ejector
a. Cover
3. Feed Cover Assembled.
a. Feed Cover.
b. Transverse Ribs.
c. Rebound Pawl .
d . Stop Pawl .
L . Magazine Pawls Spring. (Stop
and Rebound Pawl Spring)
f. Cartridge Guide,
4. Feed Operating Arm
a. Feed Pawl
b. ” " Spring.
c. Right Stud.
I . Body Group .
1. Body.
a . Same .
b. Magazine Post Centre Key
c. Body Locking pin
d. Safety Catch.
e . Same .
f Pinion Casing Hinge Pin.
g. Same .
h . Same .
i , Same .
2. Ejector,
a . Same »
3. Body Cover Assembled.
a. Body Cover.
b. Ribs.
c. Left Stop Pawl.
d. Right Stop Pawl,
e. Stop Pawl Spring.
f. Cartridge guide Spring.
4. Feed Arm,
a. Feed Arm Pawl
b . " n 11 Spring.
c. Feed Pawl Axis Stud.
2,
d. Left Stud. d. Feed Pawl Spring Stud,
e. Centre " e. Feed Pawl Stop Stud.
f. Feed Operating Arm Latch f. Feed arm latch.
g. Channel Feed Operating .. i 1 Latch g. Same.
Finger .
h. Feed operating arm finger h. Feed Arm Tail finger
5. Guard Group.
a. Sear
b. Sear Spring.
c. ” Pin.
d. Trigger
e. Butt latch
f. Guard.
Pintol. Srcup. .
a. Same.
b. Trigger Spring.
c. Sear Axis Pin.
d . Same .
e . Same .
f. Trigger guard-Pis tol Grip.
6. Gear Casing Assembled
a. Gear Casing.
b. " Stop.
c. " " Pin.
d. ” " Spring.
e. Collet Pin.
f. Gear Assembled.
1. Gear.
2. Mainspring.
3. 11 Casing.
4. '* Rivet.
5. u Collet.
7. Spade Grip.
a. Spade Grip Tang.
b. Interrupted Flanges
6. Pinion Casing Assembled .
a. Pinion Casing.
b . " Pawl .
c. u " Axis Pin.
d. n ” Spring.
e. Tension Screw
f. Pinion Assembled.
1. Pinion.
2. Return Spring.
3 . f* ,T Casing.
4. H " Rivet.
5 . " " Hub .
7, Spade Grip.
a . Same .
b. Same,.
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II. Barrel Group.
II. Barrel Group.
1. Barrel.
1. Barrel.
a. Muzzle.
a. Muzzle.
b. Breech.
b. Breech.
c. Gas Port.
c. Gas Vent.
d, Rifling.
d. Rifling.
1 . Lands .
1 . Lands .
2. Grooves.
2. Groves.
f. Shoulder.
f. Shoulder.
g. Barrel positioning Stud.
g. Same ,
2. Barrel Retaining Nut.
2. Same.
3. Recoil Check Assembled.
3 . Same .
a. Recoil Check.
a . Same .
b . Web .
b . Same .
4. Locking piece Assembled.
(a) Locking piece.
p
4. Same.
(a) Same.
(b) Rear sight Base.
(b) Same.
5. Gas Chamber,
5 . Same .
6. Gas Regulator cup.
6. Gas Regulator.
7. w Chamber Gland.
7. " Chamber Gland.
8. " Cylinder
8. " Cylinder.
9, " Regulator Key.
9 . Same .
10. Front Sight -Base}.
10. Same.
11. Gas Reg. Key Stud.
11. Gas Reg. Key Positionin
12. " Cylinder Casing.
12. Same,
Ill, Rack and Piston Group.
(Operating Rod Group)
III. Rack ard Piston Group.
(Operating Ron Group) .
1. Rack.
1. Piston Rack,
2 a. Rack Teeth.
a. Piston rack Teeth.
b. Sear Bent.
b » Same
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c . Striker .
c . Same .
d, Striker Poet.
d , Same .
e. " Fixing Pin,
e. Same.
f. Charging Handle Slot.
f. Cocking Handle Slot.
2. Piston.
2. Piston.
a. Head.
a. Head.
b« Flanges.
b. Flanges.
3. Charging Handle.
3. Cocking Handle.
IV. Bolt Assembled.
IV. Bolt Assembled.
1. Bolt.
1. Bolt.
2. Extractors.
2 . Tame .
3. Cam Way Groove.
3. Same.
4. Locking Lugs .
4 . Locking Luge .
5. Feed Operating Stud.
5. Feed Arm Actuating Stud.
a. Guide Lugs.
a , Same .
b. Boss.
b. Same.
c. Worm.
c . Same .
V. Magazine Group.
V, Magazine Group.
1. Magazine Pan.
1. Magazine Pan.
2. Magazine Centre,
2. Magazine Centre Block.
3. n Latch.
3 . Same .
4. " 'V; Spring.
4 . Same .
5. Cartridge Separator Pins.
5. Magazine Pegs.
6. ” Spacer Ring,
5. Spacer Ring.
7. Magazine Top Plate
7 . Same .
VI. Mounting Yoke Assembled
VI. Mounting Yoke Assembled.
1. Mounting Yoke Clamp Key.
1. Same.
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SEQUENCE OF ACTION
BACKWARD MOVEMENT
1. ACTION OF THE GASES.
On the cartridge being primes, the cordite is changed into gas with a
chamber pressure of 25 tons per sq. inch. This forces the bullet down the barrel
so as to give a muzzle velocity of 2700' per sec., 4 inches from the muzzle, part
of the gases are trapped at the gas port. They pass into the gas chamber gland,
thru the port in gland, then thru the port in gas regulator, thru gas chamber into
the gas cylinder, striking the cup shaped head of the operating rod and driving
it to the rear. The remainder of the gases striking against the web of the
recoil check, help to take up recoil of the gun,
2. ACTION OF PISTON ROD AND RETURN SPRING.
During the first 1 1/8" of backward travel, the striker post travels along
the straight side of the camway groove. At the same time, the teeth of the
pinion being engaged in the teeth of the rack, rotate the pinion and commence to
wind the return spring. This 1 1/8" is a safety device to insure that all the
gases have dispersed before the bolt is unlocked.
3. UNLOCKING OF BOLT AND EXTRACTION.
The right side of the striker post now bears on the right side of the curved
camway groove and rotates the bolt 1/8 turn to the left. This fro^s the Locking
lugs from the locking recesses, thus unlocking the bolt. The striker now bears on
the rear end of the camway-groove and carries it back. . At the same time the
extractors are gripping the empty case in the chamber and withdrawing it,
4. ACTION OF THE EJECTOR.
As the bolt travels to the rear the left guide lug on the actuating stud
strikes the rear end of the ejector, which, being pivoted, forces the front end
across the face of the bolt and so ejecting the empty case through the ejection
opening.
5. ENGAGEMENT OF THE SEAR.
The piston rod and bolt travel still further to the rear until the bent of
the rack is clear of the bent on the sear. The return spring is now wound up to
11 more pounds than its previous tension. The force of the explosion now being
spent r the return spring will carry the piston and bolt foi’ward 5/8"; and if
pressure on the trigger has been released, the bent of the sear will engage with
the bent on the rack, and the gun stops fully cocked.
6. ACTION OF FEED ARBI AND PAWL.
During the backward movement of the bolt the boas on the actuating stud,
working in the curved channel of the feed-arm finger, moves the feed-arm from
right to left. The feed pawl, being engaged in a corrugation on the magazine
rotates it one cartridge-breadth clock-wise. At the same time, the feed pawl
spring post passes away from the arm of the right step pawl, and allows it to
come out and engage in the next corrugation of the magazine, thus preventing it
from rotating too far. At the same time, the left stop pawl rides over a projec-
tion on the magazine and engages behind it, thus preventing any rebound.
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7. ROTATION OF MAGAZINE AND FEEDING OF CARTRIDGE.
Ah the magazine rotates the cartridge is fed under the cartridge guide spring
and into the feedway by means of the plates on the rim of the magazine and separat-
ing pegs, assisted by the slope of the center block.
FORWARD MOVEMENT
1. RELEASING OF THE SEAR.
Upon pressure being applied to the trigger, the bent of the sear becomes
disengaged from the bent of the rack.
2. ACTION OF PISTON ROD AND BOLT.
The unwinding of the return spring now carries the piston rod forward, left
side of the striker post bearing against the left side of the curved camway
groove, carries the bolt with it, the bolt being prevented from turning, because
the resistance lugs are in the longitudinal guides.
3. STRIKING OF CARTRIDGE INTO CHAMBER.
As the piston rod and bolt move forward the top extractor hits the base of
the cartridge in the feedway and directed by the cartridge and bullet guides, it
is forced into the chamber. When it is almost home the extractors spring over
it and engage the rim of the cartridge.
4. LOCKING OF THE BOLT.
When the bolt is fully forward and the locking' lugs opposite the locking
recesses, the left side of the striker post bears on the left side of the curved
camway groove and rotates the bolt 1/8 turn to the rights thus locking the leek-' -
•ing- lugs in the locking recesses and so locking the bolt.
5. PRIMING THE CARTRIDGE.
The striker post now travels along the straight part of the camwav groove for
a distance of 1-1/8” and the striker enters the striker-way on the face of the
bolt and primes the cartridge. This 1-1/8” of straight portion is a safety device
to insure that the bolt is properly locked before the cartridge is primed.
6. FEED ARM AND PAWLS.
During the movement of the bolt the boss on the actuating stud, working in
the curved channel of the feed-arm finger, moves the feed-arm from left to right.
The feed pawl rides over a projection on the magazine and engages, behind it,
ready for the backward movement. The feed pawl spring post bears on the arm of
the right stop pawl and forces it out of action. The left stop pawl remains
stationary and prevents the magazine from rotating anti-clockwise.
7. POSITION OF EJECTOR,
During the forward movement of the bolt the face of the bolt strikes the
front end of the ejector which being pivoted forces the rear end into the boltway.
This leaves the gun ready for the first position of the backward movement.
CARE OF THE LEWIS MACHINE GUN .
IMPORTANCE OF CARE.
It must be bcrn in mind that 75/£ of the stoppages that occur with the
Lewis gun are due to careless cleaning and inattention to small points.
Consequently one of the most important things in a course in gunnery is to
learn these points and form the habit of attending to all of them.
I. Oiling.
If possible use only P924 Oil as it is designed to withstand low
temperatures such as are met with at high altitudes. If this can not be
obtained use "Lewis gun bil for low temperatures" or 1/2 Rangoon and 1/2
Instrument oil. In this case only the essential working parts should be
oiled and only slightly.
The parts of the gun that require the most frequent oiling are:
1. Head of piston.
2. Striker post and camway groove.
3. Locking recesses.
4. Around magazine post and underneath the feed arm.
The parts of the gun to slightly oil are:
1. Teeth on gear and rack.
2. Sides of gear and collet.
3. Pawls at bearings.
4. Surface of bolt.
5. Channel in feed arm.
6. Ribs on under side of feed cover,
7. Opers.ting stud worm.
8. Ejector.
If P924 Oil is obtainable the gun can be oiled more freely.
Never oil the gas cylinder for firing. The carbon from the gases will
mix with the oil and form a thick compound. This will set quickly when in
the cold air and cause the gun to stop.
If the gun is net to be used any part may be oiled freely to prevent
rust but it should be wised clean and oiled as described above before firing.
II . Points to attend to before flight .
1. Overhaul all working parts of the gun. See that it is clean and is
oiled as directed in I. Oiling.
2. Wipe barrel and gas cylinder perfectly dry.
,3. See that the large hole of the gas regulator is to the rear.
4. See that the charging handle cannot be pulled out.
5. See that the main spring is at the proper tension, about 11 pounds
one inch back of the forward position.
6. Examine the cartridge guide.
7. Try the pawls to see that they are in working order.
8. Work the charging handle back and forth first without, then with the
mainspring gear in place and notice if there is any unnecessary,
friction.
9. See that the deflector is properly in place.
(1) The defle ctor bag must be large enough to hold the empty cases
from several magazines.
(2) The bag must be stiffened on account of the wind.
(3) The clamp fastening the deflector to the receiver should be
hammered fairly tight.
10. See that the mounting yoke latch is on the right in from front.
11. See that the battle sights are fixed properly.
12. Fire 20 rounds.
III . Points to note during flight .
1. Always Le sure the gun is in working order. Take the magazine off and
work the charging back and forth now and then to see that it is not
becoming clogged. It rt la extremely cold fire a round now and then.
2. See that the mounting yoke and deflector clamps do not work loose.
3. Always have a full or nearly full magazine on the gun.
IV. After flight:
1. Strip the gun and clean thoroughly,
(1) Clean the barrel from the muzzle. (Aerial guns only.- Accuracy
is sacrificed to save w=ar on the chamber.)
(a) Remove superficial fowling by means of a piece of dry
flannelette .
(b) If possible run boiling water through the barrel to loosen
the internal fowling. Special solutions for nickeling
and powder fouling may be used if available.
(c) Thoroughly dry the barrel with clean flannelette and
finally oil the bore,
(d) On the next and alternate days for ten days and once a week
after that the barrel should be cleaned out with dry
flannelette and re-oiled.
(2) To clean the gas cylinder:
(a) Run the wire brush through.
(b) This is followed by a piece of clean flannelette wrapped
around the wire brush. .
(c) When clean run through a slightly oily mop.
(d) The next day and every other day for ten days and every
week after that the gas cylinder should be cleaned and
re-oiled,
(3) The gas regulator, gas chamber, 'piston head and grooves should
be scraped free of any deposit and left slightly oily.
(4) Clean all working parts and ril as directed under I.
(5) After 500 or 600 rounds have been fired the gas cylinder should
be removed to clean the gas port and the extractors
should be removed and cleaned. This should not be done
every time the gun is cleaned as the threads on the gas
cylinder would become worn and leak and the extractor
springs would be weakened.
2. Enter in a log book the number of rounds fired. Keep a history of
each barrel and of the gun.
3. Leave the mainspring at working tension.,
4. Empty all magazines and test as follows before refilling:
(1) Spin in the loading handle to detect undue friction.
(2) Rotate on the gun to see that the magazine pan is true.
(3) See that the interior separators are straight and firm.
(4) See that the lip of the magazine center is not bent.
(5) Be sure that the collet groove is clean.
(6) See that the magazine latch is working perfectly.
V. Inspect ammunition for:
1. dents, 5. insufficient powder charge by
2. deep set caps,. weighing if possible.
3. defective bullets, 6. thick or thin rims.
4. split cases,
Try each round in a spare barrel .
The testing of ammunition is most important as the passing of one
defective round through carelessness may cause very serious results when in
the air.
VI. Tools and spare parts to be taken in flight are:
1. Dummy round,
2. screwdriver,
3. spring balance,
4. some device for pulling back the charging handle with both hands.
5. Clearance plug,
6. loading handle,
7.
extra
cartridge guide.
8.
If
gear casing assembled,
9.
If
bolt,
10.
If
operating rod .
VII . General inspection examine :
1. piston and gas cylinder, 4. pawls and feed cover,
2. bolt and camway groove for wear, 5. striker post for wear.
3. feed arm and s.l ot for wear,
See if striker comes through the face of the bolt.
VIII . Care of spare parts .
See that they fit the gun.
They should be checked over once a week and then wrapped in greased
paper and returned to the receptacles provided.
Three, Types of Foul in g .
1* Superficial fouling. Caused by dirt or powder. Can be removed with flannel.
2. Internal fouling. Caused by powder and carbon getting into pores of metal
which have opened up duo to heating of the barrel. When gun cools
the metal contracts and imprisons the deposits. Boiling water is i
us-ed for this type of fouling in order to open the pores of the
metal. and permit the dirt to be removed.
3. Metallic Fouling. Deposits of metal caused by the passage of the bullet
through the barrel. Not usually present in any quantity until
about 500 rounds have been fired. Removed by the use of metal
fouling solvents.
Preparation and Use of Cleaning Solutions.
Soda Solution
A saturated solution of sal soda (bicarbonate of soda, Na HCO3) . A
strength of at least 20 J is necessary. The spoon referred to in the directions
is the model 1910 spoon issued in the mess outfit.
Sal Soda -- ^ pound « 4 heaping spoonfuls.
Water — 1 pint = 32 spoonfuls " 1 model 1910 cup filled to upper
rivets. The sal soda will dissolve more readd ly in hot water and it is better
to have the solution warm when using it. This solution is need to remove
powder fouling. A convenient method is to insert the muzzle of the barrel into
the can of solution and pump the barrel full a few times. It can also be used
to soak patchos to be run through the boro.
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SOBBING SOLUTION
Ammonium persulphate — * 60 grains = -g- spoonful smoothed off.
Ammonia, 28^ -- 6 ounces = 3/8 pint = 12 spoonfuls.
Water — 4 ounces = pint = 8 spoonfuls*
Dissolve the ammonium persulphate in the water and add the ammonia.
Keep in a tightly corked bottle; pour out only what is necessary at the time,
and keep the bottle corcked.
This is a dilute metal fouling solution which can be used on patches
to swab out the bore. The amount of swabbing required can be determined only
by experience, assisted by the color of the patches. Swabbing Bhould be con-
tinued however, as long as the wiping patch is discolored by a bluish-green
stain. Normally about 2 minutes work is sufficient, then dry barrel thorough-
ly and oil .
STANDARD METAL FOULING SOLUTION
Ammonium persulphate — 1 ounce - 437 grains = 2 medium heaping
spoonfuls .
Ammonium carbonate — 200 grains - 1 medium heaping spoonful.
Ammonia, 28/£ -- 6 ounces = 3/8 pint = 12 spoonfuls.
Water — 4 ounces = pint = 8 spoonfuls.
Powder of persulphate and carbonate together, add the ammonia and
water, stir thoroughly, and allow solution to stand for at least half an
hour before using. The above quantity is sufficient to clean 20 guns.
The solution should be kept in a strong bottle, tightly corked. It
can be used twice (no more) and used solution should not be mixed with unused,
but bottled separately. The solution should be used within 30 days. The
solution should not be used in a warm barrel. An experienced man should mix
the solution and superintend its use. Neither of these ammonia solutions has
any appreciable action on steel when not exposed to the air, but if allowed to
evaporate on steel, they attack it rapidly. Care should therefore be taken
that none spills on any part of the gun and that the barrel is washed out
promptly with soda solution. These ammonia solutions are expensive and should
be used economically.
If after cleaning with soda solution, patches of metal fouling are seen
upon visual inspection of the bore, the standard metal foulding solution must be
used. The first application of the soft&tsolution removes the greater portion of
the powder fouling and permits a more effective and economical use of the
ammonia solution. Have the barrel free from oil, clean, and dry. Plug the
bore from tho breech with a cork at the front of the chamber or where the
rifling begins and close the gas port. Slip a 2 inch section of rubber hose
over the muzzle and fill the bore with the standard solution to at least 1/2
inch above the muzzle. Let the barrel stand for 30 minutes (some hand books
say two hours), remove the hose and plug and swab out 'thoroughly with soda
solution to neutralize and remove all trace of ammonia and pov/der fouling,.
Wipe the barrel clean, dry, and oil. With few exceptions one application is
sufficient, but if all fouling is not removed, as determined by careful
inspection, repeat as discribed above.
NOTE: Sal soda is not sal ammonia. The latter is ammonium chloride,
NH4qi,
Lewis Gun
Stoppages and Jams
Immediate Action
applied when a cessation
of fire occurs.
Examination of Gun,
after immediate
action fai^s
Distinction
between stoppages
and Jams .
Co.. ..a u j. oil of Fire
may be due to
These Causes
Resulting in
I.. Rotate Magazine.
a. If free, change Magazine
b. Ifnnot free, cock gun, relay and fire
II. If gun will not fire, rotate Magazine
a. If free, change Magazine
b. If not ffee, cock gun, relay and fire.
III. If gun still will not fire rotate Magazine
a. If free, change Magazine
b. If not free, cock gun, raise safety catch
Open Deflector and examine receiver to deter-
mine whether jam may be reduced without
taking off magazine. Do not abtem.pt to make
replacements unless damage or breakage is
apparent except in the case of the cartridge
guide .
Stoppages may be remedied by the application
of the immediate action given above. If gun
does not respond to immediate action,
cessation of fire is said to be due to a
Jam.
Every cessation of fire is classified as either
a stoppage or jam.
1. Defective Ammunition
2. Defects in Magazines
3. Breakage of wear of parts
4. Gun not properly adjusted or cared for
I. Failure to Feed, nc round taken from magazine.
1 . Empty Ma. ga z ine
2. Space in Magazine
3* Feed Pawl does not act
4. Rebound Pawl does not act
5. Broken Mainspring,
II* Interference with Feed, round caught and held
in Feedway. :
1. Guide does not act
2 . Ma ga z i ne def a e t i ve
3 . Top Extractor broken
(weak cartridge guide
(broken ,r "
III. Failure to Prime Round, ruu.nd taken from magazine,
fed into chamber but not fired.
1. De f s c tive arcraani t i on
2. Broken or worn striker
3. BBolb does not lock defective parts, or
ammunition (a Parted case (b) Bulged
case (c) Burrs in cam way groove.
Stoppages, typical
These stoppages are list-
ed here as they are the
m»si liable to occur.
Jams .
IV. Failure to Extract.
1. Dull Extractors, or Extractors which have
insufficient bearing surface to accomplish
extraction.
2. Hard extraction, due to bulged cases, etc.
3. Round with base which does. not permit
extractors to hold
4. Lack of sufficient gas
V. Failure to Eject.
1. Full Deflector Eag
2. Broken Ejector
3 . Bolt which grasps cases and does not permit
them to eject freely, examine cases for
mark of ejector
4. Extractors which hold case loosely, case
fails off bolt
I. To be remedied in the air by immediate action.
1. Weak cartridge guide spring
2. Defective ammunition causing misfire
3. Defective magazine due to damaged or badly
loaded magazine.
4. Friction or burrs on striker post or
caraway groove
I. Cured in air, but must get out of action until
cured .
1. Broken cartridge guide spring
2. Broken return spring
3. Weak or broken extractors
4. Full or loose deflector bag
5. Broken feed pawl or spring
6. Gas regulator key missing
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(1)
SYLLABUS OF MARLIN AIRCRAFT GUN INSTRUCTION
OUTLINE OF WORK
I. General description.
II. Technical description.
1. Stationary portions „
A. Barrel and receiver group.
a. Barrel.
b. Gas cylinder.
c. Receiver.
Lock Container.
B. Three body plates and their stationary attachments
a. Right side plate.
b. Left side plate.
c. BctTom plate.
2. Moving portions.
A. Slide and attachments.
B. Bolt.
C. Carrier.
D. Trip.
E. Feed wheel.
III.
Seque nee
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
of mechanism.
Priming the first shot.
Action of the gases.
Backward action of the slide and bolt.
Backv/ard action of the shell and cartridge extractors.
First action of the feed lever.
Action of the carrier.
Second action of the feed lever.
Forward action of the slide and bolt.
IV. Stripping and assembling order
V. Stoppages.
VI . Care and cleaning.
B.D.A. Firing.
I . GENERAL DESCRIPTION.
NAME. Marlin Aircraft’ Gun . Caliber .30 Max. Rate of Fire s 680 shots per
WEIGHT. 23 1/2 pounds. minute.
TYPE . Air cooled.
Belt fed.
Worked by two forces.
1. A part of the combustion gases.
2. The action spring.
TO LOAD . Pull charging slide to half cock.
Insert belt in fed way from left to right.
Pull belt up until first round is against the cartridge stop.
Let the charging handle fly forward.
Pull charging slide back 'to full cock and let fly forward again.
TO UNLOAD. Draw charging slide to full cock.
Push forward cn the feed throw off.
Withdraw the belt to the left.
Round in the chamber may be fired, or ejected by pulling charging
slide to the rear.
;
(2)
FIRING, Gun is fired only by rynchraniziHg gear. The trigger motor of the gear
actuates either the tail of the trigger or the vertical projection of
the trigger above the lock container. (According to the type of gear.)
SYNOPSIS OF ACTION. Bullet passes the gas port in the barrel - part of the
combustion gases pass through the port and impinge on the head of the
piston - recoiling portions are moved to the rear as the piston is forced
to the rear » empty case is ejected - when the force of the gases is
expended the action spring comes into play - moving parts are carried
back to the firing position - new round is fed into the chamber.
11 • TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
The gun may be divided into two portions,
I. Stationary portions.
II. Moving portions.
I. The stationary portions consist of the BARREL AND RECEIVER GROUP with the
three BODY PLATES and their stationary attachments.
1. Barrel and receiver group .
a . Barrel ,
Gas port.
Chamber.
Shell extractor recess.
Bullet point guide.
Barrel lock notch,
b. Gas cylinder .
Gas cylinder bracket.
Gas cylinder block.
Gas cylinder block positioning lugs.
Gas adjuster barrel and pin.
Gas adjuster, including gas adjuster thimble, gas adjuster
rivet and gas adjuster screw.
c . Receiver .
Ejector .
Ejector spring and plunger.
Cartridge retainer plunger.
Buffer block and springs.
Ejection opening.
Locking recess.
Also made to take . Trip.
Barrel Lock.
Receiver plug.
Bolt.
Slide .
Carrier .
Barrel.
Lock container.
Body plates.
Trigger spring.
Chamber guide.
d . Lock container .
Trigger.
Sear .
Hammer .
Hammer spring.
Hammer spring guide.
I
I
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(3)
2, Body plates.
a, Left side plate ...
Feed way.
Bullet guide.
b . Ri ght, side plate .
Observation slot.
Belt way.
Guide for charging slide retaining lug.
Charging slide retaining lug and screw.
Feed throw off, feed throw-off screw and spring.
Ratchet lever and ratchet lever pawl.
Feed lever and feed lever stop stud.
Charging slide, and charging slide guide, and tension spring.
Inspection opening cover cartridge guide and tension spring.
Observation slot cover, observation slot cover cartridge guide,
observation slot cover spring.
c • Bottom plate «
Feed wheel supports.
Cartridge stop. 1
Cartridge extractor cam.
Cartridge extractor cam support and carrier stop.
Cartridge extractor cam spring.
Carrier stop acre.! and spring.
Rear mounting bracket.
Feed wheel dog and spring.
II.
The Moving portions consist of the — —
Slide and attachments.
Bolt „
Carrier ;
Feed wheel.
Trip.
1 . Slide .
Piston and piston rod.
Piston rod lock pin.
Action spring.
Action spring guide.
Belt guide .
Cartridge extractor.
Cartridge guides, (right and left.)
Carrier cam.
Bolt pin hole.
Slide cam groove.
Feed lugs .
2. Bolt.
Firing pin, stop pin and spring.
Shell extractor, pin and spring.
Gas escape hole.
Rear fin and cam slot.
Front triangular fin.
3 . Carrier .
Carrier dog.
Carrier dog spring.
Carrier dog plunger.
Carrier pin.
4. Feed wheel .
Feed wheel shafts (2) and spring.
5 . Trip .
Trip arm.
Trip nose.
Trip center.
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INSTRUCTIONAL SEQUENCE OF MECHAKISM.
1. Priming the first shot,
2. Action of the gases,
3. Backward action of the slide and bolt.
4. Backward action of the shell and cartridge extractors.
5. First action of the feed lever.
The force of the gases now being expanded the action spring begins to extend
carrying forward the slide and bolt.
6. Action of the carrier.
S. Second action of the feed lever.
8. Forward action of the slide and bolt.
1 » Priming- the first shot .
Trigger depressed.
Hammer disengaged.
Hammer actuated by hammer spring strikes the firing pin.
Cartridge primed.
2 . Action of the gases.
Gas comes through gas port.
Impinges on head of piston.
Forces slide to rear.
Compressing the action spring.
3 . Backward action of t he slide and bolt .
As slide moves to the rear, bolt pin raises rear end of bolt out of locking
recess .
Nose of trip under pressurecof the sear spring rides up into slide cam groove
Bolt pushes back hammer and compresses hammer spring.
4 . Backward action of shell and cartridge extractors .
Shell withdrawn from chamber by the shell extractor.
Carried back until base strikes the ejector.
Thrown out mhrough the ejecting opening.
Cartridge extractor draws round from belt onto the carrier.
Cartridge guides steady the cartridge into position.
Backward motion of slide arrested by buffer block and springs.
5 . First acti on of the feed lever.
As slide moves to the rear, the front feed lug forces lever to rear.
Ratchet lever is raised.
Ratchet lever pawl ratchets over the new tooth and engages above it*
6 . Action of the carrier.
As the slide moves forward, the carrier cam bears on carrier dog.
The slide forces carrier dog out of the way as it moves to rear.
It then snapf*. into place in notch of carrier cam.
Rear end of carrier is depressed. Front end is raised.
Upward swing is stopped by carrier stop stud.
As soon as slide is clear of carrier dog the carrier drops again.
Cartridge i3 then supported at its rear end by the cartridge retainer plunger
7 . Second action ox the feed lever.
As slide moves forward, reaf feed lug forces feed lever forward.
Ratchet lever is forced down.
Feed wheel is rotated one tooth clockwise, from firer.
Next cartridge is brought into position in the feed way.
8 . Forward action of slide and bolt.
As bolt moves forward, hammer is forced down until engaged by the sear.
Bolt reaches the forward position, shell extractor springs over base of
round in chamber.
Bolt pin riding in the cam slot forces down the rear end of the bolt thus
locking the breech.
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(5)
Nose of trip rides out of slide cam groove, releasing the sear.
Hammer now held back only by the trigger.
Cartridge extractor with aid of cartridge extractor cam, grips round in belt,
orward motion of slide limited by piston rod shoulder striking gas cylinder
ORDER OF STRIPPING.
Cock gun first
1* Unscrew lock container screws. (See precaution 1.)
2. Remove lock container.
3 . Remove trigger spring.
4. Remove receiver plug.
5. Unscrew side plate screws.
6. Remove left side plate.
7. Remove the trip.
8. Remove right side plate.
9. Remove bottom plate.
10. Remove gas cylinder.
11. Remove carrier pin and carrier,
12. Lock back action with the bolt pin,
13. Remove the barrel,
14. Remove bolt pin, letting action extend gently.
15. Remove slide,
16. Remove bolt.
17. Remove action spring from slide.
IS, Strip lock container scpara+elv.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Replace
Replace
Replace
Replace
Replace
Replace
Replace
Replace
Replace
Replace
Replace
Replace
Push in
Replace
Replace
Replace
Replace
carrier and carrier pin.
action spring in slide.
slide in receiver. (See precaution 2.)
bolt and lock back action with bolt pin.
bottom plate .
right side plate. (See precaution 4.)
trip.
left side plate.
side plate sc rev; rear.
barrel .
gas cylinder.
side plate screws front.
bolt pin letting action fly f orward,
receiver plug.
trigger spring.
lock container. (See precaution 5.}
lock container screws.
(See precaution 3.)
PRECAUTIONS .
Be sure to lock back the action before trying to unscrew the barrel when stripping
and before screwing in barrel in assembling.
Stripping
1. See that hammer is cocked.
Assembling
2. Dive tail of belt guide in proper place in receiver.
3. Rounded end of bolt pin in to left.
4. Feed lever between feed lugs.
5. Lock properly assembled.
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(6)
STOPPAGES AND JAMS.
Immediate Action. If gun stops draw charging handle smartly to the rear, relay
and fire. If this fails repeat the action*
If immediate action fails examine bolt in ejection opening and if
necessary open observation slot cover.
I . Eolt forward and locked. Eject round and examine it.
A. Failure to prime. (Live round ejected.)
1. Misfire.
2. Defective hammer or spring.
3 . Defective firing pin.
4. Defective trip.
5. Defective Bear or spring.
B« Failure to feed, (No round ejected.)
1. Space in belt.
2. Defective feed lever.
3. Defective ratchet lever or pawl.
4. Defective feed wheel . dog Spring.
C. Insufficient gas force,, (Empty snell ejected.) Gas port clogged
or gas adjuster screwed too far out.
II , Bolt Unlocked and less t ha n_ ha 1 f we y back.
D. Battered or bulged cartridge.
E. Foreign matter in chamber,
F. Separated case. (Marks on ejected cartridge)
G. Wet or tight belt.
H. Feed jam:
1. Defective carrier or dog, or carrier dog does not function
due to insufficient gas force.
2. Defective cartridge extractor.
3. Improper loading of belt. (Cartridges not even or too short).
4. Improper loading of gun.
I. Cartridge extractor and carrier locked (weak cartridge extractor
spring) .
Ill . Bolt farther than half^wav back^
J. Defective ehethl extractor. (Empty shell in chamber with live round
coming up from below),
K. Defective ejector. (Empty shell in receiver with live round coming
up from below) .
L. Defective chamber guide. (Bullet point above chamber of barrel).
- •< , y . ,
(7)
CARE AND CLEANING. B.D.A. FIRING.
General principles are the same as for the Lewis Gun.
Following points should be observed.
Before f iring.
1. All working parts except face of bolt and head of piston evenly oiled.
2. Chamber dry.
3. Ammunition and belt examined.
Ammunition defects same as Lewis
Belt defects
1. Dirty
2 . Wet
3. Frayed or worn
4. Stretched
5. Loose pockets
6. Bent metal tips.
4. Observation Slot Cover Shut.
5. All sc rev/s tight.
6. Gas regulator properly adjusted. (Start screwed all way in.. Screw
out until gun ceases to knock.)
7. Check adjustment of Bolt pin in cam slot,
8. Check adjustment of trip using trip guage. Insert between piston
rod shoulder and gas cylinder block. Should trip sear on "trip”
and should hold on "no trip".
During firing on ground.
1. Do net over-heat the barrel.
2, Never fire a burst of more than 50 rounds on the ground.
After firing.
1. Strip completely.
2. Oil all working parts.
3. Examine carefully for
a. Broken extractor spring. (Shell or cartridge extractor).
b. Burrs in cam slot.
c. Worn or damaged firing pin.
4. any replaced parts.
i'lAilLIM GUN PARTS ,
1. Earrel.
2„ Receiver.
3. Barrel lock screw.
4. Barrel lock.
5. Barrel lock spring.
6. Ejector stop screw.
7. Ejector spring plunger.
3. Ejector spring.
9. Ejector.
10. Cartridge retainer plunger.
11. Cartridge retainer plunger spring.
12. Cartridge retainer plunger screw.
13 . Receiver plug lock latch screws . (2)
14. Receiver plug lock latches.
15. Receiver plug lock spring catch.
16. Receiver plug lock spring catch screw.
17. Gas adjuster.
IS. Gas cylinder.
A. Gas cylinder brackdt.
B. Gas cylinder block.
19. Piston rod. (Gas listen in end.)
20. Slide.
A. Piston rod lock pin.
B . Feed lugs .
C. Carrier cam.
D. Slide cam groove.
21. Bolt pin.
22. Action spring.
23 . Buffer block .
A. Buffer block springs. (2)
24. Buffer block pin.
25. Cartridge extractor.
26. Cartridge extractor pin.
27. Cartridge guide, left.
28. Cartridge guide, right.
29. Action spring guide.
30. Belt guide.
A. Bullet stop.
31. Charging. slide .
A. Charging slide handle.
32. Charging slide retaining lug.
33. Charging slide retaining lug screw.
34. Receiver plug.
35. Lock container.
36. Lock container screws.
37. Lock container screw washers.
38. Hammer spring.
39. Hammer spring guide.
40. Hammer.
41. Hammer screw.
42. Trigger.
43. Sear.
44. Sear spring.
45. Trigger and sear pin.
46. Trigger spring.
47. Right side plate.
48. Ratchet lever.
49. Ratchet lever pin washer.
50. Ratchet lever pin cotton pin.
(9)
51. Ratchet lever pawl.
52. Ratchet lever pawl spring,,
53 Ratchet lever pawl pin.
54. Feed lever.
55. Feed throw off.
56. Feed throw off spring.
57 Feed throw off screw.
58. Observation slot cover spring.
59. Observation slot cover.
A. Cover cartridge guide.
50 Charging slide guide.
61,. Charging slide guide screws. (2)
62. Charging slide tension spring.
63 . Trip.
A. Trip nose .
B. Trip arm.
64. Carrier.
65. Carrier pin*
66. Carrier dog.
67. Carrier dog plunger.
68. Carrier dog spring.
69. Carrier dog spring guids.
70. Left side plate.
71. Side plate screws frort, (2)
72. Side plate screw rear.
73. Bullet guide.
74. Bolt,
A. Front triangular fin.
B. Rear fin.
C . Cam slot .
D. Gas escape hole.
75. Shell extractor.
76. Shell extractor spring.
77. Shell extractor pin.
78. Firing pin.
79. Firing pin spring.
80. Firing pin stop pin.
81. Bottom plate.
A. Feed wheel supports front and rear.
B. Cartridge stop.
C. Feed wheel dog pin.
D. Feed wheel dog spring stop pin.
E. Cartridge extractor cam seating.
F. Rear mounting bracket.
82. Feed wheel.
83. Feed wheel shafts. (2)
84. Feed wheel shafts spring.
85. Feed wheel dog.
86. Feed wheel dog spring.
87. Feed wheel d.og pin washer.
88. Feed wheel dog pin cotton pin.
89. Belt support.
90. Cartridge extractor cam.
91. Cartridge extractor cam pin.
92. Cartridge extractor cam spring.
93. Carrier stop screw and spring.
94. Combination spanner.
95. Combination screw drived.
96. Assorted drift pins.
97. Trip gauge.
1
G 506
"H" SQUADRON
A - General Description
1st hour
Purpose : - To give student knowledge of the use of the Marlin gun, the
type to which it belongs, and general information about it; to give a
general idea of the cycle and the important points in which it differs
from the Lewis; and to familiarize the student with the names and ap-
pearance of the large and important parts.
1 - Use
Fixed gun
Synchronized
Spad gear
C.C. gear
Sighting
Control of firo (Lever on control stick)
2 - Type
Gas operated
Air cooled
belt fed (Advantages)
3 - General information
barrel
24" long
.30 caliber
4 lands 1 turn in 10"
Grooves .004" deep
Weight
Rate of fire 680 per minute
4 - Cycle of gun Shot/ with a dummy in the gun the functions of:-
Cartridge extractor
Carrier
bolt
Hammer and trigger
Why gun can be • ynchronized and Lewis cannot
Feed wheel
5 - Stripping
Nomenclature of a few of the most important ports
Action of action spring
Force transferred through piston and slide
G 507
H.. SQUADRON
A’ GENERAL DES CRI PTI ON . 2nd hour.
Purpose: to give student an understanding of the reasons for a certain
order of stripping and assembling the gun and the precautions, and get them
to start in learning the order and precautions ; to give a more detailed under-
standing of the working of the various parts of the gun; to give all possible
drill in nomenclature at same time.
1. Stripping. ... ( discuss the order while stripping gun.
Hammer cocked and why.
Why action locked back before unscrewing barrel.
Details of removing the action spring.
2. Functions of slide: (Parts of slide that perform functions)
Operates feed.
Extracts cartridge from bolt.
Operates the bolt.
Operates carrier.
Operates trip.
3 . Locking of bolt.
Operation of bolt pin in cam slot.
Point out the locking recess.
Slant of rear end of bolt.
Firing pin.
4. Ejection
5. Cartridge extractor.
Cartridge extractor spring shown.
Cartridge extractor cam.
6. Assembling Discuss order and precautions as given in Stencil.
(Student to have stencil before him)
Assembling order in stencil to be changed as follows:
"Replace carrier and carrier Pin" comes first, and
"3, Replace barrel" comes after *' 12. Replace side
plate screws front" .
:• ' ' • • . V : ■ ' ' '
• .. '
■ V ■ : • • ■ ■
- •
H. SQUADRON.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION . 3rd hour.
Purpose: to fix in the minds of the students the stripping and assembling
order the reason for this order and the precautions to be observed to give a
more detailed description and explanation of the working parts not covered in
the previous hour; to impress in the minds of the students the names of the
parts already taken up and to teach the names of all new parte taken up.
1 . Stripping. Review stripping by asking questions.
2. Lock container. Use lock container model.
Hammer, hammer spring and guide.
Function of trigger*
Function of sear.
H otv assembled and how it may be wrongly assembled.
3. Trip
4.- Carrier . Use block for carrier and slide
Names of parts „
Action of dog.
Flanges on slide.
5.- Feed mechanism detailed action of:
Feed lever.
Ratchet lever.
Ratchet lever pawl.
Construction of feed wheel.
Feed wheel dog.
Belt support .
Feed throw off.
6 . Assembling.
Review assembling and precautions by
asking questions.-
iviS'CHANISM OF ICARLIN GUN
Or d Hour
l
1. Gas cylinder .
Parts .
Gas adjuster.
Principle of operation.
Names of parts.
2 . Glide and piston.
Parts .
Action spring.
Parts taking thrust of ends.
Parts guiding the center.
Functions of slide.
How each stroke is stopped.
3. Cartridge extractor »
Parts holding cartridge as extractor snaps over.
In front.
On right and left.
Above and below.
Cartridge extractor cam.
Right and left cartrdige guides.
Observation slot cover cartridge guide.
Why notched on top edge .
Carrier dog.
Cycle of operation
Exact time of each motion.
Flanges .
How motion of carrier is limited.
Function of carrier stop spring.
I nve r t ed ramps .
Cartridge retaining plunger.
Chamber bullet guide.
Squadron
.
.
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-
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.... ’ '■ .1. ■■ : '■ .
__
i'.&RLlN GUN JflKCHAMISM
1-t.li Hour
5. Bolt
Locking and unlocking®
Hew locking is secured.
Shape of cam slot.
Bevel on rear end.
Cut away on sides.
Front triangular fin.
Shape of face.
Shell extractor.
Spring.
Shoulder.
6 , Lock .
Names and functions of parts.
Why sear is longer than the trigger®
How it ray be wrongly assembled.
7. Trip.
8. Ejector.
Action.
Parts .
How fastened in.
9. Feed mechanism®.
Names of parts.
Cycle of operation.
Exact time ea.ch action happens.
How motion of feed lever is limited.
Feed throw off.
Screw.
Spring.
I Squadron
I .S .252 ( JNRR . )
THE C0NSTAHTTNT8C0 FIRE CONTROL TIMING GEAR.
I . Definition
1. A Fire Control Timing Gear or a Synchronising Gear is a mechamism
attached to a gun so as to make its fire semi-automatic instead of automatic;
that is, the trigger is tripped by the gear for each individual shot fired,
the tripping of the trigger being so timed relative to the speed of the pro-
peller as to make sure that no blade is in the line of fire at the moment the
bullet passes through the plane in which the propeller revolves.
1 1 . Descripti o_n
1. The gear is made of the following units
(a) Tne Bowden Control Assembly
(b) The reservoir Assembly
(c) The Generator Assembly
(d) The Trigger Motor Assembly
Nomenclature
(a) The Bowden Control Assembly
1. Bowden Contxol Lever
" " Lever Bolt and Nut
M " Lever Bracket, Cap and Screws (2)
Wire
Wire Nippies (2)
Wire Casing (Long and short)
Wire Casing Adjuster Union, Union Nut, and
Union Check Nut
(b) Re servoir Assembly
3. Reservoir Base
Reservoir Plunger Tube
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Q.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Outer Tube
Outer Tube Cover and Gasket
Oil Filler Tube, Cap and Chain
Brazed Nut and Gasket
Plunger
Plunger Handle, Nut and Cotter
Plunger Leather, 'Washer , Nut and Cotter
Plunger Spring
Plunger Spring Collar and Brazed Pin
Plunger Spring Upper Retainer
High Pressure Valve Bali (9/32")
Reservoir Plunger Spring Lower Retainer
High Pressure Valve Spring
" 11 H Container and Gaske t
Needle Valve Housing
" " Housing Gaskets (Large and Small)
n ’’ Control Wire Connection
” n Control Wire Guide
Needle Valve
" ” Guide
" ” Spring, Collar and Packing
(c) Generator Assembly
31. Auxiliary Pipe
Auxiliary Pipe Union and Union Nut
Generator Pipe Union, Nut, and Lock Gasket
" Cylinder
,f Plunger
" Sleeve
" Plunger Ball (l/2n dia.)
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
it
-2
I .S .252 (JNRR.)
38.
Generator
Plunger Packing
39.
ti
Plunger Bolt, Washer, Nut, and cotter
40.
m
Gear Housing
41.
11
Gear Housing Gasket
42.
11
Gear Housing Cover
43.
II
Gear Housing Studs, Washers, Nuts, and Cotters (6)
44.
II
Gear Shaft, Washer, Nut, and Cotter
45.
If
Cam Gear Adjuster Gear
46.
If
Cam Gears (2)
(d) Trigger Motor Assembly
47.
Main Pipe
48.
Trigger Motor
Tee-piece
49.
Trigger
Motor
Valve and Spring
50.
Air-Outlet Seat and Gasket
51.
Air-Outlet Valve and Lock Gasket
52.
Trigger
Motor
Union
53.
11
11
Union Nut and Lock Gasket
54*
11
ti
Plunger Housing
55.
n
11
Plunger U-Leather, and Washer
56.
ti
ti
Plunger
57,
11
11
Plunger Spring
58.
n
ti
Carrier
59.
ii
11
Carrier Key
60.
n
11
Carrier Clamp Bolt, Nut, and Cotter
A. Low Pressure Port
B. High Pressure Port
C. Opening Around Needle Valve
D. Passage Leading Out of Reservoir
E» Space behind Generator Plunger
F. Face of Trigger Motor Plunger
3 . Synopsis of the C ,C , Gear Action
There are two cams attached by some means to the engine of the
airplane which rotates when the engine is turning over. If the cam-follower
(Generator Plunger) by chance is up against the cam-way, it will be thrown
back when the peak of one- of the cams hit it. As there is no spring or force
to drive it back, it will stay away from the cam and cam-way. There must be
then some force generated to force the plunger back against the cam-way when
the gear is to be operated. This is obtained by means of the Reservoir. The
entire system is filled with a liquid which is under atmospheric pressure ,
This liquid fills the Outer-Tube and because of an opening in the bottom
of this tube, the liquid is under the same pressure throughout the system,
(Main and Auxiliary Pipes). If the Reservoir Plunger is pulled up, it allows
the liquid to enter the Plunger-Tube and at the same time extends the Plunger
Spring putting it under tension. When the Plunger Handle is released, it
puts the liquid locked in the Plunger-Tube under a hj gn pressure. If by some
mechanical means the low pressure port is closed, and the high pressure port
is opened, the high pressure will be immediately transmitted to the whole
system. The high pressure behind the Generator Plunger forces it up against
the cam, ami with each rotation of the cam an impu],3e or wave is generated*
This wave travels up the Main Pipe and impinges on the Trigger Motor Plunger
which travels forward hitting the tail of the trigger and fires the gun.
It has been stated that by some mechanical means the low and high pressure
ports are controlled, so low or high pressure can be throughout, the system.
This is accomplished by the Needle Valve and High Pressure Ball Valve. When
the Bov/den Control Lever is pressed, the Control Wire is pulled, bringing the
-3-
I .S .252 ( JNRR.)
Needle Valve forward against the action of the Needle Valve Spring. As the
Needle Valve starts forward, it closes up the low pressure port, shutting off
the low pressure. With further travel, it pushes the High Pressure Valve
Ball away from its seat, thus allowing the high pressure throughout the
system. When low pressure is allowed in the system again the action of the
gear ceases.
4. Description of the Assemblies .
(a) Bowden Control
. By means of the control lever (l) and control wire (4), the
needle valve (28) and high pressure ball valve (21) are controlled, which
allow either high or low pressure in the system.
(b) Reservoir
This consists of the brass tube (lO) forming the low pressure
reservoir and provided with the filling tube and cap (12) . It is screwed into
the casting which consists of the high pressure reservoir (9) and the body of
the control valve. The plunger leather (16) on the rod (14) works in the high
pressure reservoir or tube (9). The plunger is pulled up by the handle (15)
against the action of the tension spring (17) the upper end of which is anchored
to the plunger and the lower end to the bottom of the brass tube. The plunger
tube is bell mounted at the top to allow the leather to be drawn clear and
admit liquid contained in the outer tube or low pressure reservoir to the plunger
tube or high pressure reservoir below the leather. A passage connects the bottom
of the high pressure reservoir to the space behind the high pressure ball valve
(2l), which is held in position by the spring (22) and the plug (23). Another
passage connects the low pressure reservoir through the hole (A) to the Space
(C) and to the auxiliary pipe connection (D) . A needle can be moved by the
Bowden Control through the hole (C), which forms the low pressure valve, thus
closing the passage between the low pressure reservoir and the pipe connection.
A further movement of the needle will displace the high pressure ball valve and
allow the liquid in the high pressure reservoir to be forced by the plunger
leather through the pipe connection to the auxiliary pipe line. When the needle
is first withdrawn, it allows the high pressure ball talve to close and then
opens the low pressure valve by withdrawing through the hole between the pipe
connection and the low pressure reservoir. The auxiliary pipe line is a copper
pipe 1/16" bore and runs between the Reservoir and the Generator.
(c) Generator
This consists of an aluminum housing (40) which encloses a shaft
(44) , an adjuster gear (45), and two cam gears (46), and has two cylinders (34)
within which are two plungers (35) screwed into it. Part of the housing forms
the support for the Gasoline Power Pressure Pump used on the Liberty engine and
also enclosed the eccentric and connecting rod for the pump. As this pump has
nothing to do with the C.C. Timing Gear, we will not treat with it in these
notes. In about the center of the housing, there is a partition which holds
the shaft ballbearing. Next to this bearing on the shaft is the adjuster gear
(45) , which is keyed to the Shaft in two places. This gear has no cams, but does
have 90 little teeth on the outer edge of its side. The two cam gears (46) *re
next on the shaft and have two cams each. These cam gears are free to turn on
the shaft until the ninety teeth which are on each side of these gears are
meshed with the adjuster gear or the cam gear placed next to it. These teeth are
held meshed by a washer, nut, and cotter ^44J on the end of the shaft. One end
of the housing is fitted with a cover so one can get at and work on the gears
with ease. At the end of the housing which is placed up against the crank-case
of the engine, is a baffle plate which retains the oil that is splashed up into
. the housing by the revolving crank shaft of the engine. By means of a drilled
4.
a €
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hole in the bottom of the partition, the oil fills both parts of the housing to
a depth of about three-quarters of an inch. This is our only means of lubrica-
tion on the cam gears and generator plungers. Screwed into the housing and off-
set by the width of a cam gear are the two generator cylinders (34) in which run
the two generator plungers (35) .
(b) Trigger Motor
This consists of the plunger (56) packed by a U packing (55) and
working in a housing (54) against the action of a strong spiral spring (5'0 c?
round section. The forward stroke is limited by means of a collar on the Plunge
(56). The tail of the plunger is held against valve seat (F) in the Tee-piece
(48) at the back of the trigger motor. The Tee-piece contains the trigger meter
valve and spring (49) . The trigger motor is attached to the Marlin gun by means
of a carrier (58) which fits into the opening in the receiver into which the
receiver plug of the gun fits. The latches can be closed and are held securely
by a clamp bolt (60). Running into the Tee-piece of the trigger motor is the
main pipe which is a copper tube one quarter of an inch in diameter.
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APPENDIX K4
Contains the following:
Copies of Syllabi of AIRPLANES DEPARTMENT
Furnished to Cadets on:
Theory of Flight (Airplane Principles) (2 pages)
Aeronautical Terms (Nomenclature) (3 pages)
Airplane Sketch for use in Nomenclature (l page)
Instructors Notes on Rigging (Not issued to cadets) (16 pages
Stresses and Materials in Airplane Construction (14 pages)
Laboratory Notes on Wing Patching (2 pages)
Meteorology ( 9 pages)
Instruments (6 pages )
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SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS — BERKELEY
SYLLABUS— THEORY OF FLIGHT
A. Properties of air
B. Resistance to motion through, air
I. pressure
II. Friction
III. Variation with velocity and area of body
a. Inclined flat surfaces
b. Inclined curved suffaces
c. aerofoils or wings
IV. Lift and drag
C • Factors contributing to lift.
I. Area of surface
II. Angle of incidence
III. Velocity
IV. Density of the air
D. The Lift-Drag ratio.
I. Factors affecting it.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
profile or cross section of wing
Plan form
■angle of incidence
Interference
Dihedral
32. Characteristics of Airplanes.
I. Lifting capacity
II. Drag
II I .Power required to fly
Iv. power available
F. Performances of Airplanes.
I. Maximum and minimum speed.
II. Gliding an&le
III. Climbing
Gr. Stability and Control
I. Forces acting on an airplane in flight.
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II. Stability
a. Directional stability
1. Keel surface
b. Longitudinal stability
1. Longitudinal dihedral
e. Lateral stability
1. Lateral dihedral
2. Sweepback
III. Control
a. Rudder
b. Elevators
c. Ailerons
IV. Turning & Banking
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appendix
UNITED STATUS
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
University of California
•Berkeley, California
Airplanes Dept»
Aeronautical Terms*
Aerofoil
Aileron
Airplane
Altimeter
Angle, critical
Angle, gliding
Angle, lateral dihedral
Angle of Incidence, Riggers
Angle nf incidence. Common
Angle, Optimum
Aspect Ratio
Axis, longitudinal
Axis, transverse or lateral
Axis, vertical
Bank
Beams, wing
Biplane
Body
Butt of wirgj
Cabane
Camber
Center Section
Chord Length
Cock pits, front, rear
Control wires
Cowling
Decal age
Distance-piece
Drag
■Broop
■Cdge, leading (entering,
cutting)
Edge, trailing
Elevator
Empennage
Engine bed
Engine section
Fairing
F&irlead
Fin
Flying position
Fuselage
Cap
Glide
Chord
Helicopter
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AERONAUTICAL TEEMS (Cont.) Page 2
Horizontal stabilizer
Right and left hand of airplane
Horns
Rudder
Landing gear
Budder post
Landing Oear struts, wires, spreaders
Slide - slip
Landing gear skid
Skid
leading edge
Span
Lift
Spar, wing
Lift-Drag ratio
Speed, air
Longeron
Speed ground
Nacelle
Spreader
Ornithopter
Stagger
Overhang- flying wires -struts
Stall
propeller
Streamline flow
propeller pitch
Streamline shape
Propeller race
Strut
propeller slip
Stringer
pusher
Sweepback
Raking
Tail
Resistance, structural
Tail skid
Shock absorbers
Tip of wing
Retreat
Tractor
Rib, box
Vertical stabilizer
Rib, camber (wing, ordinary)
Wash- in
Rib, compression
Wash-out
Rib, false
Wing
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AERONAUTICAL TERMS (Oont.) Page 3
Wing, skid
Wires,
Balance
Cross-bracing
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Flying
Landing
Stagger
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Appendix-
UNITED STATES ARMY
SCHOOL OF HI LIT ARY AERONAUTICS
University of California
Berk el ey , Cal if •
Airplanes Department .
INSTRUCTORS NOTES.
LABORATORY WoIUC IN .11 CUING.
1. Introductory lecture, outline of wo Ik in department.
Sc Names of parts to Be taken up, Before Disassembly.
3. List of tools used for adjustments.
4. Distribution of time in ad jus tfflents .
5. Disassembly.
6. Landing gear.
7. Center section.
6. Wings, Dihedral angle, droop stagger.
9. Stabilizers and Controls,
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RIGGIIE - IIIo TlflJCT ORS NOTES
Introductory Lecture.
The first twenty linutes is given to an introductory
lecture on the department. The work of the coming twelve
weeks is outlined as in the following list, a copy of which
is distributed to each student. This also contains a list of
the terms to be taken up In nomenclature. Rotes and the Sig-
nal Corps Training Manual are distributed at this time also.
The section will then be divided into groups and assigned
to airplaned in charge of an instructor. Hot more than 6 or 8
cadets will be assigned to one machine. The instructor then
explains the fundamental parts of the machine as outlined in
the small list following, pointing than out on the machine,
and giving time for students to take notes of names on the
printed sketches distributed for this purpose.
If time allows, the instructor ill point out parts on
the landing gear used in that adjustment and explain somewhat
how the adjustment is made, In order that the cadet may vis-
ualize the parts .hen the adjustment is explained.
The cadets then disassemble the machine under the direction
of the instructor, following the order given in the notes on
disassembly following.
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RIGGING- - INTRODUCTORY IM-CTURE.
OUTLINE OP ' RK - AIRPLANES DEPARTMENT .
Subjects
Hours
Theory of Plight
Meteorology
Rigging
Repair of Machines
Instruments
Types of Machines
Semi-final examinations
Pinal Examination
6
3
26
12
4
2
2
2 Total 57 hours .
T2ie work in rigging includes both lectures and laboratory work
and is divided as follows:
Rigging Work .
Introductory lecture
Disassembly of airplaines
Nomenclature, lecture and lab.
Landing gear, (-| hr, lecture)
Center Section (-V hr. lecture)
Elementary treatment of stresses
Materials, woods and metals.
Wires and fittings
Fabrics and Dopes
Dihedral Angle (1 hr. lecture)
Semi-final Examination
Stabilisers, controls (1 hr. lecture)
Fuselage alingment (lecture)
Faults in rigging (lecture)
Functions of Parts (lecture)
Propeller (lecture)
Soldering, brazing, welding
Propeller (lecture and Lab.)
Squadron
B
B
C
G *
C
c
D
D
3
E
E
F
F
FX
G
G
Renair of1 Machines
Inspections of airplanes (lect.) FX
Inspection of lanes (laboratory) FX
Types of Splices (lecture) G
Splicing, soldering, laboratory G
Semi-final examination H
Wing covering and patching, lecture I
Care of machines (lecture) I
Wing patching laboratory K
Wood splicing, (lecture) L
Review 3
H ours
JL
fi
JLa
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
4
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 Note:- All ,;ork
1 is continuous for
5 time indicated,
1 except that lab-
1 oratory lecture
1 and laboratory
2 work are some-
1 times split by
- noon hour, etc.
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4
LIST FOE IITT-lGDUGgQEY NOIiENCLATUIfo
Types of Airplane - Example, Curtiss tractor type biplane
model JU4-D, Training plane, equipped
with. Curtiss OX, 90HP. motor.
Right and left of < irplane.
Names of parts.
Fuselage
longerons
Vertical and transverse struts (spreaders)
Fuselage cross bracing wires.
Eigine section
Engine bearers
Cock pits, front, rear.
Cowling
Landing gear, landing gear struts, landing gear wires, spreaders.
Shock absorbers.
Center .section
Wings, upper and lower.
Butt and tip
Wing skid
Leading and trailing edge.
Spars or oeams •
Ribs, compression, host, camber, false.
Stringers or distance pieces,
n tints , inner, intermediate and outer.
. rift and antidrift vires.
Landing and flying vires.
Stagger wires.
Stagger.
Overhang- overhar g flying wires - overhang struts.
Cabane-Cabane .ires (over hand support vires)
Stick or wheel and Post, or wheel & Bridge, yoke, foot bar or foot pedals.
Control wires, rudder, elevator, aileron.
Aileron.
-ileron balance wire.
Horn, aileron, rudder, elevator.
Tail, Empennage.
Horizontal stabilizer.
Vertical stabilizer, or fin. Note:- After explaining all the parts on
Ruddor p&st, tail ost. the machine, the instructor goes over
^'ider the wing frame construction on a
Elevator stripped wing frame.
Tail Skid
Fairlead
Fairing
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5
HIGGIHG TOOL LIST.
A - Disassembly
2 Small B.P . hammers
2 " Screwdrivers .
1 large
4 Crescent wrenches 6'*
Turnbuckl e twisters; for the Curtis Machine 12 large;
for the Martin 8 medium and 8 small.
B - Landing Gear
2 Steel tapes
1 Plumb bob.
1 Steel scale.
1 Level
6 Turnbuckl e twisters; large.
C - Center Lection
2 Steel tapes
2 Crescent wrenches 6 11
2 Plumb bobs.
1 Level
2 Steel seJ.es.
1 Small screwdriver.
2 Straight pins.
2 Parallel blocks.
Turnback les twisters* for Curtiss machine 8 large and for
Martin 4 large and 4 small.
D - Dihedral
4 Crescent wrenches 6"
1 Small screwdriver.
1 Drift pin.
2 Small B.P. hammers.
4 Plumb bobs.
1 Level
2 Steel tapes.
2 Steel scales.
4 '.Vo o den blocks / •§ in. thick. (Martin only)
Turnbuckles twisters ; for Curtiss machine 12 large, for
Mart in. 4 large and 4 small*
E - Controls.
1 Small B. P. hanmer.
2 Steel tapes.
1 Pr. Combination pliers.
2 Pieces safety ire.
4 Crescent wrenches.
1 Small screwdriver .
Tumbuckle twisters; for Curtiss 6 large and 2 medium, end for
Martin 8 medium
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\VLRK
DIS5EIBU1I0H OF TIMS,
to "be adhered to as closely as ossicle.
Corrected to October 15, 1918.
Disassembly (2 hours)
Min.
Time
Ah
Lecture
15
Ah
XX
♦
•
10’
-
9
25
nomenclature
35
A
25
-
B
00
Get Tools
5
B
o
•
00
B
05
Disassembly
50
B
*
9
05
-
B
55
Questions etc.
. 5
l11 5Gm
B
«
•
55
C
00
Landing Gear (2hours)
Lecture
35
A
9
•
10
-
A
*
45
Get Tools
5
A
*
0
45
-
A
4
9
50
1st Method
25
A
4
9
50
-
B
*
0
15
2nd Method
25
B
*
15
-
B
a
40
Return Tools
5
B
•
40
-
B
4
45
Questions, etc.
15
B
*
•
45
-
C
00
(Visit other machines)
Center Section (2 hours
)
Lecture
30
A
10
-
A
•
40
Get Tools
5
A
<*
9
40
-
A
a
•
45
1st Method
30
A
♦
45
-
B
«
15
2nd Method
30
B
•
•
15
-
B
*
45
Return Tools
5
B
9
9
45
-
B
$
50
Answer Questions
10
B
4
50
“
C
00
Dihedral angle (v/ings)
(4 hours)
Ah
Lecture
50
9
9
10
-
B
•
00
Recess
10
B
6
*
00
-
B
e
10
Get Tools
5
B
9
9
10
-
B
«
15
Straightening wing
3
•
15
-
C
4
*
15
Rear beams sighted
in
C
9
•
15
-
C
♦
•
45
Droop
15
C
a
45
-
D
9
00
Stagger
30
D
9
00
“
D
•
•
30
Overhang
15
D
•
•
30
-
D
o
45
Return Tools
5
D
■
«
45
*>
D
•
50
Questions
10
D
a
50
-
E
«
*
00
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Stabilisers and Overall checks (2 hours)
Stabiliser lecture
30 min.
A : 10
to
A : 40
Alignment Stabilizers
40 min.
A : 40
to
B j 20
Finish by sighting in
both vert, and
horiz. stabilizers to <
fuselage.
Overall measurements
10 rain*
B : 20
to
B : 30
Angle Incidence
20 min.
13 : 30
to
B : 50
Safety Wiring
10 min.
B ; 50
to
C : 00
Controls and Sketching (2
hours. )
Controls lecture
30 min.
A ; 10
to
A ; 40
Alignment of Controls
35 in .
A : 40
to
B : 15
Trying out controls
individually
15 min.
B ; 15
toB : 30
Sketching Controls
30 min.
B j 30
to
C : 00
p -• X
gets stabiliser work odn.es da; and Controls Friday,
E£ gets Controls work Wednesday and stabiliser Friday,
Inspection Lab, ( 1 hour )
Lecture 10 min, A j 10 to A ; 20
Inspection 40 min, A : 10 to B : 00
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PJGGlilG- - llhfBUCTOR’p IIP TPS
A - DISASSEMBLY
a) Explain first to the students the general steps of disassembly,
namely, vlngs, center section stabilisers, tail controls,
and landing gear. Emphasise that all vires are loosened a
little by turnbudcles to make disassembly of arts practical,
but ires are not disconnected by unscrewing turnuuckle barrels.
All bolts and clevis ins are ut bach into place in the main mem-
ber as soon as the struts or other small parts are removed, and
all nuts and washers ut back in place.
Disconnect all flying or drift wires attaching' the wings to the
fuselage, and any other wires from the landing gear or fuselage to the
wings. Also disconnect the aileron control wires .here they attach near
the fuselage and disconnect the aileron balance wire.
Loosen turnbucfcles on the wires, including stagger, incidence,
landing and flying wires about two turns. This allows the wings
to be taken down easily without binding of the fittings or strains
to the wings. In the Martin machines, it is essential to loosen
up the center longitudinal brace wires to keep from straining
the fittings when the wings . re removed.
Prop up one wing by a horse under the outer strut fitting to
keep the machine from tipping over after the other wing is removed.
Lift up on the other wing, having students lift. at tip hand hole,
at butt, and under strutt fittings. If ever allow them to lift directly
at trailing edge. Disconnect landing wires, attaching wing to center
section. Remove bolts or butt fittings pins, first at top, then at
bottom, and remove wing. Turn over on leading edges, and support
by holding up on struts till blocks are put under leading edges
of wings. Remove other wings.
Take one wing apart, putting all pins back into wing fittings,
and all bolts back into place on wing.
Remove ailerons, putting ins back into wing fittings, Leave
all struts upright, and kee them from getting nicked or damaged
in handling. Pice wings in racks for the urpose.
Disconnect front brace ires, stagger and incidence wires on
center section, and _:lace all pins under front wing shield. Remove
wing section. Remove center sect! n struts on planes whore bolts are
convenient to get at. Place bolts bade in cents section nd fuselage
f i tt ings •
Loosen rudder and elevator control wire turnbuckles. Disconnect
control wires at horns, and remove rudder and elevators. Unbolt
and remove vertical and hori ,ntal stabilisers, utting all bolts
nuts, ins, and washers back in place, either on stabiliser or fuselage.
Unbolt and remove tail skid where accessible.
lancling g,-er Drace wires of the landing S0ar> but do not disconnect the
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B - RIGGING. L nding Gear
1- Gross Distance Method.
U) Let machlng he supported by the wheels, or block: up under the shock
a )c orders, and do not level up the machine, as in this adjustment
we wish to approximate field conditions.
(b) Have all wires in the landing gear loose, except the front cross brace
wires, and they may h made as nearly as ossible the came leng&h by sighting
the amount of shank covered by the barrels.
(c) Measure front cross brace wires and adjust till of same length and
proper tension.
(d) (Tighten rear cross brace vires to the proper tension, being sure that
both are at the same tension.
(e) Measure rear cross br ce, wires, if unequal, the fittings arc off.
In the field, if the cause of the error were not nova, the difference
would be distributed between the front and rear ires. If time allows,
tnia is done on the machine. Do not try to pull v ires same length regard-
less of tension.
(f ) (Tighten up any other auxiliary bracing ires to proper tension.
(g) Turnbuckles are then, usually safety wired, as landing gear . ill not
have to be changed for the other adjustments, (we do not safety ire
in the laboratory as it takes too much time and is not an essential
part of any one adjustment. It is covered later).
S- Plumb Bob Method.
(a<J> Machine must be supported under the fuselage by horses in this adjust-
ment, in order that the level of the fuselage will not be destroyed as the
landing gear may be moved in adjusting. All horses must be Placed directly
under a vertical stmt or under the 'nose of the machine.
(b) Level up machine approximately longitudinally, and exactly laterally.
Use engine bearers or longerons if engine bearer are known to be wraped
or inaccessible because of engine*
(c) Measure laterally across under side of ftisela e, above axle, and find
she cantor of the under side of the fuselage. Over spreader if possible.
(Somewhere on the longitudinal axis of fuselage). Use Longerons as points
of reference in measuring to center.
(d) Find center of axle, or center of spreader if axle has side lay,
measuring’ from similar points oil each side.
(e) (These central oints should both be checked by measuring from one
side to the supposed center, nc then measuring from the other side in
to the same point and having the measurements agree.
(f) Drop plumb bol from center of ’under side of fuselage, ith enough
string to let the bob just clear the axle. (Sometimes it is necessary
to suspend the bob from stick which rests on the lower longerons if there
is no part of the fusela e available as a means of support for the string.)
(Lining inu plumbing with mark on spreader by eye.)
(&) Adjust front cross orace ' ires -until center of the axle is uirectly under
the plume cob. (all other wires loose and machine level latorall,. )
(h) (Tighten rear cross br ce ires to e ual an-, proper tension, seeing
that the Center of the axle stays directly under the plumb bob. (batch, the level).
(Tighten all additional bit. ce wires to proper tension.
( j) (Turnbuckles. would now be safely wired in actual practice ( see I-~)
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(k) if fittings //ere off on cross measurement m thoc , lengths of wires can now
be checked to see Jiero the error is located. The unequal lengths necessary for
correct adjustment would then be entered in the log book kept for that machine .
C- RIGGlIiG WTER SECTION
1- Cross Distance Method. Do not level machine •
(A) Place and bolt center section struts in their roper position and connect
up all brace wires that go to the center section.
(s) Make longitudinal adjustment fix’s t (easier if done first in the Crartiss
Machine) by making use of some set- measurement from the log book which measure-
ment was found afto the machine had been lined up properly by the level and
plumb bob method. This measurement is usually a measurement of the length, of some
wire from clevis pin to clevis in, or diagonally across tie side of the center
section struts from bolt to bolt in the strut fittings. Stagger and Incidence
wires are to be at tne proper tension hen this measurement is taken.
(C) li teral adjustment is made by hanging the front across brace vires the sane
length and roper tension. If any change is made laterally it nay affect long-
itudinal adjustment, so re check longitudinal adjustment after lateral adjustment
is finished. Do not safety wires, as ings mgst be on and adjusted, before
turnbu Okies of c nter section are safety wired,
2- Level and ilumb-Bob Method.
(a) If time allows loosen up front cross brace wires, stagger, and Incidence
wires, to emphasise the face that it is a separate method of adjustment and
not just a check on the cross distance method. Otherwise this can be explained
and the method used to cheek and made any necessary corrections on the previous
adjustment.
(b) Level machine laterally and longitudinally, on the engine bearers if possible,
otherwise on the upper longerons, at or as near the engine as practical. Check
the level by reversing it.
(c) Drop a plumb from e.-Ch front comer of the center section, putting a common
pin diagonally into the corner so that the string Is in line with both the leasing
edge nd the butt of the center section. This saves moving the plumb bob for the
two adjustments. In the case of the Curtiss machines, the pins will be ut in
the corners of t o small blocks of equal, thickness which are flush ith the
leading edge of the center section, and rest against the butts of the center vd 11
not influence the adjustment.
(llote) For the sake of uniformity, on account of the Curtiss machines, the long-
itudinal adjustment ill be ms.de firsts.
(d) Measure the distance on a lover wing butt (which is not in place on the
machine) from the inner edge of the front flange of the butt fitting, or center
of bolt hole on the Martin type, to the cutting edge measuring parallel to the
chord of the wing. This distance corresponds to the distance from the outer
edge of the front flange or fuselage, or center of bolt hole of the fuselage
fitting, to the leading edge of the wing when in place.
(e) Lay the ooard along the butt fitting on each side of the fuselage, marking
on it the distance from the fitting to the .Leading edge of the sing, which has
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just been measured. Add to this the amount of stag er -..inch is measured horiz-
ontally if there is any, and make a vertical mark on the board where theplumb
bob should hung.
(f) bee that tho plumb bob hangs freely, and if it touches the board, swing it
laterally to eliminate friction, adjust the .tagger and incidence wires on each
side till they are at the correct tension no plumb :oh line coincides with the
mark on the bo rd, indicating the correct stag ;er. In the case of the Curtiss
machines the stagger and the front corse brace ires are identical, so the turn-
buckles of these should b kept as balanced as ossicle by eye during the adjust”
ment.
(g) For the lateral ad just -sent on the Martin machine, tighten the front cross
brace wire to tension ( On the Crutics they are already tight), bee that the
plumb lines han . straight air* at equal distances from the lower longerons. Check
distance to both upper mad lover rongerons to see if fuselage is twisted. Adjust
front cross brace wires till these distances are etjueH. If the fuselage is twisted
take the mean of the measurements from the plumb lines to the upper and lower
longerons for this purpose.
(h) llecheck the longitudinal adjustment. In the case of the Crutiss, any large
change in the lateral adjustment w ill probably cause a Slight change in the
former on account of the double functioning of the wires in front as front cross
brace and stagger .ires.
(i) Check the level from time to time, and parti cularly after tho adjustment is
finished.
(j) . f ety wiring L not done until the wings are on and lined up properly.
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D- ,ARK - Y/IITGa. LIELDRAL- DROOP ^TJ3 OP .uG.il
A) Assemble the ring that is apart. See that 1 strut bolts point toward
the ilot, so that he can s ee that they arc saf s he looks from the cockpit.
Other bolts . ..d clevis pins should either face to war. the ground or to the
rear so that gravity or rind pressure would hole one in if the the nut or outer
key should come off®
b) Attach one wing to the fuselage, attaching landing wires and tightening them
enough to support the wing. Block under beams under outer truts to keep
machine from tipping over until die other wing i a ttahced.
c) Attach oth r ving® Be sure all landing .Ires are connected and tight enough
to hold ..ing before it is left unsupported,
d) Cover and balance the threads on all landing ire tumbuckles throughout wings,
and take about t". o additional turns in each toinibuckle to bring wings to a proxi-
mate position before straightening' out. Have all other wires connected, but the
only v ires with any tension are the lauding 'wires. All flying, stagger and incid-
ence . ires should be. loose and left loose until wr wo sely t ight ened *
e) Locate the central point of the center section on the cutting edge, and two
other points, one in each upper wring cutting edge, within a couple of inches
either side of the outer strut; , so that these two oints are equi- distant from
the butt fittings of the wings, and in the centefc of the cutting edge of the
wings , and also so placed that if the vdngs were straight, these three points
would form a straight line, But tacks at each of these three points, (if not
already .here)
f) dee if each wing is straight by sighting from the tip to ards the butt
under the cutting edge of the lower wing. Straighten by adjusting the landing
wires .
g) ilea sure out similar distances from, the butts of the wings to the lower ends
of tiie front outer struts in each wing, (there is usually a .une|t mark on strutt
fitting about l/8" up from bottom of fitting. Jee that wings are symetrieally
placed in regard to fuselage and center section by measuring' di gonally from the
tack in the center of the center section to these points, She longer diagonal
represents the lower wing.
h) If wings are not symetrical, find out whether on© is to be raised or the
other lowered, by stretching a string taut b y means' of weights at the ends,
over the t o tacks already located near the tips of the wings. Measure up to this
string from the top of the teck in the center section. This measurement to the
string sell;: whether the dihedral angle is too large or too small, She dimensions
used for the distance out on the wing nd the consequent perpendicular distance
from the CsJjLi ter depend upon the particular machine and the dihedral angle desired,
and are given in the log book of the machine. Remember the wings 111 be gulled
down hen the flying wires are tightened. . o they should be placed higher now
than it is dewired to have them when machine is properly rigged. She amount of
this sag depends u on the machine.
ij Keep trailing edge approximately parallel to cutting edge during alignment of
cutiing edge, . o that when trailing edge is aligned it ill not estroy the
alignment of the cutting edge.
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KIG-GIKG - liih.UGTOR'S H-ihR
j) hen wings are straight , symetrical , and tip enough s© t&at proper dihedral
will result, t en tiehgtn flying wire over front ber.m to proper and equal tension
on tooth wings, getting cutting edge into w roper position. Check and correct
straightness, right aid left symmetry, nd proper dihedral.
k) :.fter loading edge is properly aligned, sight in trailing edge in each ing
toy standing in rent near butt of the wing- and getting the eye in line withthe
cutting and trailing edges at the same time near the butt. Do not more the head
tout sight out toward the tips. If store of the trailing edge is near the tips, the
trailing; edge should toe raised, an. vice versa. After getting straight ith the
landing ires, tighten each landing; ire four or five turns to allow for the stre-
tch of the vires after the flying ires are tightened. Tighten down the flying
wires ana checlc settling of ing. If not straight, straighten out by adjusting-
flying nd landing ires. Remember that the angle of incidence at the tontt is the
correct angle for the entire wing.
Ij Droop is put into the left vign of each of the machines in the laboratory.
Gashout is not ut in the other wing because all are under 150 HP. In actual
field rigging, tills droop . ould be put in as the trailing edge is straightened
out For instruction purposes, the men are divided into t o sections, one to
each wing. Aach section straightens out their own wing, hen both wings are
straight, droop is _,ut in the left ing by both sections working together.
The droop is obtained toy lengthening the landing . ires of the rear beam of
the left ing and tightening the flying wires to proper tension. The landing
wires of the outer bay should be lengthened the most (usually about 3 /S’*)
with lesser amounts on the intermediate and inner bays, giving!. most of the droop at
the tip, here it is most effective, and decreasing progressively towards the butt.
This is usually d ghted by the eye to obtain the proper amount (J: M on the machine
in the lab.) This droop maybe checked by holding a rule under the cutting edge
near the center of the left wing. Standing opposeite the butt of the wing and the
same distance from the rule at the cutting edge, the rule is from the trailing
edge, line in the leading and trailing edge at the -butt. The 3/ 8" division of
the rule should now just line in with the trailing edge at the tip, if the droop
is correct.
m) After wings arc properly aligned for straightness, symmetry, dihedral and
droop, the stagger is measured along the entire span by putting the machine in
flying position, leveling exactly longitudinally, .nd drop ing plumb bobs
over leading edge of upper ing, at strut oints. lie sure stagger ho rizoniilly
(unless otherwise specified) from lower cut u ing edge to string. The stagger
is measured along the entire span ,
leveling to see how the upper '. ing must be moved in relation to the lower wing
to give the roper stagger. The upper wing may have to be move forward, backward
or one tip forward, the other tip backward. This adjusting is done entirely at
the center section. 1 tat ter and incidence ires through the wings are not used,
as their use would wash in or ash out the wings as well as affect stag er. If
the adjustment is at all large, it v ill be necessary to loosen up the flying
wires through the wings to that they -will not hold the center section so rigid
that it can not be tilled around into position. If the landing ires are not t
touched, the flying wires can 'be tightened dervn again without changing the adjust-
ment seriously. If wings can not be straightened up, it may be due to internal
alignment of the wings. This can toe partially checked to y sighting along the
nog m 5 .. - ......
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leading edges oi' the in ;s .
n) When the stagger is correct, rechec: . all previous adjustments an then tighten
stagger .aid incidence wires to proper tension, being careful not to pull \ ings
out of alignment.
o) straighten up overhang by sighting in from tip along catting edge for front
beam, and si Jit in.; ran 1 ading edge to get trailing edge straight as done with
lotsrer wing. Overhang wires s lien id not be as tight as other wire through the wings.
p) Safety-, ire all turnbucfcles through the wings. (do not safety- i e in the
laboratory, as not enough time is allowed, and safety wiring is demonstrated
under controls . )
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lilGGlHS - I lldlldJCTCR 1 C bo TUB.
ii “ CCha liUlib
(a) Attach the tail skid, the horizontal and vertical stabilisers, and all
controlling sur faces that belong on the t il of the fuselage • Be .ure that all
control \ ires .re connected,
(b) adjust the tail skid. fir. t by making the two br.ee vires that run to the
horizontal stabilizer equal in length, and at the pro. or teas! n.
(c) She vertical stabilizer is adjusted next. In the Curtiss machines the
horizontal stabilizer is not adjustable, except by changing the length of the
struts holding it, or by readjusting the fuselage; so the vertical stabilizer
may bo adjusted to be perpendicular to the horizontal stabilizer by having the
vertial stabilizer brace vinos equal in length and the proper tension, She
vertical stabiliser must also be in line with the center of the center ection,
as sighted by eye.
In the Martin machines the fore part of the horizontal stabilizer is fixed
rigidly by struts, so the vertical stabilizer may be adjusts 4obe perpendicular
to tiie horizontal stabilizer, by means of the short pair of brace wires to the
front part of the horizontal stabilizer. These ..ires are made the same length
and the proper tension, out do not get these wires too tight, as unnecessary
tension on these wires will pull the rudder post forward and out of line. The
vertical stabilizer must also be In 1 ne with the center of the center section,
as sighted by eye.
(dj The horizontal stabilizer is .ow adjusted in the case of the liar tin m .chine*
(On the Curtiss machines t e horizontal stabilizer can not be adjusted without
changing the len, th of th struts, or readjusting the fuselages. } In the Martin
the cutting edge ia fined by struts, sc the trail irg edge of the horizontal
stabiliser is digued by sighting along the trai. in, edge of the horizontdL
stabilizer and keeping' it straight, and having the four rear ires from the
horizontal stabilizer to t e rudder post at the same and proper tension and
each t.o .ires of a given pair equal in length. The t, o upper ,n& two lower.
r /
(e* The rudder is aligned by having the rude, or a continuation of the vertS-q,
cal stabilizer and both the rudder and vertical stabilizer must line in the
longitudinal axis of the machine. This is determined by sighting them with the
center of the center section, when rudder is in thiw. position, (neutral ) the
rudder bar should be in neutral, or perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, of
the fuselage* If foot pedals are used, they should e in their neutral position
which would be in the center of their arc of motion, and at the save distance
forward. Control ires should be as tight as possible ithout any binding*
(f) -levators are aligned by having the under surfaces of the elwvators a
continuation of the under surface of the horizontal stabilizer, as told by sighting
At the sam. time sight along the trailing edges of the two elevators, and see" if
uhuy -ozm a straight line, the two trailing edges must form a straight line.
This adjustment is obtained with control (either stick or Dep. type) in neutzel
position i.e. perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the machine, or in the
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center of its arc of oti n. The elevations are aliened as continuation of the
horizontal stabilizer, because the horizontal stabilizer is not or&inaily a
lifting surface, and no lift ill be on either the horizontal stabilizer or
elevators with the machine is in the normal flying position. Have wire as tight
as ossible without binding*
(g) The ailerons, if ring flap, are aligned below the trailing e ge of the w ing-
to which they am attached, as when in the air, wing flap ailerons become lifting
surfaces, and the control ires to which they are attached will stretch enough
to allow the ailerons to rise above the trailing edge of the wing. In these
machines have ailerons bout if below the trailing edge of the rings when all wira
are tight and the machine on the ground* Adjust balance wire first to have the
ailerons only a ittle below the trailing edge of the wings, but have each droop
the same amount. Then with stidc perpendicular to the lateral axis of the machine
or with wheel so tint the point of attachment of aileron control .ires is at the
top of the gully to which they are attached, (in either case the neutral position
for control} tighten the control wires evenly and pull the ailerons down until
they have the requisite droop of ■£" when aLl wires are as tight as possible ith
out binding*
Interplane ailerons are aligned parallel to the air stream, or parallel to
the longe ons in the ce.se of the Mart in machines, as no lift should be on them
hen the machine is in its normal flying position. Note (Those machines flew
tail heavy, so the ailerons were drooped 4" to make them fly correctly.) Have
all wires as tight as .ossible without binding.
(h) -,ftor all controls are alighed. have each cadet try the controls and learn
the instinctive movement/ re wired for any desired action ;.f the machine#
(i) oh w the different systems of safety wiring on standard, and martin Turn-
buck, es. dt.ndard type turnbadfcles are sometimes safety tired 'ey wrapping the
safety .ire around the turnbuefcle not more than one torn In such dir ction as
will tend to tighten the tornbucKLe, out the straight system of safety wiring is
according to Government specifications. Here the ire hi passed through the hole
in the barrel and run straight to the eye in the ire attached, or the clevis end
of the turnbackle, where the safety ire i. looped thru, an. going; diagonally
across the end of the eye of the shank, to keep it from binding between loo and
eye o£ shank, and wrapped from 3 to 4 timed around the shank of the tumbuckle.
In the Martin type the wire is started through the eye in the sha k
and looped through each barrel so that each loop form a figure 8, one wire is
no returned through eye of shank and the two ends of the safety wire tviste
together aoout 5 turns or ore.
(j) Have each cadet make 3 sketches to show ail control systems.
s /etches are correct before the cadet is allowed to leave*
Be sure these
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UNITED STATES ARMY
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA
AIRPLANES DEPARTMENT
STRESSES AND MATERIALS IN AIRPLANE CONSTRUCTION.
I. Stresses
II. Woods and Metals
III. Wires and Fittings
IV. Fabrics and Dopes.
\
Rigging - Stresses .
STRESSES IN MATERIALS USED IN AIRPLANE CONSTRUCTION.
A. Stress and Strain.
I. General ideas of each.
B. Tension
I. General idea.
II. Tensile strength
a. Resistance to tension deformation.
III. Metal tension members,
a. Wires .
IV. Wood as tension member.
a. Longitudinal shear of fittings.
C. Compression
I. Stress due to pressure.
II. Compressive strength.
a. Resistance to compressive deformation.
III. Size necessary to reduce bending.
a. Wood good compression member - struts.
b. Struts usually fail by bending.
1. L/r ratio usually much greater than 45.
IV. Crushing strength across grain, -wood.
a. Varies directly with density of wood.
D. Bending.
I. Strain caused by bending.
II. Stresses of bending.
a. Tension where pulled apart.
b. Compression where pressed together,
c . Neutral Axis .
1. Distribution of compression and tension.
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Rigging - Stresses
d. Flexural Strength in bending.
1. Outside fibers.
e. Channeling out beams - "I" -Beams.
1. Wooden beams.
a'. Danger of longitudinal shear.
2. Steel beams.
E. Shear,
I. General idea of shear,
a* Longitudinal.
1. Wood — beam, tension member,
b. Traverse
1. Metals, wood.
II. Shearing strength and area.
III. Shear in clevis pins and bolts.
F. Torsion.
I. General idea of torsion.
II. Circular shaft and outside area,
a. Removing core.
G. Combinations of stresses.
I. Shear and Bending.
a. Worn clevis pin.
II. Compression and Bending.
a. Importance of outside fiber.
b. Strut.
H. Strength per Unit of Area.
I. Tables of breaking strength.
a. Variation with type of stress.
II. Materials never loaded to breaking point.
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Rigging; - Stresses
a. Factor of Safety.
b. Safety factors of airplane members.
I. Comparison of strengths of woods and metals, per unit of weight.
I. Actual strength of woods and light metals less, but weight much less.
II. Table of Strengths per sq. in. per unit of Spec. Grav.
Cast Iron 14,600 96,000 5,200 7,2 2,020 13,400 720
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Rigging - Materials .
MATERIALS USED IN AIRPLANE CONSTRUCTION
A. Metals
I. Steel
Temper and annealing*
1. Method of accomplishing each.
2. Advantages of tempering.
3. Disadvantages of tempering,
b. Open Hearth Steel.
1. Good grade of purified steel.
2. May be used tempered or annealed.
3. Uses - forged fittings, etc.
c. Alloy steels
1. Effect of alloy.
2. Chromium, Nickel, and Vanadium commonly used.
3. Principal uses.
d. Cold Rolled Steel (c.r.s*)
1. Method of manufacture.
a'. Appearance and defects,
2. Advantages of use.
3. Disadvantages.
4. Principal uses.
II. Aluminum
a. Advantages for airplane use.
b . Di sa dvanta ges .
c. Never used where strength is essential feature.
d. Uses.
e. Aluminum Alloys.
1. General increase in strength.
2. Unreliability.
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6
Rigging - Materials „
III. Copper and Tin,
a. Qualities.
b. Uses.
IV. Brass.
a. Alloy of Copper and Zinc.
b. Qualities.
c . Uses .
V. Bronze.
a. Alloy of Copper, Zinc and Tin.
b. Variations of characteristics with composition.
c. General Qualities.
d. Uses.
VI . Monel Metal .
a. Alloy of Nickel, Copper, and Iron.
b. Qualities.
c. Uses.
B. Woods .
I. General Properties.
a. Remarkable strength per unit of weight.
1. See Tables of Comparative Strengths per unit of Spec. Grav.
2. Variations of weight.
b. Factors affecting strength.
1. Amount of moisture.
(Moisture weakens up to point of fiber saturation only).
2. Process of drying.
1’. Air seasoning.
2'. Kiln drying - ca3e hardening, etc.
i
7
Rigging - Materials.
3„ Original Position in tree.
4. Defects
1’ . Grain
2'. Other defects.
II. Species of Woods.
a. Spruce
1. General advantages.
1'. Best strength per unit of weight if properly handled.
2 . Disadvantages .
3. Uses - Most generally used wood.
b . A3h.
1. General characteristics.
2. Used as longerons, engine bearers, etc.
c . Maple
1. General characteristics.
2. Great reliability for sirall parts.
3. Used as rib cap blocks and in propellers.
d. Cedar.
1. General characteristics.
2. Uses as veneer board.
3. Port Orford Cedar.
e. Hickory.
1. General characteristics.
2. Used for foot bars, tail skids, etc.
f. Walnut and Mahogony.
1. Qualities - strength.
2. Used principally for propellers.
• J.
8
gging -
III.
Materials .
g. Hard Pine.
1. Advantages.
2. Used slightly for long longerons.
Protection of Wooden Parts.
a. Necessity of transparent covering.
1. Spar varnish.
9
Ri gging - Wires and Fittings .
WIRES AND FITTINGS USED IN AIRPLANE CONSTRUCTION.
A. Wires.
I. Uses of wires (tension members only).
II. Material of wires.
a. Always high grade steel.
1. Untempered or partially tempered.
2. Alloyed and tempered steel.
1*. Advantages of temper.
2’. Disadvantages of temper.
III. Protection of wires from moisture.
a. Advantages of tinning over galvanizing.
b. External wires sometimes greased.
IV. Types of wires.
a. Solid Aviator Wire.
b. Stranded Aviator Wire.
c. Aviator Cord.
d. Flexible Cable.
V. Advantages and disadvantages of strand and cord over 3olid wire.
B. Turnbuckles.
I. Use and need of turnbuckles.
a. Operation, (right hand thread one end and left hand thread
on other.)
II. Made of non corrosive materials.
a. Standard Turnbuckles
1. Bronze Barrel in middle.
2. Steel shank at both ends.
3. Both barrel and shank sometimes heavily coppered.
10
Ringing «• Wires and Fittings.
b„ Martin Type Turnbuckles .
1. Bronze barrels at each end.
2. Steel shank in middle threaded at both ends .
3. Advantages in attaching wires and fittings.
a. Barrel and Clevis.
b. Barrel and Socket Splice.
III. Precautions and protection.
a. Threads entirely covered.
b. Safety wiring.
c. Graphite or vaseline greased.
C. devices and Clevis Pins.
I. Uses of devices.
a. Fastenings for wires.
b. Hinge pins.
II. Stresses in clevis pin.
a. Shear
b. Bending caused by poor fit or wear.
III. Materials of which made.
a. Clevis of good grade open-hearth steel, often tempered.
b. Pins, hard alloyed tempered steel.
D. Fittings.
I. Wing fittings
a. Butt fittings
1„ Bolted or large clevis fittings
2. Transmit wing forces to fuselage and center section.
b. Strut fittings.
1. Transmit forces from wing beams to struts and wires.
2. Fastenings for wires and struts.
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Rigging - Wirej; end Fittings v
c. Materials
1. Cold rolled steel, stamped and cut by machine.
2. Open hearth steel, drop forged.
1'. Often tempered.
II. Protection of fittings against moisture.
a. Internal.
b. External.
III. Precautions.
a. Bent or rusty fittings or belts.
b. Accidental heating.
E. Splices in wires.
I. Necessity for splices for fastening wires.
II. Types of splices.
a. Solid wire.
1. American Splice.
2. French Splice.
b. Stranded wire.
1. Running Splice.- Thimble.
2. Socket Splice.
c. Cord or Flexible Cable.
1. Eye splice - Thimble.
F. Vibration and Fatigue.
I. Description of effect of vibration on steels,
a. Vibration excessive around engine.
b„ Vibration very light over most of plane.
II. Effect of fatigue 'on steels.
a. Can not be eliminated in some parts such as crank shaft.
b. Fatigue unnecessary in airplane proper and should be eliminated
by proper design.
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Ringing - Fabrics and Dopes.
FABRICS, DOPES AND VARNISH,
A. Fabrics.
I. Qualities desired in an ideal covering.
a. Strength and weight.
b. Application as covering.
c . Atmosphere
d. Durability
e. Finish
f. Other desirable features.
II. Qualities of unbleached linen.
a. Strength and weight.
b. Application.
c. Durability.
d. Finish.
e. Bleaching.
f. Coloring Matter.
g. Cost and Supply.
III. Qualities of Cotton.
a. Strength and weight.
b. Application.
c. Durability.
d. Finish.
e. C06 t and Supply.
IV. Experimental Coverings.
a. Silk.
1. Strength and weight.
2. Application.
b. Canvas Duck (Twilled Cotton).
1. Strength and weight.
Ri gging - Febrics and Dope .
c. Rubberized Silk or Linen*
1. Strength and weight*
2. Durability.
3* Atmosphere.
B. Dope.
I. Cellulose Veneer.
a. General appearance,
b* Cellulose Acetate.
1. Resistance to fire.
2. Durability,
c. Cellulose Nitrate*
1. Inflamability *
2. Durability.
3. Difficulties of applying.
II. Manufacture.
a. Complicated Process.
1. Cost.
b. Outline of Process of Manufacture of Acetate Dope.
III. Functions of Dope.
a. Coverings.
1. Shring covering.
2. Strength*
3. Finish.
4. Durability.
5. Atmosphere.
b. Splices.
1. Shrink Wrapping.
2/. Finish
I
Rigging - Fabrics and Dopes .
IV* Transparent Coverings.
a. Uses.
b. Materials.
c. Characteristics.
d. Possibilities.
C. Varnish.
I. Kind Used.
a. How obtained.
II. Purposes of Varnish.
a. Wing covering.
b. Wood.
1. Danger of poor varnish.
D. Application of Dopes and Varnish to Fabrics.
I . Dope
a. Effect of atmospheric conditions.
b. How applied.
II. Varnish.
a. How applied, and how effective.
III. Comparative weights of Dope and Varnish on finished plane
UNITED STATES
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
Berkeley, Calif.
AIRPLANES DEPARTMENT .
Laboratory notes on Wing Patching.
A. Triangular Tear.
1. Cut a rectangular patch extending about 1-g-'1 beyond every point
of the tear.
2. Fray the edges about 3/T6 of an inch in.
3. Trim the edges rf the tear if they are very ragged.
4. Thread a needle with linen thread, wax it and sew up the tear
using the baseball stitch.
5. Sew from each end toward the center, tie both threads at the
center, and push the knot inside the tear.
6. Apply seme dope, over a surface a little larger than the patch,
to soften old varnish. Wait till it softens.
7. Scrape off the varnish.
8. Apply a coat of dope over the cleaned surface.
S. Apply a generous coat of dope over the under side of the patch.
10, Stick it in place using fingers to smooth out the air bubbles
and wrinkles. Make sure to stick down the frayed edges.
11. Apply a coat of dope over the surface and let it dry.
B . Repair over a rib.
1. Prepare patch as above.
2. Remove rib strip far enough back, on each side of the tear to
accommodate the patch and cut if off.
3. Sep/ up tear from both ends toward the rib and tie both threads
together at one side of the rib.
4. Remove varnish as above.
5. Stick down patch as above.
6. Stick piece of rib strip in line with the old one overlapping
same about 1-g- inches on both ends.
7. Apply a coat of dope over the patches.
C. To repair a puncture .
1. It is not necessary to sew up the hole.
2. The rest is the same as the above repairs.
!
.
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Laboratory notes on Wing Patching (Cont.)
s.
1. To remove varnish use Aielite, Acetone, Dope or some
other varnish remover,
2. Do not allow any of the liquids applied to drop through
the tear. It will soften the surface on the other side
and make it rough.
3. When white spots or streaks are noticed on the surface of
the repair apply carefully one of the solvents, Ether,
Acetone, or Banana oil. These can also be used to thin
down, the dope.
4. To facilitate the drying of the dope in damp and cold
weather add some Ether „
5. After the patch is put on a wing apply 4 to 7 coats of dope
at about 1/2 hour intervals, allowing the last coat to
dry about. 24 hours. Then apply a coat or two of Spar
Varnish.
6. Place patch, parallel to the edge of the surface.
7. Use patch as near the color of covering as possible.
8. Hound the corners if time does not permit to fray the edges
of the patch.
...
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'
METEOROLOGY
In meteorology as related to Aviation we are interested in two somewhat
different branches of the science. First, in the process cf weather forecasting,
which has to do with the conditions as they are at the surface of the earth.
Forecasting may be with or without the use of weather maps, the last is of more
direct importance to the aviator. Second, the conditions of the atmosphere
affecting aviation. This treats of the winds above the surface of the earth,
their direction and velocity, of cloud heights, and conditions generally at
altitudes to which an airplane may fly.
Outline .
The Atmosphere.
Height of the atmosphere.
Composition of the atmosphere in as much as it related to aviation.
Pressure of the atmosphere.
Distribution of the earth's atmosphere, and the corresponding
pressure distribution.
The mercurial barometer, construction, errors, and use.
Reduction to sea level.
Heat, in its relation to meteorology.
Importance of "convection" .
The vertical temperature gradient.
Cloud Forms .
Classification: upper, middle, and lower layers.
Heap clouds.
Importance of clouds to aviators.
Winds in general.
Winds are due to pressure differences.
Definition of "Isobar".
The Barometric Gradient.
The Planetary and Terrestial winds.
Cyclonic features.
Cyclones and anticyclones: definitions, and general characteristics
of motion and size.
Wind circulations about high and low pressure areas in the two
hemispheres .
Distribution of climatic elements about a typical cyclone, and
anticyclone .
The nature of the "Secondary" , the nV** depression, and the "Wedge".
The Tornado.
Line Squalls and Thunderstorms.
Forecasting.
The weather map: construction and use.
Prodiction of the motion of passing weather features
The normal weather.
-1-
Boy's Ballot's Law.
Means of predicting the weather, using the barometer, wind direction,
and clouds, by observations made at the place of the observer
only.
Conditions of the atmosphere affecting aviation.
The "bumps” or "holes in the air” are the result of irregular air
currents. Regions of decidedly diminished density do not
exist in free air, except as the result of some sudden and
violent effect, such as an explosion, for instance.
These irregular air currents may be classified, for simplicity,
into three groups; convection-caused, wind layer, and
surface friction.
Clouds may give warning as to the existence of the currents, if
there are clouds where the currents happen to be.
Effect of surface friction on the lower layer of wind. Friction
will have an observable effect up to a height of about
1500 ft. on the average over land, but much less over water
areas .
The "Gradient Wind" and its prediction.
Nature of the usual veering of the wind to be expected within the
first few thousand feet above the surface.
Wind motions above the height at which the gradient velocity is
reached. The higher one goes within the maximum flying height
the greater is the probability that the wind will be from the
west. When the lower wind comes from the east, the upper wind
is apt to be uncertain.
Means of obtaining information regarding these upper air currents.
, As a general rule, anticyclonic , or high pressure conditions, are the
most favorable for flying.
-2-
Cloud Sheets
Upper cloud layer
about 30,000 feet
Clouds composed
of ice crystals*
With these are
sometimes seen
halos, or rings,
at some distance
(22° or 46° ) from
the sun and moon.
Middle cloud
layer: 10,000
feet to 25,000
feet* Clouds
composed of minute
crops of water.
Colored rings
sometimes seen
quite close to
sun and moon but
i.ever halos.
Lower cloud
layer. Below
7,000 feet.
(
(
(
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(
(
(
(
(
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(
(
(
(
(
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(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
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Cirrus . Mares tails, wisps or line of pure white
clouds with no shadows.
C i r r o - C umu Ins . Small speckles and flocks of \vhite
Clouds, mackerel sky*
Cirro-Stratus, A thin sheet of tangled web structure
sometimes covering the whole sky: watery
sun or moon.
Cirro-Nebula. Similar to the last, but a veil of cloud
with no visible structure.
Alto-Cumulus . Somewhat similar to cirro-cumulus, but
the cloud masses are larger, and show more
shadow.
Alto-Cumulus Castellatus . Turret-cloud; alto cumulus
with upper margins of the cloud massed
developed upwards into miniature cumulus,
with hard upper edges. (Sign of thunder.)
Alto-Stratus . Very like cirro stratus and cirro nebula,
but thicker and darker cloud.
Strato-Cumulus . Cloud masses with some vertical
structure: rolls or waves sometimes cover-
ing the whole sky.
Stratus . A uniform layer of cloud resembling a fog,
but not resting on the ground.
Numbus . Shapeless cloud without structure, from which
falls continuous rain.
Scud, Small shapeless clouds with ragged edges: some-
times seen without other cloud, especially
in hilly country, but more commonly seen
below other clouds, such as cumulus and nimbus.
Heap Clouds.
Cumulus (wool pack clouds). Cloud with flat base and considerable vertical
height. Cauliflower shaped top.
Facto Cumulus. Small cumulus with ragged tops.
Cumulo Nimbus. (Anvil-Thunder or shower cloUv.) . Towering cumulus with top
brushed out in soft wisps or larger masses (false cirrus) and rail
cloud at the base.
The height of the heap clouds is very variable. The mean height of the
base is about 4,000 feet. The height of the top varies from 6,000 to 25,000
feet.
-3-
BEAUFORT SCALE OF WIND FORCE.
General
description.
Specifications of Scale.
Beauf ort
number »
Statute
m.p.h.
Calm
Calm; smoke rises vertically.
0
Less
than 1a
Light air
Direction of wind shown by
smoke drift, but not by wind
vanes .
1
1-3
Slight bfceeze
Wind felt on face; leaves
rustle: ordinary vane moved
by wind.
2
4-7
Gentle breeze
Leaves and small twigs in
constant motion: wind extends
light flag.
3
8 -12
Moderate breeze
Raises dust and loose paper;
small branches are moved.
4
13 — 18
Fresh breeze
Small trees in leaf begin to
sway: crested wavelets begin
to form on inland waters.
5
19 -24
Strong breeze
Large branches in motion.
Whistling heard in telegraph
wires; umbrellas used with
difficulty.
6
25 -31
High Wind
Whole trees in motion: inconven-
ience felt when walking against
the wind.
7
32 -38
Gale .
Breaks twigs off trees:
generally impedes progress*
8
39 -46
Strong gale
Slight structural damage
occurs. (Chimney pots and slates
removed) .
9
47 -54
Whole gale
Seldom experienced inland
trees uprooted: considerable
structural damage occurs.
10
55 -63
Storm
Very rarely experienced,
accompanied by widespread
dama ge .
11
64 -75
Hurricane
12
Above
75
E
CLOUD
Plate
Fig. i -CIRRUS
Fig. 3 -CIRRO-CUMULUS.
Fig. 5.— ALTO-STRATUS
Fig. 7.— CUMULUS.
Vi ss& Fig. 9. -NIMBUS
Fig. 4.— ALTO-CUMULUS
Fig 6 -STRATO-CUMULUS.
Fig. 8 -STRATUS.
Fig. 10.— CUMULO-NIMBUS.
fRonrodnced bv permission of the Encyclopedia Britannicn Company!
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Strictly i opyright. Design registered.
THE ELEMENTS AT WAR : WHERE THE RECENT BAD WEATHER ORIGINATED
We owe much to the south-west winds, but they bring us those cyclonic disturbances which make our climate, though the healthiest in the world, such an uncertain
quantity. Cyclones originate far out in the Atlantic and they almost invariably travel in a north-easterly direction, revolving spirally and counter-clockwise, with very
markel characteristics in different portions of their whirling mass of cloud, wind and rain, as particularised above. Often 2000 miles in diameter, they may take several
days to pass over our islands— if we are in the track of the vortex— and crossing over north-west Europe they are finally exhausted and dispersed in northern latitudes. The
diagram makes clear why during a cyclone the wind at a given spot can blow successively from every point of the compass.
[Reproduced by permission of the Graphic]
.
Irstry;^-*!bs*
The instruments used upon airplaisesMnay be divided into three different
classes. First, those used, in ordinary flight. Second, the instruments
occasionally used, for calibration, or for tests. Lastly, the meteorological
instruments which do not have to do directly with airplanes.
Those instruments discussed here will be those of the first two types,
the meteorological instruments will be dealt with elsewhere.
Outline .
Instruments commonly used:
1. The Aneroid Barometer, used for indicating elevations.
Construction: vacuum pans, lever system, dial.
The errors to which the instrument is liable; their importance.
2. The Air Speed Indicator,
Construction a;nd principle of operation of the various types.
Pitot Tube.
Pressure Plate.
Venturi Tube.
Anemometer, of the whirling cup variety.
Effects of density changes on the various instruments, their
operation at high altitudes, and the distinction between
a pure "speed indicator" and a "stall indicator".
3. The Inclinometers, both fore and aft, and transverse, usually of the
curved spirit tube type.
4. The watch, and the map board.
5. The Compass,
Ccnstruction .
The card, bowl, lubber line, and suspension of the bowl.
The use of a liquid in the compass bowl.
The Variation.
The Deviation.
The placing of the compass on an airplane: the various conditions
which should be fulfilled.
Compass adjustment, and how it is done.
The cause and effect of the compass errors due to the turning and
tipping of the machine, and those due to vibrations.
Practical management of the compass: how it may be made to read
geographic directions instead of magnetic ones.
Movable Lubber's Line.
6. The construction of the "Drift Indicator".
Gauges having to do with the engine:
7. The Tachometer, or Revolution Counter.
Construction, and relative advantages of the various types.
Centrifugal, Magnetic, etc.
-10-
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8. Radiator Thermometer,,
9. Gasoline Gauge, for quantity in the tank.
10. Air and Oil pressure gauges, of the ordinary form.
Of the second class may be mentioned the following:
11. Barograph, or Recording Aneroid.
12. Thermometers and Thermographs.
13. Rise and fall meters.
14. The Angle of Incidence Indicator.
15 . Flow meter .
16. The gyroscopic level. As yet it is not completely developed, but
it should be an important part of airplane equipment
when it is made in a thoroughly practical form,
17. Trigonometrical height finders, and Theodolites.
Tanle for obtaining Speed (m.p.h.) from a Pressure Tube
Speed Indicator.
Let S - actual speed.
S0- speed indicated on the instrument.
then S - SoC, where C is the quantity given in the table, and which
depends on the temperature and the pressure cf the air. It is assumed
that the indicator has been graduated to indicate spaed correctly at
barometric pressure of 30" and temperature of 70° F.
t°F.
Barometric
20" 22"
height in
24"
inches of
26"
mercury.
23"
30"
0
1.14
1.08
j. . 04
0.98
0.96
0.93
30
1.17
1.12
1,07
1.03
0,99
0196
60
1.21
1.16
1.11
1.06
1.02
0.99
90
1.25
1.19
1 .14
1.10
1.06
1 .02
This table is given in its full form in the Annual Report of the National
Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 1915, p. 97.
-11-
THE COMPASS IN AIRPLANES .
The" compass has recently become Important as an airplane instrument.
When long flights are attempted in the daytime, if the landmarks are not
thoroughly familiar to the pilot, it is generally advisable to steer with the
compass . At night, in the lack of stars or surface indications, the compass
is the only thing to afford an idea of directions. The magnetic compass is
now the only thoroughly practical type, as the gyroscopic compass, used on
airplanes, is still in a more or less experimental stage.
Construction.
The magnetic compass used on airplanes, as also on ships, is different
from that used on land in that the needles are attached to the card, and conse-
quently the whole card rotates with the needles. The card rests on a pivot,
which, in turn, is held inside what is known as a bowl. The bowl is perhaps
four inches in diameter, to accommodate a card slightly smaller. This bowl
is supported in one of two different ways. Either it is held in "gimbal rings",
or it is supported by a system of shock absorbing buffers. The pui'pose of the
gimbal rings is to always keep the upper surface of the bowl horizontal. This
is assisted by putting a weight in the bottom of the bov/1. The use of the
gimbal mounting is practically universal in ship compasses, but it seems that
the other and more modern type of mounting, employing an inner and an outer
bowl, and a specially made card is better suited to the particular conditions
of an airplane.
The "lubber's line" is a mark on the inside of the compass bowl, usually
in the form of a piece of bent wire, used to compare the heading of the machine
with the compass card. It is placed so that it is directly ahead of the pivot,
except in certain cases when it is moved sideways out of the central line for
a definite reason.
There are two types of compasses, the liquid and the dry types. A
liquid compass is one in which the card is submerged in a liquid which fills
the bowl. This liquid is composed of a mixture of alcohol and water. The
liquid serves two purposes. First, by the use of a flotation chamber on the
card, it releives the pivot of a large percentage of the weight of the card.
In the second place, the liquid has the effect of damping the oscillations of
the card. The dry compass is, as the name indicates, a compass without a
liquid, the card of which rests with its whole weight upon the pivot. There
are generally two or more needles mounted on the card. The large marine
compasses may have six, or even more. The needles in a 15.quid compass are
generally longer and more powerful than those of a dry compass.
E rrors of the- Compass .
The Variation, The variation is due to the fact that the north magnetic
pole does not coincide with the north geographic pole . The north magnetic
pole is approximately in longitude 97° west, and latitude 70° north. It is
therefore located in northern Canada. The compass will, if undisturbed, point
towards the magnetic pole, and not towards the geographic pole. A mep course
would be defined as being the angle made by the line going from the starting
point to the destination of the flight, with the map meridian. The magnetic
course would be the angle made by the same line with the magnetic meridian--
that is, the magnetic direction of the north magnetic pole. The Variation is
-12-
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the difference in direction between the two poles , In Flanders the variation
is about 14° W, in London, about 15° west;' arid here in Berkeley it is about.
18° east. While the variation is, in a sense, a compass error, it is not all
an annoying one , for wherever wa rsjxy be on the earth, we can know the variation
of that place. The correction of courses for the variation is a very simple
matter.
The Deviation- The deviation is caused by the presence of magnetic
materials in the airplane itself. The engine is generally composed almost
entirely of magnetic materials. The struts are frequently magnetic. Sometimes
even the wing frames are made of steel. Besides these there are numerous
wires, some moving and others fixed . Every one of these things will cause a
certain amount of deviation. A machine gun, if one is carried may produce a
marked deviation; likewise bombs and armor. It is possible to so design a
machine that the deviations are reduced to a minimum, but this is generally
not feasible in the case of a machine assigned for war purposes. The Curtiss
trans -Atlantic airplane had deviations which amounted to hardly more than two
degrees, while a war machine has been known to have deviations in excess of
thirty degrees. The deviations may be divided into two classes, the deflections
caused by magnetic masses that are fixed in relation to the machine, as
struts, wing frames, or immovable wires , and the variable deflections caused
by moving magnetic masses. Variable deviations would be caused by sliding
control wires, the moving machine gun, the engine, besides bombs and tools,
and such objects. The fixed deviations are easy to deal with in comparison to
the variable ones, in that they may in general be compensated for without much
difficulty.
The Placing of the Compass on an Airplane .
The conditions which should determine the proper place fur the Compass
on an airplane are as follows:
(1) The compass should be placed where it can be easily read by the pilot.
(2) It should be placed symmetrically with resoect to the disturbing masses
of metal. (This usually requires that the
longitudinal axis of the airplane.)
(3) It should be placed as far as possible
those producing variable deviations. This
that three feet, if possible.
(4) I should be placed where the vibration
instrument should be placed in the
from the disturbing masses, especially
distance should always be greater
is not excessive.
Compass Ad jus intent .
Compass adjustment consists in the partial elimination, or--more
properly--c ompensation of the magnetic disturbances known as deviations. It
is effected by applying magnets in such a manner that the disturbances are
neutralized. In determining the deviation the process is to M swing" the
airplane--that is--point it succesively to the various points of the compass,
noticing the difference between the indications of the compass and what the
indications should be were there no deviations. The deviation is said to be
west if the north point • is displaced westward, and east if the north
point is displaced eastward. Generally ir preparation for determining the
deviations, lines are drawn on the ground indicating the tone magnetic direc-
tions. These are laid out with the assistance of an undisturbed compass, or
by astronomical methods .
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If the machine is put on the intersection of the north-south and east-west
lines, its true magnetic heading can be readily determined. The process is
one of continued trial and adjustment with the compensating magnets, at the
cardinal points--nortn, scuoh, east, and west--ti.ll the indicaxions at those
points are practically correct. However there will generally be left out-
standing deviations in the intermediate positions. If these cannot be taken
out by further adjustments, it will be necessary to determine them accurately,
and allow for them in computing the course.
The compensating magnets used in adjusting the compass are generally
placed quite close to the compass itself, usually below it, but sometimes
above it or on the side. It is most convenient to have the compensating magnets
below the compass if the deviations can be properly accounted for by such a
position. They are more out of the way, and less subject to accidental motion*
Example: A machine has been compensated as nearly as possible with the
magnets. It is then pointed at the various headings, usually eight, and the
deviations are noted. A "Table of Deviations" is given belowr. Column one gives
the magnetic heading, and column two the corresponding angle in degrees. Column
three shows what the compass reads, and four, the deviation. It is the differ-
ence bdtween columns two and three.
One
Two
Three
Four
N
360
359
1 E
ME
45
51
6 W
E
90
89
1. s
SE
13 5
131
4 E
s
180
180
0
sw
225
233
8 W
w
270
268
2 E
NW
315
309
6 W
It is sometimes thought more convenient to represent these deviations
on a graphical construction, called a "Curve of Deviations". The curve as
slightly easier to use, in that it saves interpolation to obtain deviations
on courses intermediate to those given in the table.
Other Compass Errors.
Error due to the turning; and tipping of the machine. In turning a
corner there are two principal factors which tend to produce disturbances in
the indications of the compass. (1) The effect o.f centrifugal force on the
compass card. (2) The change in the relation of the deviation producing masses
of magnetic rnetal to the compass, caused by banking or patching.
(l) The magnetic field of the earth which affects the compass needle
is not parallel to the surface of the earth except at the magnetic equator.
At the magnetic poles of the earth, the field is perpendicular to the surface,
and the directive effect of the needle is zero. At parts cf the earth inter-
mediate to the magnetic poleaand equator the earth's field is inclined down by
a certain angle, which is called the di_p. Compass needles would therefore tend
to tilt downwards toward the north (above the magnetic equator) were they not
weighted on their south ends. It is this inequality in the weight of the two
ends of the compass needle which tends to produce large displacements of the
-14-
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card. In turning a corner the centrifugal force set up acts to throw the hero?''/
end out on the curve. In the case of a sudden turn the card may be thrown
completely around. The sharper and it ore rapid the turn, the greater will the
disturbing effect be., no matter whether the rna chine banks or skids on the turn.
(2) The error due to the change in the amount of the deviations in
banking is relatively not so important. It is called the "heeling error",
in the case of ship compasses. For banking, the error is more pronounced on
north-south courses than on east-west courses. Its effect may be completely
hidden in the greater centrifugal displacement. It is possible to compensate
this error by means of a heeling corrector, though in the case of airplane
compasses it is not usually done..
Error due tc v: oration . This error varies very greatly with conditions.
It depends upon a number of different factors, such as tne damping of the card,
the support of the instrument, besides upon the nature of tne engine, and
other things. Many machines will have no deflection at all due to vibration,
the determination of its importance is entirely a matter of experiment for
each machine.
Practical Us? of the Compass.
The compass deviations are removed by the process of adjustment, first
because they have a tendency to make the card unsteady, and second, to save
the annoyance of correcting magnetic courses to compass courses before being
able to ai/eer them on a compass* It is entirely possible to correct the
compass not only for deviation, but for the variation also. When this is done,
the pilot will steer on his compass a geographic course, just as it was taken
off the map.
One of the simplest ways to do this is merely to move the lubber's line
away from the longitudinal axis of the airplane. It should be moved sideways
by an angular amount which is just sufficient to cause the variation effect
to disappear. For instance, if the variation at the place where the airplane
is in use is say 15° W, the variation would be eliminated if the lubber's
line is moved 15° to the left, or to the west, if the machine is heading north*
This correction once made is general for all courses, but it ceases to be
correct if the variation changes', i.e. if the airplane is moied far enough
over the earth to noticeably change the value of the variation.
The error due to turning is apt to appear when flying in clouds, or on
a dark night when neither landmarks or stars are visible. The machine may
make a turn, but the centrifugal force causes the card to turn in the same
direction, but farther. This tells the pilot that he has made a turn in one
direction, when actually he has turned the other way. For instance, a pilot
may have been steering a course due north, and then turns toward the north-
east. The compass card may turn in the same direction, but further, indicating
a turn to the north-west, perhaps. In attempting to correct his course, the
pilot will almost invariably overshoot the proper course, and the card will
then begin to oscillate back and forth, as a result of over-correction first
on one side, then on the other. It is found that best way to steady down a
card once it has started its oscillations, is to first fir.d some fixed object
on the ground or in the sky, and then steer towards it till the compass settles
down again.
H. M. J.
-15-
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APISNDIX K5
Contains the to 11 owing:
Copy of Syllabus of ENGINES DEPARTMBHT
Furnished to Cadets* (30 pages)
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(1)
TOOLS
Micrometer
Thickness (feeler) gage
Screw Pitch gage
Common threads - U»S.5» and S.A.E.
Files
Safe edges
File card
CARE OF ENGINES
Inspection
Tinkering
Changing oil
Covering at night
Draining radiator, cold weather
Handling
Uncrating
Moving
Installing
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E N G I N 3 ACTION
Broad division of engines into two classes
1st - Fixed cylinder, subject of present lectures
2nd - Rotating cylinder, to be studied later.
ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS
Light weight
Low fuel consumption.
Reliability
POWER : -
Definition of H.P*
Brake H.P. and indicated H.P.
Weight per H.P.
VELOCITY: -
Meaning of r.p.m.
Enginer speed, equivalent to crankshaft speed
SOURCE OF POWER : -
Pressure due to heating confined gases, pressure increasing with
temperature
TRANSMISSION OF POWER:-
Charging of cylinder
Combustion and rise in pressure
Pressure on piston delivered through wrist pin, connecting rod
and crankshaft to propeller.
DISCUSSION OF PARTS - their functions, construction and materials:-
Cylinders : -
Names of parts
Description of Curtiss OX, Hall-Scott, Sturtevant and welded
cylinders, with especial reference to
Cylinder material
Water jacket material
Method of attaching cylinder and water jacket.
Valve locaxion
Detachable cylinder heads
Single, pairs, blocks of 3 and 4.
How attached to crank case
Meaning of cylinder bore
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(3)
Valves : -
Function
Materials - tungsten steel, nicket steel, etc.
Face - angles of face
Stern
Spring
Valve action, to be studied later in detail.
P istons : -
Function
Materials, aluminum alloy, cast iron, steel
advantages of aluminum alloy
Names of parts
Piston clearance - definition
res sons for
greater at top of piston
Definition of stroke of piston
Piston Rings:-
Function
Materials, cast iron, steel
Types of joints, diagonal and step
Number used per piston
Oil rings
Wrist Pins : -
Func tion
Material, steel, case hardened
Hollow, account of lightness and lubrication
Methods of retention
Location of wrist pin bearing
Connecting Rods : -
Function
Material
Upper end, bronze bushings
Body, types, I-beam, H-section and tubular
Lower bearing
split
bronze backed babbitt bearings
types- plain, forked and articulated
Crank Shaft : -
Functi on
Material
Names of parts
Crank Case : -
Functions
Material, aluminum alloy
Upper half
Sump
Splash pans and partitions
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(4)
Thrust Bearings
Functions
types, - Double plain ball thrust
Single row annular
Double row annular
FOUR -STROKE CYCLE : -
Definition of cycle
Relation of piston stroke to crankshaft revolution
Names of strokes
Intake or suction
Compression
Power cr expansion
Exhaust
1 - Intake or suction: -
Direction of piston travel
Creation of partial vacuum
Action of valves
Carburetion
Intake manifold
2 - Compression: -
Direction of piston travel
Action of valves
Compressing of charge
Ignition and combustion of charge
Point of ignition under working conditions - reason
Degree of compression
Relation between compression and efficiency of engine
Heat of compression
Limit of compression - pre-ignition
3 - Power or expansion:-*
Direction of piston travel
Action of valves
Initial temperature and pressure
Pressure drop in cylinder
Combustion chamber
Heat loss - water jacket, exhaust, friction
Back- kick
Mis-f iring
4 - Exhaust : -
Direction of piston travel
Action of valves
Back-firing
DIRECTION OF ROTATION
Four-stroke engine not reversible
Method of finding direction of rotation, valve action.
.(5)
NORMAL and ANTI-NORMAL, ENGINES : -
Definitions
Geared propeller drives
TYPES OF CYLINDERS: -
Comparison of T-head, L-head and I-head or overhead-valve cylin-
ders, with reference to weight, efficiency and location of
valves .
VALVE ACTIONS : -
Direct
Short rocker arms
Push rods, pull rods and rocker arms
camshaft - construction and speed of rotation
Valve clearance
MULTI -CYLINDER ENGINES
Advantages
Lighter - less weight per H.P.
Smoother application of power
Less vib ra t ion
Higher speed
Types :-
Vertical - 4 and 6 cylinder
Vee - 8 and ±2 cylinder
lighter and more compact
General discussion:-
70 r\ 0
Space between explosions = — — 1 —
Number of cylinders
Any two cylinders with piston travelling together will
fire one revolution apart (or 360°)
Cylinder numbering:-
Vertical engines number from pilot's end toward propelle
Vee type numbered according to various systems
a - Curtiss numbering
b - Other numbering
Relation between firing orders and balance
Relation between direction of rotation and firing order
Method of finding firing order
FIRING ORDERS : -
4 -cylinder vertical : - /
’4-cylinder crankshaft, crank pins $1 and #4, ff 2 and #3
always working together
1_3 -4-2 firing order generally used , 1-2-4-3 equally
good but less common.
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(6)
8-cylinder engines
4-cylinder crankshaft used, each crank pin receiving power
from two cylinders, one in each block
Reasons for Vee and for angle of Vee (90°)
Firing order, normal Curtiss OX - 1-2-3-4-7-8-5-6
Firing order, normal Curtiss VX - 1-8-3-6-7-2-5-4
Standard firing orders
using either four-cylinder firing order in each block,
starting at opposite end of engine in each block and
alternating between blocks
6-cylinder vertical engines :-
Crankshaft throws 120° apart, #1 and "6, § 2 and #5, $3 and
#4 always working together
Crankshaft can be built in either of two ways with reference
to relation between throws
Firing orders :-
most common - 1-8-3-6-2-4 (Hall-Scott A-5-a, normal)
less common - 1-4-2-6-3-5
12-c vlinder Vee type engines : -
6-cylinder crankshaft used
Angle of Vee for evenly spaced explosions, 600
angle usually decreased to reduce head resistance
Firing order, same principle as standard eight-cylinder
firing order, using either of the basic 6-cylinder
firing orders in each block.
VALVE TIMING: -
Factors affecting valve timing
Inertia of gases, speed of piston, size and shape of manifold,
location, size, lift and number of valves per cylinder
Methods of timing valves
Angular, as used by Hall-Scott, Liberty, Sturtevant, etc.
Linear, as used by Curtiss engines
Lead of valve - opening before center position
Lag of valve — opening after center position
Angular Method :-
Measurement of crankshaft travel in degrees
Example - Hall-Scott A-5-a timing diagram:-
(7)
Linear Method : -
Measurement of linear travel of piston in cylinder
Example - Curtiss OX timing
Lead, lap and lag
Reasons for having
Adjustments and effect of each on valve timing
Camshaft
re-meshing of camshaft gears
means of adjusting between teeth
Valve clearance
Pur -pose
expansion of valve stem
adjustment of valve timing
Method of a a j us ine nt
Effect of camshaft out of time and clearance wrong
Steps to be taken in timing an engine:-
1 - find direction of rotation of crankshaft and camshaft
2 - Place timing disk on crankshaft and check its. position
3 - Adjust valve clearance on $1 exhaust valve to standard
width, valve to be tight closed and cam turned
away from its follower
4 - Turn crankshaft in proper direction until $1 crank pin
is in position for exhuast valve to close
5 - Unmesh timing gear's and turn camshaft in proper direction
until jf- 1 exhaust valve has Just closed,, check closing
by watching for light between valve stem and tappet.
6 - Mesh timing gears
7 - Check opening of $1 exhuast valve, re-adjust camshaft
and clsarnace of this valve if necessary
8 - Adjust clearance on remaining valves so that all ex-
haust valves close cn time and all intake valves
open on time.
(8)
LUBRICATION and COOLING
THEORY :-
All machined parts are rough. Two surfaces rubbing together pro-
duce friction.
Oil film is formed between bearing surfaces. Parts dc not touch.
This oil film serves to cut down friction and wear and to
carry away the heat generated by friction. Fluid friction is
less than solid friction.
Bearings - hard steel shaft - soft babbit bearing.
Babbit - copper, tin, lead, antimony, zinc
REQUIREMENTS OF A LUBRICANT: -
1 - Sufficient viscosity to keep surfaces from contact
Viscosity - rate of flow of oil through a capillary tube
or orifice compare with rate of flow of pure sperm oil
through same tube at same temperature .
2 - Greatest possible fluidity consistent with above
3 - Lowest possible coefficient of friction
Proportional to viscosity
Friction depends on ares, (proportional) - independent of
pressure, proportional to square of velocity, independent
of surfaces but dependent somev/hat upon their roughness.
4 - Capacity for storing and carrying away heat
5 - High temperature of decomposition
6 - High "flash” point and burning point (20° above flash) . Flash
point is temperature at which oil gives off sufficient va-
por to form a temporary flash when a flame is brought near
(open and Abel’s testers), 300° to 500° F. and above
7 - Power to resist oxidation
8 - Freedom from acid and alkali which would corrode metals
9 - Should not thicken too much when cold
10 - Should net leave deposits
KINDS OF LUBRICANTS - -
Mineral :-
Petroleum - fixed cylinder engines
Procured by fractional distillation of crude petroleum
Can be used repeatedly if screened
Will not oxidize
Will not leave much of a carbon deposit - lighter oil leaves less.
Orpanic : -
Animal and vegetable - rotary engines.
Castor oil principal one used in airplane engines
Will not mix with gasoline
Higher viscosity, expecially at working temperatures
Cannot be used over
Oxidizes quickly, becoming gummy
Has poor cold test
Contains acids which are freed at high temperatures
Mixed :-
Mineral and organic
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(9)
PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS OF OILING SYSTEMS
Pumps
Plunger - less reliable, spring return, valves, small capacity
Gear - reliable, high pressure, weight less per unit of dis-
charge, uniform pressure.
Gauges
Pressure, flow, sight, etc.
Relief Valves
Filter Screens:-
Purpose - eliminates carbonized oil, filings, etc.
Location
Sump and auxiliary tanks :-
Reclamation: -
Dry sump
TYPES OF OILING SYSTEMS
Partial force feed (Hall-Scott)
Full force feed (Curtiss OX, Liberty 12, Hispano-Suiza)
Reasons for force feed
shortens and lightens bearings
Oil at all positions of engine
Required amount delivered where needed
Pressure gauge indicates action of system
OIL COOLING SYSTEMS
Benefits derived
Types
Jacketed intake manifold (Hall-Scott)
Radiator (Hispano-Suiza)
Auxiliary tank (Sturtevant)
Carburetor air intake through sump
OILS USED:-
Hall-Scott
Summer - Mobile "A"
Winter - Zerolene Heavy Duty
Curtiss
Summer - Mobile
Winter - Mobile nA” (lighter)
COOLING SYSTEMS:-
Reasons for.
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WATER COOLING: -
Advantages :-
Better cooling
H i ghe r c empress ion
More even cooling of parts of cylinders
PUMPS:-
Gear - positive
Centrifugal - permits flow whether pump is operating or not.
best type
THERMO-SYPHON SYSTEMS: -
RADIATORS
Tank and cooler
Types, tubular and cellular
Repair of radiators
Cleaning of radiators
Location in plane
WATER JACKETS :-
WATER PIPING AND HOSE CONNECTIONS :
Precautions
ANTI -FREEZING SOLUTIONS
Kinds used
Disadvantages
Rarely used on the front
AIR COOLING :-
Engine sometimes lighter
Requires larger valves
Limit to bore of cylinder, 4-1/2” to 5"
No water jackets, radiators, water pump, etc,, required
Low compression necessary, not more than 75$ per square inch
Newton's law, cooling directly proportional to velocity of air and
to exposed surface area.
Cooling flanges
Blowers
Types using air cooling
All revolving cylinder engines
Radial, Anzani, etc.
Fixed cylinder engines , Renault, R.A.F.
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(XI)
CARBURETION
GASOLINE:-
Chemical composition
Physical properties
Density
Boiling point
MIXTURES OF GASOLINE AND AIR:-
Theoretical mixtures
Pi’actical mixtures
Imperfect mixtures
Indications of imperfect mixtures
Limits of explosibility
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A SIMPLE CARBURETOR:
Mixing chamber
Simple jet
Factors controlling flow through jet
Choke tube
Purpose of choke tube
Throttle
Engine speed controlled by throttle
Types of throttles
Float chamber
Float
Needle valve and operating mechanism
ACTION OF A SIMPLE CARBURETOR AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS
Tendency toward richer mixture with increased speed
Need of compensation
Methods of compensation
NECESSITY FOR HEAT: -
In carburetor
Vapor saturation point
Cooling effect of evaporating gasoline
Methods of heating
In intake manifold
Condensation
Methods of heating
EFFECT OF ALTITUDE
Effect on density of air
Effect on mixture
Methods of correction
Manually operated
I
( iz )
ZENITH CARBURETOR
Main carburetor for normal speeds
Compound nozzle
Main jet and cap jet
Compensating plug
Action of each jet
Choke or Venturi
Throttle
Strangler
Secondary carburetor for idling speeds
Why it is necessary
Priming plug
Regulator (slow speed) screw
Throttle stop screw
Carburetor settings:-
The four variables of the Zenith carburetor
How numbered
Relative speed at which each has its greatest effect on the
mixture
Effect on the mixture of different changes of setting
Adjustments of the Zenith carburetor: -
Adjustments for idling
Regulator (slow speed) screw
Throttle stop screw
Float level adjustment
MILLER AVIATION CARBURETOR:
Float chamber
Float
Needle valve and operating mechanism
Screen and dirt trap
Mixing chamber
Absence of Venturi
Jets
Meaning of jet numbers
Construction
Location
Idling jet
Throttle
Type
Throttle stop adjustment
Provision for lubrication
Coil spring to return throttle to closed position
Method of setting carburetor
Damper
SIX-CYLINDER AND VEE ENGINES
Disadvantages of using one carburetor
How offset
Duplex carburetors
Advantages of duplex carburetors
(13)
Zenith Carburetor
(14)
SECTIONAL. VIEW OF THROTTLE AND JET HOLDER
SECTIONAL VIEW OF FLOAT CHAMBER
chamber lid
(15)
TOP VIEW
/
(16)
GASOLINE FEED SYSTEMS
Gravity
Air pressure
Accessories necessary
Vacuum systems
Gasoline pump systems
ROTARY ENGINES
GENERAL FEATURES
Rotating parts
Stationary parts
Disposition cf cylinders
Cooling
Advantages and disadvantages
MAKES IN GENERAL USE:-
Gnome
Le Rhone
Clerget
Oberursal
GNOME MONOS PUPA PE
9-cylinder, 100 H.P. at 1,200 r.p.,m.
Bore, 110 mm, stroke 150 mm
Weight of land type with accessories, 260j^
Crankshaft : -
Machined from chrome nickel steel drop forging
Hollow
Made in two parts to permit of assembling master connecting rod
Taper joint at propeller end of crank pin, keyed and held with
lock nut
Single crank throw set facing vertically upward
Back plate and centralizing plate fastened to crankshaft and
belted to bearer plates
Crankshaft stationary and supports engine in plane
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(18)
Cylinders
Machined from nickel steel forging
Air cooled, integral cooling and base flanges
Fifty b nun, holes drilled below bottom base flange serve as
inlet ports from crankcase
Spark plug boss welded in leading face of cylinder
Single valve in head of each cylinder, serves as exhaust
valve and for inlet of fresh air
Valve cage fits on copper asbestos gasket on shoulder in
cylinder head, held in by ring nut.
Crank Case:-
Split in plane of cylinders
Two halves machined from similar steel forgings, held to-
gether by 9 bolts and centered by 9 dowel pins
Space between two base flanges on cylinders clamped between
halves of crank case
Third base flange prevents cylinders from rocking
Key prevents cylinders from turning
Connecting rod assembly:-
Hub and shank of master connecting rod made in one piece
Machined from chrome nickel steel drop forging
Master rod hub revo]ves on crank pin on two single row an-
nular ball bearings
8 other rods pinned to master rod hub
Piston: -
Made of cast iron, with concave head
Piston bosses attached to piston head
Two piston rings; Obturator ring with packing ring and oil ring
Trailing edge of piston skirt cut away to prevent interference
of pistons
Valve Gear:-
Valv.e operated by push rod and rocker arm
Balanced to offset effect of centrifugal force
Light valve spring
Tappet moves in bronze guide held in flanges of distribution
case
Cam pack consists of cam gear and 9 hardened steel cams keyed
to steel sleeve with bronze bushing and held together with
ring nut.
Revolves on propeller end of stationary crank shaft
Driven by planetary gears in direction of engine rotation at
one-half engine speed.
Propeller
Propeller hub keyed on to "nose" bolted to distribution case
Thrust of propeller carried through crank case to double row-
annular ball thrust bearing at pilot’s end of crankcase.
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(19)
Ignition system;**
Single high tension magneto mounted on face of back plate
Gear on magneto armature shaft meshes with spur wheel, arm-
ature driven at 2-1/4 times engine speed
High tension wire from magneto leads to stationary brush
mounted on back plate .
Brush wipes segments of high tension distributor mounted on
pilot's end of crank case
Bare brass wires connect segments of distributor with spark
plugs
Cylinder numbering - ffl cyl. contains Master con. rod
Firing order 1,3 , 5, 7 , 9,2,4, 6, 8,
Carburetion system: -
Engine driven air pump mounted on face of back plate maintains
5jf air pressure on gasoline and oil tanks
Air pressure gauge and pressure relief valve in cockpit
Gasoline from tank fed through fine adjustment needle valve,
controlled by pilot, to spray nozzle in cra.nk case
Method of controlling engine speed
Mixture in crank case very rich, non-explosive
Mixed with pure air in cylinder of engine
Gasoline consumption 10 gallons per hour (normal)
Oiling system: -
Engine driven double plunger oil pump mounted on face of back
plate
Two leads through hollow crank shaft
Two pulsators in cockpit
Fart of one lead to thrust box, remainder to cams, gears, tap-
pet rollers and rocker arms
Second lead to connecting rod assembly and piston pins
Splash feed to pistons and cylinder walls
Oil consumption, 2-3/4 gallons of castor oil per hour
Valve timing: -
Set spark occurs
Exhaust opens
Exhaust cJ oses
Inlet ports uncovered
Inlet ports covered
18° before T D C on compression stroke
350 after T D C
120° after T D C, 395° later
20° before B D C
20° after B D C
(20)
LE RHONE ENGINE
9-cylinder, 80 H.P. at 1,200 r.p.m.
Bore 105 mm., stroke 140 irmu
Weight with accessories, 240 #
Cylinders
Machined from steel forgings
Integral cooling flanges
Cast iron liner shrunk in
Inlet and exhaust valves in cylinder head
Spark plug boss in leading face
Threaded at base and screw into crank case - locked by ring nut
Crankshaft
Similar to that of the Gnome
Crank case:-
Made in one piece, of steel
9 holes around circumference, threaded to take cylinders
Distribution case and thrust box bolted to crank case
Connecting rod assembly:-
H-section rods machined from drop forged steel
Shoes on big end of rods fit in annular grooves in common hub
Hub revolves on crank pin on two single row annular ball
bearing
3 grooves in hub, 3 rods in each groove, rods in 3 lengths
Pistons : -
Cast iron
4 steel rings
Convex head
Hollow steel piston pin locked in piston bosses
Trailing edge of piston skirt removed
Valve gear:-
Valves in cylinder head operated by push and pull rod
Cam roller rocker arms
Cam plates
Propeller:-
Fastened to extension of crank case
Thrust carried through crank case to double ball thrust,
bearing at pilot’s end of crank case.
Ignition system: -
Similar to that of the Gnome
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(21)
■Part Sectional Views of Le Rhone Rotary Cylinder Engine, Showing Method of Cylinder Retention,
Valve Operation and Novel Crank Disc Assembly.
Valve
Rocker,
Induction Pipe
..-Piston
..■-/Hr Cooling Flanges
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Spark \ •*%:
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Air Cooled /
Cylinder--'
Lock Nut
Threads to
hold Cylinder
Crank Case-''
Wrist
Pin
■Connecting
Rod
..-Connecting Rod
and CrankShaft
Assembly
Valve Lift Rods
View Showing Le Rhone Valve Action and Connecting Rod
Big End Arrangement.
-
(23)
Carburetion system:-
Carburetor at pilot's end of hollow crank shaft
Slide throttle
Metering pin
Air intake from outside fuselage
Back-fire screens
Explosive mixture in crank case
Induction pipes to intake valve in each cylinder
Gasoline consumption, 8-1/2 gallons per hour
Oiling system:-
Engine driven oil pump mounted on face of back plate
Pulsator
One oil lead
Branches
Oil consumption, 1-1/4 gallons per hour
Valve timing: -
Set spark occurs
Exhaust opens
Exhaust closes
Intake opens
Intake closes
26° before T D C on compression stroke
45° befox'e B D C
5° after T D C
18° after T D C
35° after B D C
CLERGET ENGINE : -
9-cylinc.er, 130 H.P. at 1,200 r.p.m.
Bore 120 mm., stroke 160 mm.,
Weight with accessories, 365 $
Crankshaft, similar to that of the Gnome
Cylinders
Machined from nickel steel forgings
Inlet and exhaust valves in cylinder head
Two spark plug bosses in leading face
Shoulder at base of cylinder fits in recess in crank case
Crank co.se:-
Similar to Gnome
Connecting rod assembly:-
Similat to Gnome - tubular rods
7.J.I : ;t '...'U-,.
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(24)
Pistons
Aluminum alloy
Piston pin support attached to piston head
Two obturator rings
3 cast iron rings
Trailing edge of piston skirt removed
Valve gear : -
Valves operated by separate push rods and rocker arms
Flat seated intake valve
Cam plates
Propeller
Similar to Le Rhone
Ignition system;-
Double ignition
Two high tension magnetos mounted on face of back plate
Two stationary brushes
Two rows of segments in distributor
Bare wires to spark plug
Carburetion system: -
Engine driven air pump similar to Gnome maintains 4 jf air
pressure on gasoline tank
Carburetor at pilot's end of hollow crank shaft
Air intake from outside fuselage
Separate control of gasoline and air
Slide throttle
Explosive mixture in crank case
Induction pipes to intake valve in each cylinder
Gasoline consumption 12 gallons per hour
Oiling system:-
Single plunger oil pump mounted on face of back plate
Variable stroke of plunger
Pulsate r
One oil lead
Branches
Oil consumption 2 gallons per hour
Valve timing: -
Set spark occurs
Exhaust opens
Exhaust closes
Intake opens
Intake closes
25° before T D C on compression stroke
>68° before B D C
5? after T D C
5° before T D C
58° after B D C
'
■
: •
(25)
IGNITION
GENERAL ~ IGNITION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES :
1 - Necessity, to accurately time explosions
2 - Conditions affecting ignition point
Mixture, r.,p„m. , position of plug, diameter of cylinder,.
6 I'C o
3 - Adjustable position of spark for variable speed engines
4 - Two systems in use
(a) Magneto - most common
(b) Battery and transformer coil, used on Liberty engine,
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY:-
Sources of electricity - machines, chemicals and heat
Conductors of electricity - metals, carbon and water
Conditions governing flow of electricity
a - Circuit must be complete (closed)
b The volt - unit of pressure
c - The Ampere,- unit of quantity
d - The watt - unit of power. Volt X ampere - Watt - H.P,
e - The ohm - unit of resistance.
FUNDAMENTALS OF MAGNETISM: -
Definition - the force of attraction between two pieces of iron or
steel
Conductor - Iron and steel carry magnetism about 1,800 times better
than all other things
Retaining power - of iron or steel depends largely upon hardness
Care of magnets - do not jar, heat or leave without keeper
RELATION BETWEEN MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY: -
Electricity will generate magnetism if sent through a coil of wire
Magnetism will generate electricity if the magnetism within a coil
of wire is changed
APPLICATION OF FUNDAMENTALS TO IGNITION DEVICES: -
General characteristics of Battery and Transformer Coil system: -
a - Battery or generator furnishes direct current electricity
for primary coil of transformer
b - Transformer - primary to cause very rapid changes of mag-
netism in iron core. Secondary to use change of
magnetism to generate electrical impulse
c - Breaker points - separation of points stops flow of elec-
tricity in primary coil, thus cuasing a rapid change
of magnetism in iron core and produces high tension
impulse in secondary which is delivered to spark plugs
d - Position of spark in cycle - "advance” , best position for
high speeds, "retard”, later position for safety in
starting
(26)
e - CondenGer - prevents burning points, shortens time of
break in primary circuit, causing a sudden drop in
nagnetism and increased voltage in secondary coil
f - Distributor - distributes secondary current to proper
spark plug
g - Safety gap - prevents excessive voltage in secondary
coil which would injure insulation
General characteristics of High Tension Magneto system:-
a - Permanent magnets used to magnetize iron core of
primary coil
b - Magneto shaft must be turned rapidly to generate spark
c - Primary and secondary coils, breaker points, condenser,
distributor and safety gap perform the same func-
tions as for battery systems
TYPES OF HIGH TENSION MAGNETOS : -
a - Shuttle type - two coils revolve between poles of permanent mag-
nets,, Two positions in a revolution of armature at which the
strongest electrical impulse is generated
1 - Bosch - position of armature core with breaker in full ad-
vance position, 1/8" to 3/16" gap. Breaker points - gap
when open, ,018"
2 - Berling - position of armature core with breaker in full
advance position, 3/16" to 1/4" gap. Breaker points-
gap when open, .016" to .020"
b - Inductor type - two stationary coils on an iron core in which
the magnetism is changed by a rotating member
1 - Dixie - position of rotor at separation of breaker points
.020" Possibility of more than two breaks in a
revolution. Breaker point gap when open, .020"
c - Starting magneto - may be either shuttle or inductor type, hand
operated through gear drive by pilot, high tension lead
connecting to auxiliary brush on distributor finger
DEFINITIONS : -
a - Single ignition, one spark per explosion
b - Double ignition, two simultaneous sparks per explosion from
separate mechanisms
c - Timing - piston in position for full advance spark, distributor
brush on correct segment, advance breaker box, breaker
points just ready to separate, mesh gears, connect distri-
butor segments to spark plugs in firing order of cylinders.
d. - Synchronizing, making all breaker points separate at the same
instant .
(27)
(28)
Cotter Pin
(29)
This Plug used only
with Oil Badiator
(30)
TROUBLE SHOOTING
1 - Must first know performance of engine when operating correctly
a - required r.p.mc, from tachometer
b - normal cooling water temperature (leaving) 140° F.
c - smooth, rapid acceleration and lack of vibration
2 - Locate base of trouble by systematic elimination of possible causes.
CLASSES OF TROUBLES :
a - Noisy action:-
1 - Worn bearings or excessive end play of crank, shaft
2 ~ Worn piston, causing "piston slap"
3 - 'Worn or loose gears
4 » Valves nor properly searing - loose gaskets
5 •• Insufficient lubrication
b - Misfiring:-
1 - Valve not properly seated, improper tappet clearance
2 - Defective spark plugs or wiring
3 - Air leaks to inlet manifold or inlet valve stems
4 - Oil on magneto breaker or carbon deposit on distributor.
c - Overheating:-
1
2
3
4
5
d - Failure
1
2
3
4
e - Failure
1
2
3
4
f - Failure
1
2
3
4
- Insufficient cooling water
- Dirty radiator or closed hose connections
- Thin oil, dirty oil, broken oil lead, tight bearings
- Excessive carbon deposits in cylinder
- Rich mixture or retarded spark
to start
- No fuel, no spark, improper valve timing
- Throttle too far open
- Too heavy cylinder priming
- Dirty spark plugs or gap not of correct width
to stop:-
- Broken or loose wire to shorting switch
- Defective shorting switch
- Defective shorting connection in magneto
- Excessive carbon deposit in cylinder
to throttle down:-
- Air leak to inlet valve or manifold
- Control rod to throttle broken or disconnected
- Throttle not closing (stop screw)
- Poor idling adjustment
APPENDIX K6.
Contains the following:
Copies of Syllabi of OBSERVATION DEF RTMENT
Furnished to Cadets on:
Cooperation of Airplanes with Artillery and Photography-
Syllabus (8 pages)
Cooperation of Airplanes with Artillery (Complete)
Lecture notes (not furnished to cadets) (23 pages)
Miniature Artillery Observation Range (7 pages)
Typical Example of a Prearranged Shoot (7 pages)
Code Signal Card (l page)
Map Reading (21 pages)
Pin-pointing and Map Problems (8 pages)
I
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DEPARTMENT OF OBSERVATION
Syllabue of Course in
COOPERATION OF AIRPLANES >71 TH ARTILLERY
I. General Duties of the Air Service.
Assigned to the Army Corps Squadrons. ,
1. Reconnaissance.
2. Cooperation with Infantry (Contact Patrol).
3. Cooperation with Artillery.
Assigned to the Army or Army Group Squadrons. (Bombing and Battle Squadrons).
4. Pursuit and Combat.
5. Bombing.
6. Fighting on the Battlefield (with machine guns and bombs against
infantry) .
II. Field Artillery.
1. Types, a. Guns. b. Howitzers, c. Mortars.
2. Characteristics, a. Construction, b. Angle of Elevation.
c. Muzzle-velocity, d. Trajectory, e. Charges, f. Kinds of fire,
g. Time of flight of projectile.
3. Projectiles used. a. Types, (High-explosive, sharpnel, armor-piercing
common gas, liquid fire.) b. Fusing (Time, percussion).
4. Errors of the piece . a. 100/£ Zone of Dispersion, b. Normal atmos-
pheric conditions, c. Error of the day or error of the moment.
III. Duties of the Artillery.
1. Barrage fire.
2. Counter-battery fire.
3 . Bombardment .
IV. French Artillery.
1. Classification, a. Divisional artillery, b. Corps artillery.
c. Army artillery. .
10 km.
DIAGRAM SHOWING
THE
ORGANIZATION OF A FRENCH ARMY CORPS
ARTILLERY AND AIR SECTORS
Explanation o? the Diagram
showing the
Organization of a French Array Corps
Artillery and Air Sectors
ZONES OF ENEMY TERRITORY.
aa, ab, ac - Zones of enemy territory into which the First Division fires*
Ca, cb, *c " Zones of enemy territory into which the Second Division fires.
£&» &P, gc - Zones of enemy territory into which the Corps Artillery fives.
DIVISIONAL ARTILLERY.
AA, AB, AC - H.Q. C.O. of the groups of First Divisional Gun Batteries.
CA, CBt CC - H.Q. C.O. of the groups of Second Divisional Gun Batteries.
(The Commanding Officer of each of the above groups is a Major. He has under
him a Captain in charge of each of the batteries of his group and there is general-
ly a Lieutenant in charge of each of the guns of the battery) .
BA, BB - H.Q. C.O. of the groups of First Divisional Howitzer and Mortar
Batteries .
DA, DB se H.Q. C.O. of the groups of Second Divisional Howitzer and Mortar
Batteries .
(The Commanding Officers here are exactly the same as those given above for
the Divisional Gun Batteries).
A - H.Q. C.O. of the First Divisional Guns.
C = H.Q. C.O. of the Second Divisional Guns.
B = FI. 0. C.O. of the First Divisional Howitzers and Mortars.
D = H.Q. C.O. of the Second Divisional Howitzers and Mortars.
(The rank of the four officers above (viz.. A, C, B, D) is Lieutenant Colonel),
E = H.Q. C.O. of the First Division. (Flank - Colonel).
F = H.Q. C.O. of the Second Division. (Rank - Colonel).
CORPS ARTILLERY.
GA, BB. GC = H.Q. C.O. of the groups of Batteries of Long Flange Artillery, or
Corps Artillery. (Rank - Uncertain) .
G - H.Q. C.O. of the Corps Artillery. Duties tactical.
(Rank - Uncertain) .
J - H.Q. C.O. of the Corps (i.e. of Corps Artillery Organization).
Duties strategical. Gives orders to G and munitions E and F.
(Rank - General).
H, I - H.Q. C.O. of adjacent Corps. (Rank same as J).
(The orders for the Divisional Artillery come, not from the artillery officer,
J, but from the commander of the entire Army Corps, because the action of the light
artillery is so closely connected with the action of all other units in the corps,
particularly that of the infantry.)
AIR SECTOR
E', F‘, G' - Air Squadrons assigned to the artillery commands E, F, and G,
respectively.
J* = Air Squadron assigned to the general, J, as a base Squadron.
E", F”, G" - Balloons assigned to the artillery commands, E, F and G,
respectively.
— _ — „
52 sg t-
2
e, g - Photographic Sections assigned tc the artillery commands, E, F and G,
respectively.
j = Photographic Section assigned to the general, J, as a base Section.
K = Air Commander, Chief of the Air Sector, and advisor to the general J.
K has under him L, M and N in charge of their respective departments.
= Aviation Officer, in chrrgr. of the Air Squadrons.
= Information Officer, in charge of th? photographic Sections.
= Balloon Officer, in charge of the Balloons.
LARGER UNITS.
The next larger unit to the army corpG is the army, containing two or more
corps. A still larger unit, embracing two or more armies, is the army group.
It is to be remembered that this diagram illustrates but one of the crops in an
army and that there may be many armies facing the enemy front, side by side, each
two or three of which will be classed together as an army group.
s ■ : .
. ■ ' i • •• • - 4
2. Organization of a French Army Corps (Artillery and Air Sectors).
See diagram and explanation.
V. Methods of Identification and Communication.
1. Identification panels, a. Divisional artillery, b. Corps artillery.
2. Signalling from artillery to airplane, a. Ground strips (with
Identification panel), b. Window-shutter* panels (panneaux).
c. Projectors, d. Wireless.
3. Signalling from airplane to artillery, a. Wireless, b. Projectors,
c. Very’s lights, d. Smoke bombs, e. Circling signals, f. Message
bags .
4. Signal Codes, a. Use of the International Morse Code. (Code for
adjustment of fire, Service signals. Single letters, Two-letter groups,
Groups of two letters and one numeral, Three-letter groups. Two-numeral
groups. Three-numeral groups, Four- to eight-numeral groups. Messages
in Morse code in complete words), b. Codes used by other methods of
signalling.
VI. Conduction of shoots.
1. Methods of firing, a. By piece, b. By salvo, c. By volley.
2. Method of reporting single bursts, a. Position of battery known,
b. Position of battery unknown, c. General rules for reporting.
3. Method of reporting salvo fire. a. Rules for reporting, b. Variations
of salvo fire.
4. Kinds of shoots, a. Prearranged shoots, b. Impromptu shoots.
5. Method of flying in a Prearranged shoot, a. Diagram, b. Explanation.
DEPARTMENT OF OBSERVATION
Syllabus of Course in
INTERPRETATION OF AERIAL PHOTO G.RAPI IS
I. Prime Importance of Photography.
1. Sources of Inf ormatlon ♦
a. Personal observation.
b. Patrol reports.
c. Prisoners * reports.
d« Sounds and flashes,
e. Photography.
2. Advantages of Photography.
a. Reliability of information obtained.
b. Detail recorded.
C. Permanency of records.
II. Classification of Photographs.
1 . By Angle of Exposure.
a. Oblique photographs.
b. Vertical photographs,
2, By Purpose of Exposure.
a. Definite area or position.
b. Line photographs.
c. Stereoscopic photographs.
Page 2. Photography
III. Prominent Features in Photographs.
1, Trenches.
a. German trench organization.
b. Appearance of main, communicating and dummy trenches.
2. Locations of Firing Pieces.
a. Indications of battery position,
b. Indications of machine gun position,
c. Indications of trench-mortar position.
3. Openings to Underground Passages.
a. Dug-out entrances.
b. Mine-shaft entrances.
4. Lines of Communication.
a. Railways and tramways; roads.
b. Paths and tracks.
c. Buried cables and air lines.
5. Barbed-Wire Entanglements.
a. Appearance.
b. Visibility of gaps .
IV. Rules Observed in Interpreting.
1. Auxiliary Map. 2. Direction of Light. 3. Method in Search,
4. Concentration. 5. Independence of Evidence. 6. Comparison.
. Annotating.
' ' ' • • f : •' * .
’
' ■
.
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■
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'
Appendix
Five Lectures
on
COOPERATION OF AIRPLANES WITH ARTILLERY.
Given at the TJ.S.S.M.A. , Berkeley, Cal.
Jan. 1919.
There are six General Duties of the Air Service as follows: -
1. Reconnaissance. An aerial reconnaissance is a flight over enemy
territory with a view to obtaining as much information as p<ssible that may be
of value to your own command. The reconnaissance observer is used also to test
out our cwn camouflage.
2. Cooperation with Infantry (or Contact Patrol). Assisting in
transmission of information between the advancing infantry and staff head-
quarters and also the artillery.
3. C0operation with Artillery. Discovering and locating new targets
and observing and reporting fire of artillery batteries .
These are the duties assigned to the Army Corps squadrons or the
Observation squadrons, as they are sometimes called.
4. Pursuit and Combat with enemy aircraft to prevent their operations
over our own lines also to accompiny friendly planes of a heavier type, eg.,
reconnaissance planes, bombers, etc.
5. Bombing vital points of the enemy’s works generally beyond the range
of our own artillery.
6. Fighting on the Battlefield with bombs and machine guns against
personnel on the ground. Developed from the work of Cooperation with Infantry.
These are tin duties assigned to the Army or Army Group Squadrons,
sometimes called the Bombing and Battle squadrons.
Field Artillery.
There are three fundamental types of pieces, (a) guns, (b) howitzers,
(c) mortars. They differ In the following characteristics, (l) Construction:
The caliber of a pieve is its smallest bore diameter cf the distance between
opposite "lands” • A land is a projection between the grooves of the rifling.
(Fig. l). Modern guns in the Field Artillery range in caliber from 75mm to
340mm (3” to 13”), howitzers from 15 5 mm to 520mm (6” to 20"), mortars from
220mm to 293mm (6n to 10”), Caliber is used as a unit of measurement for
the other parts of the piece, principally the length. Modern guns are about
50 calibers long, howitzers about 20 and mcr tars about 10. All modern artillery
is rifled, ie,, a series of spiral grooves is cut dew n the bore in a right hand
screw direction. Th© twist or pitch is not constant thruout the length. In
guns it increases gradually from 1 turn in 50 calibers of length at the breech
to about 1 turn in 25 calibers when two calibers from the muzzle and then con-
tinues uniformly. The steel projectile is slightly smaller than the bore of
the piece (to reduce erosion) and there is attached to its base one <x more
copper rotating bands slightly larger than the caliber. The rotating band
is forced into the grooves d the rifling and a revolving motion of about 8,000
rpm is imparted to the projectile. This keeps the nose foremest in flight.
The theoretical rotating speed may be calculated from the known muzzle velocity
and the pitch of the rifling, but there will always be a large amount of slip.
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2.
Guns are the longer and they are generally the lighter "built and more mobile
pieces. T^e smaller ones are built on field carriages and the larger onesare
often built on railway carriages. Some Howitzers are built on wheel carriages
but the largest are always built on casemented foundations. Mcrtars are
practically always built over pits on semi-permanent foundations.
(2) Angle of Elevation;- On account of their comparative length and
mounting, guns are not ordinarily used at elevations over 15° or 20° above the
horizontal. however, the split-tail carriages makes it possible to elevate
| guns up to 40° thus taking over many of the duties cf the howitzers for long
range work. Howitzers will elevate up to 45° and mortars up to 65° or more.
Howitzers and mortars are nob ordinarily used at low elevations. The anti-
aircraft gun is a special case.
(3) lizzie Velocity (M.V.):- Due to the greater length of barrel in the
case of guns, the expanding gasses cfthe ignited charge have a longer confined
distance in which to impart their energy to the projectile. Consequently,
the velocity of the projectile as it leaves the muzzle of the piece, muzzle
velocity, is greater in the case of guns than howitzers or mcrtars. Average
values are 3,000, 15 00 and 85 0 feet per second respectively.
(4) Trajectory:- T^e projection of the path of the projectile during
f light upon a vertical plane jr rallel to the direction of fire is the tra-
jectory. Theoretically, this is a parabola and the maximum range obtained is
with an initial angle of 45° (Angle of Elevation) . Due to its comparatively
1 aa angle of elevation and high muzzle velocit y , the trajectory for a gun
will be dong and flat. J0r a howitzer, and mere pronouncedly for a mortar*,
the trajectory will be higher, more curved and shorter, as shown in the figure.
( Fig. 2)- Since a mcr tar is elevated over 45°, its range is decreased by
increasing the angle of elevation. Dut to the clockwise rotation of the shell,
the resistance of the air and the far ce of gravity cause the pith to curve
slightly to the right, i.e., the shell does not travel exactly in the line in
which the piece is pointed. T^e discrepancy, measured at the point of impact,
is ceiled the drift.
(5) Charges. Ammunition fer guns up to 155mm comes in a brass case with
a percussion cap for igniting, filled with the powder charge and with the pro-
jectile fixed in the muzzle end. This is exactly the same as small arms ammunition
(except for size) and is called Fixed ihnmunition. For the larger guns and far
; all howitzers and mortars, the projectile and powder charge come separate. This
is called Separate Ammunition. A gun has, as a rule, a charge of but one weight
of powder to go with its projectile. (The smaller guns, when engaged in barrage
fire, have this amount reduced, as we shall see later). This is called a Fixed
Charge; the range is changed by chaging the angle pf elevation cfthe piece.
Howitzers and mcrtars change their range both by changing the angle of elevation
of the piece and by changing the weight of powder in the propelling charge.
T^ese are called Varied Charges. With each charge, there is a certain zone
cr strip of terr itory that can be swept over by chaiging the elevation of the
i piece thru a certain arc. The next charge will sweep over the next zone by
changing the elevation of the piece thru theerfeatf® arc. Adjacent zones, of
course, overlap slightly. T^is is illustrated in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. It should
be noted that, with the mertar, the shortest range is gotten with the highest
elevation* H0witzers have 5 different charges and hence 5 zones, mcrtars 9.
T^e highest number indicates the heaviest charge. A Howitzer uses but one weight
projectile for all charges but a mortar uses a lighter projectile with the 8th
and 9th charges $than with the first 7) to further increase the range.
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(6) Kinds of Fire;- Fire from guns at the lower elevations and using
full service charges is called direct fire. Fcr barrage fire* a Reduced Charge
is used ahd it is then called indirect fire. All fire from howitzers and mortars
is called curved fire* the highest, high angle fire. The original and obvious
meaning of Direct Fire is where the target can be seen and fijlmed at directly
by the gun pointer. Similarly, Indirect Fire, is where the setting is made
from reports and calculations.
(7; T^e Time <f Flight of a projectile depends upon its pth (trajectory)
and the speed with which it travels along that path. This is independent of
atmospheric conditions, altho the ro-nge is not. To fire 10 kilometers, a 300tam
howitzer must be elevated higher than a 300mm gun fcr the same range • Hence the
distance along this trajectory or the path traveled over is greater for the
howitzer and, in addition, the rate of travel, or speed, is slower. The time
required for the projectile from the howitzer to reach its objective will be
55 seconds while from the gun it will be only 15 seconds. If a mortar were used,
(mortars are not used fo so great a range, however), the projectile would re-
quire even longer time for its flight than if fired from a howitzer. It is
very important that the observer knew the time of flight he is to expect f ram
the battery whose fire he is assigned to observe. He cannot watch the target
closely f O' a very long interval of time. He sends the signal to fire (by
radio), watches for the flash of the gun at his ®n battery, then allows for
the T jine of Flight (perhaps by the aid of a stop-watch) and, at the proper
instant, concentrates all his attention on the target . He sees the !iburst" ,
visualizes it and locates it with the aid of a photograph which he has been
furnished.
Projectiles .
T^e following types of projectiles are in use with modern artillery, viz..
High-explosives, Shrapnel, Common, Armor-piercing, Gas and Liquid fire. II. E.
is used from all types of pieces against material and artificial cover bjrt not
against personnel. I^s case is one piece and bursts on percussion. Shrapnel
is used against personnel and by guns only because of the low remaining velocity
and the high angle d* descent of a shell from other pieces. (Fig. 5). Shrapnel
lias a two-piece case filled with a bursting charge at the rear and bullets near
the nose. At burst, the bullets are thrown out thru a cone, called the cone
of dispersion, the angle of which is fixed and determined by the con struct ion
*o? the shell and the rotational speed. Common shells may or may not be filled
with a bursting charge. T^e name embraces types not otherwise classified.
Armor -piercing shells are made specially strong and are usually constructed
with a very pointed, hardened steel cap over the nose, which enables them Id
pierce armor. Generally their fusing 5.s such as to allor penetration before
exploding. Gas shells a re filled with a liquid (chlorine or mustard gas)
which scatters over the ground on burst and quickly vaporizes, forming a gas
heavy and dense enough to remain close to the ground. Liquid fire shells are
filled with an inflammible fluid which bursts into flames upon rupture of the
shell. T^ey are used for incendl ary purposes. High- explosive- shrapnel shells
are a combination cf* the two forms indicated. There is a head containing the
high explosive which continues flight after the burst of the shrapnel bullets
behind it. The combination is effective where it is desired to destroy personnel
and artificial cover simultaneously and also against barbed-wire entanglements.
T^ere are two methods of fusing a shell to regulate its burst, time fusing
and percussion fusing. V/^th time fusing, the burst will occur at the end of
a fixed interval of time, starting from the instant that the shell leaves the
muzzle <f the piece. With percussion fusing, the burst may be made to occur
instantaneously with or at some definite time interval after hitting the objective.
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These give instantaneous and delayed-action percussion respectively.
Errors of the P^ece .
All conditions remaining constant, including the setting of the piece,
all the shots will not fall exactly at the same spot but they will fall over
an elliptical area on the ground. This phenemonon is called dispersion and
the elliptical area, the Zone <£ Dispersion or, more specifically, the 100$
zone of dispersion. The causes f <r t|p.s may be enumerated a3 follows: -
1* Personal errors in loading, aiming and setting.
2. Condition cf the piece.
3. Action cf the carriage (jump, braking, etc*)
4. Condition and uniformity of the projectiles.
5. .Condition and uniformity of the powder charge.
6. In time fire, the action of the fuse.
If a large number of projectiles are fired, the/- will not all travel along
the same pith thru the air, the theoretical trajectory, but the paths cf all
may be embraced by a conical sheath wlics e axis will be the true theoretical
trajectory as shown in Fig. 6. The intersection of this sheath with ground
will be an ellipse and 100$ of all the shots will fall within this elliptical
area.. Tye shape of this ellipse will depend upon the nature of the ground and
also upon the range since the longer the trajectory, the greater will the
divergence become. Due to the more nearly vertical angle of descent for a
howitzer and still more for a mortar, this zone will be much wider in pro-
portion to its length than for a gun. If the ground slopes toward the piece,
the zone will be shortened, whereas a reverse slope, especially for a low,
flat trajectory, will lengthen it very decidedly. Fig* 7 shows this zone,
the major axis being in the direction in which the piece is firing* or in the
axis of range. If this ellipse is divided into 8 strips or belts of equAl
width measured along the ajor axis, the percentage of shells that will fall
in each strip or small zne will be as indicated in the figure. The two zones
on either side of the center together take up one-f ourth of the entire length
of the ellipse a d they are often spoken of as the 50$ zone. Example: 155m
gun at 10km range, ellijse is 300m x 40m.
Error of the Day cr Error of the Moment.
The 1005 zone lias been considered when all conditions were fixed and
constant. It is the purpose d? the Battery Commander to set his niece so
that the center of this zone will fall on the objective and he must then
”trust to luck” that some cf ths shots will be effective* low the ” shooting”
of a piece from day to day is affected by the prevailing atmospheric conditions.
Standard atmospheric conditions are said to exist when the temperature of the
air is 60° F, the barometric pressure, or air density, is 30 inches of mercury
arid no wind is blowing. Fe>r any other conditions, there s a correction in the
range or deflection sotting or both which is applied to all calculated settings*
This is called the error of the day cr , more precisely the Error of the Moment
since, actually, it does change from moment to moment. An increase in the
atmospheric pressure will increase the density of the air and also the resistance
to the projectile passing thru it thus decreasing the range for a fixed setting
of the piece. A decrease in the atmospheric pressure will do the opposite.
An increase in temperature will tend to decrease the density of the air and
hence will increase the range. A fall in the temjK*ature will have the opposite
effect. A wind in the direction the projectile is traveling will increase the
range while a wind against the projectile will decrease the range, A wind from
the right will turn all the shells to the left, while a wind from the le ft will
turn them all to the right.
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For a concrete example, talc© a 75mm gun set at 5 1cm* range* A chage in temper-
ature of 30° F will change the range 150 mj a change in pressure of l” of
mercury will change the range 50 m and a 25 mph wind in the line of the trajectory
will chaige the range 150 m, If these are cumulative errors (i. e., all in
the same direction), the effect might he a change of 350 m, in range. On the
other hand, they might he compensating errors, i.e,, tend to balance each other,
A wind directly across the trajectory will affect the deflection only l/4 to
1/2 as much as the same wind in the line of the trajectory will affect the range.
Advantage is taken of thid fact to reserve enfilade fire for a windy day, nob
that better work can be done on such dsys, but that this particular work can be
done to less disadvantage than any other work and, of course, every day must be
utilized#
Th® changes noted above should, more precisely, be spoken of as changes in
the mean range and mean deflection. In other words, the error cf the day will
shift the 100$ zone as a whole but will not dhange its size or shqae appreciably ,
In order to more quickly determine this error and hence thdcorrect setting
for a target, in the enemy territory, it is general practice for a battery d* small
caliber pieces to register Ho. 1 gun on a trial target. This is a target
(preferably at about the sane range asi the reel target ) which can be seen by a
t errestrial «r, at least, by a balloon observer, When the trial target is
Lit a brac^e ued . tlie piece is trained thru the required azimuth angle and the
other pieces set if or parallel fire and the same range. Each battery will have
a number of* these trial targets and a daily record will be kept of the required
setting for a hit on each. This method of ranging is called Registration
and the evident purpose is to enable the battery commander to open effective
fire on any point in his assigned territory in the shortest possible time.
The value of the surprise element id considered worth the ammunition spent
on the trial target. Of course, all shells fired at the trial target are
wasted, so far as effect on the enemy is concerned so, for the larger caliber
pieces, where the ammunition is more expensive, it is customary to range lo. 1
gun on tne i eal target directly and then set the other pieces from the setting! <£
Ho. 1. - &
Duties tf' the Artillery.
The tliree primary duties of the artillery are. Barrage Fire, Counter-
battery F^re, and Bombardment, It has been said that the artillery subdues, -
the infantry occupies. At any rate, in modern warfare, any successful infantry
action is highly dependent upon efficient artillery preparation. Effective
artillery work is dependent upon good observation from the air. So thaj, we may
say that any advance depe nds upon good observation during the da^s immediately
preceding it.
Barrage fire may be defined as fire in which the projectiles fall in the
fern of a curtain of shells. It may be used to prevent attack on the part of enemy
infantry, to cut of f reinforcements and, by means of the creeping form of
barrage to clear the way for and accompany the advance cf friendly infantry.
%en / these curtains are laid down in a line in front of or behind the enemy
trench, they are knon as line barrages . Laid down at right angles to a trench
posiuxon, x tanking olie same, it would" be called a flank barrage. Should a
combination of line and flank barrages box an enemy pos it I on , the fire would be
termed a box barrage. This is illustrated in Fig. 3.
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All pieces may be used in barrage fire, but those chiefly employed are the 75 ’s
with reduced charges and the light howitzers (115mm). No ranging, of course, would
be possible during banage fire, as the shells of any particular battery would simply
be lost in the shower. However, important trench points would, in best practise, if
there were time beforehand, have been previously registered.
Counter-battery fire is fire on enemy batteries and it is here that airplane
observation finds its greatest opportonit , for efficient and essential cooperation,—
not so much in neutralization fire as in fire for destruction. Neutralization fire
has for its object, the temporary silencing of enemy batteries seen suddently active
during an attack and is directed primarily against the battery’s personnel. Gen-
erally, time cannot be taken for ranging, this being known with sufficient accuracy
from previous registration or from map locations. Medium pieces are used and gas
shells and shrapnel when directed against the personnel particularly. Fire for
destruction must be constantly observed by the best means available until the desired
demolition is attained. Heavy guns and heavy howitzers are used for this work.
Bombardment embraces all fire not already classified and is carried out by the
very heaviest of all types of pieces. Heavy guns are used against vertical gargets
and heavy howitzers against cover* Here too -airplane observation is very essential,
in fact, with the heaviest long .range pieces, hardly a shot is fired without an
observer.
French -artillery
Classification according to Sizes and duties.
It is the French practice to call their Lighter pieces Divisional Artillery,
the Medium pieces Corps Artillery and the Heaviest pieces Amy Artillery. There is
no separate command for the Amy Artillery inthe field but any particular oart of it
is allotted to the corps at the point where it is assigned to work, ordinarily,
there is not enough Amy Artillery for each par ticuiar Corps along the front, but
it is shifted from place to place where it will be most effective. To the Artillery
allotted to the Division, naturally falls the prime duty of barrage fire while
counter-battery work is the first duty of the Corps Artillery and bombardment is the
principal occupation of the heavy Amy Artillery pieces.
In the Divisional Artillery are the 75mm field guns whose duties are, in general
barrage fire, wire-cutting, night firing to prevent reconstruction and destruction
of enemy positions within range. Here are classified also the 155mm field howitzers
and the lightest (220-270 mm) mortars which are called upon to destroy fortified
works assigned to the Divisional Artillery, fire on slopes and with gas shells on
troops in cover such as woods. They also aid in barrage fire.
The Corps Artillery embraces principally the medium guns (100-155mm) and is
employed in counter-battery work, both neutralization and destruction, night firing
on contoments and supply lines and also in barrage fire on occasion.
The Amy Artillery includes the 140 to 340mm guns, the 370 to 520mm howitzers
and the 270 to 293 mm mortars and is used by the different army corps in the bombard-
ment and destruction of forts and concrete works and in all long range fire such as
on cantonments, supply lines and supply centers and ammunition dumps.
Classification according to Organization in the Field.
in the field, we will find the Divisional Artillery group (two or more per army
corps) and the Corps Artillery, the Army Artillery, when present, being allotted to
this last command. We will now consider more in detail the organization of the
artillery and air service in a French Amy Corps, The zones of enemy territory
allotted to different groups of artillery have already been mentioned. They are
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defined by any natural boundaries which exist on the ground such as rivers, fences,
railroadsl roads, etc. Those from the enemy front to about 2 km back are allotted
to the two (ormore) divisions of zones are assinged to the corps artillery. The
The artillery map carried by the observer depicts these zones in different colors,
for each of which will be indicated in the same color ( a circle about ^ km in
diameter) the approximate location of the group or battery firing into that zone or
area. The corps front will be somewhere near a kilometer and a hlaf in length and the
arrangement of the artillery before it will be better understood from a study of the
following diagram and explanation. It must be understood that this is a diagramatic
representation made regular and symetrical in order that it may be more easily seen and
grasped. Actually, there may not be the same number of zones or battery groups
indicated and they will be located according to the terrain and shape of the front.
The lines on the diagram represent lines of communication#
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Explanation of the Diagram
showing the
Organization of a French Army Corps
Artillery and Air Sectors
ZONES OF ENEMY TERRITORY
aa, ah, ac - Zones of enemy territory into which the First Division fires,
ca, ch, cc - Zones of enemy territory into which the Second Division fires,
ga, gb, gc - Zones of enemy territory into which the Corps Artillery fires.
DIVISIONAL ARTILLERY.
AA, AB, AC - H.Q. C.O. of the groups of First Divisional Gun Batteries.
CA, CB, CC - H.Q. C.O. of the groups of Second Divisional Gun Batteries,
(The Commanding Officer of each of the above groups is a Major. He has under
him a Captain in charge of each of the batteries of his group and there is general-
ly a Lieutenant in charge of each of the guns of the battery).
C.O. of the groups of First Divisional Howitzer and Mortar
Batteries .
C.O. of the groups of Second Divisional Howitzer and Mortar
Batteries,
BA,
BB
- H.Q.
C.O
DA,
DB
- H.Q.
C.O
(The Commanding Officers here are exactly the same as those given above for
the Divisional Gun Batteries.)
A - H.Q. C.O. of the First Divisional Guns.
C - H.Q. C. 0. of the Second Divisional Guns,
B - H.Q. C.O. of the First Divisional Howtizers and Mortars.
D - H.Q. C.O. of the Second Divisional Howitzers and Mortars.
(The rank: of the four officers above (viz.. A? C, B. D) is Lieutenant Colonel),
E - H.Q. C.O. of the First Division. (Rank - Colonel).
F - H.Q. C.O. of the Second Division (Rank - Colonel).
CORPS ARTILLERY.
GA, GB, GC - H.Q. C.O. of the groups of Batteries of Long Range Artillery, or
Corps Artillery. (Rank - Uncertain) .
G - H.Q. C.O. of the Corps Artillery. Duties tactical,
(Rank - Uncertain).
J - H.Q. C.O. of the Corps (i.e. of Corps Artillery Organization).
Duties strategical. Gives orders to G and munitions E and F.
(Rank - General)
H, I - H.Q. C.O. of adjacent Corps. (Rank same as J).
(The orders for the Divisional Artillery come, not from the artillery officer,
J, but from the commander of the entire Army Corps, because the action of the light
artillery is so closely conneete with the action of all other units in the coprs,
particularly that of the infantry.
Ai * SECTOR
E', F', Gf - Air Squa|3-rons assigned to the artillery commands E, F, and G. respectively
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J* - Air Squadron assigned to the general, J, as a base Squadron.
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e, f, g - Photographic Sections assigned to the artillery commands, E, F and G-,
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j - photographic Section assigned to the general, J, as a base Section.
K - Air Commander, Chief of the Air Sector, and advisor to the general J,
K has under him 1# M and II in charge of their respective departments.
1 - Aviation Officer, in charge of the Air Squadrons,
M “ Information Officer, in charge of the photographic Sections.
U - Balloon Officer, in charge of the Balloons,
lARGrhR UNITS.
The next larger unit to the army corps is the army, containing two or more
corps. A still larger unit, embracing two or more armies, is the army group, it
is to be rememberred that this diagram illustrates but one of the corps in an army
and that there may be many armies facing the enemy front, side by side, each two or
three of which will be classed togeMier as an army group.
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Methods of Identification and Communication.
We will now take up the different means of communication between the air and the
ground, considering, first, the method of identification of friendly battery positions
means of the identification panel. These panels are pieces of cloth (oil-cloth or
canvas) three meters on a side, square in the case of divisional artillery, diamond
shaped (with diagonals in the ratio of 2 to 3) in the case of the heavier, or corps,
artillery. Each group or subgroup (Battery) is supplied with one of these panels
in white for ordinary use and one in black for use in snow. It is supplied also with
three small squares or diamonds of blakc (or white for snow) cloth one meter on a side.
Each battery is assigned an arrangement of one or more of these small pieces on the
large panel which mark identifies that command. There is a possibility of approximate-
ly forty different combinations using one, two or three of the smaller peices. See
Fig. 9.
Signalling from the Artillery to the Airplane,
The most important means of signalling to the air from the ground is by means of
white strips of cloth, called ground strips, placed near the identification panel.
Each signalling station has three rectangular strips of white (black for use in snow)
1 m by 3 m with wooden battens on either end to facilitate handling. Messages are
formed by the relative position of one or more of these strips with respect to each
other and to the identification panel as a base. See Fig. 10 and the Department Code
Card. On the card, the panel is shown blank, i.e., without any identification
markings. These messages are displayed on a dark colored patch of ground, if
available, and preferably one sloping toward the observer. It should be noted that,
according to the French Manual, these messages, as shown on the card, are placed so as
to be read looking from the rear of the battery in the direction of the target; or,
in other words, the observer will ordinarily see the messages upside down. A corporal
and two men will be detailed to operate all signalling apparatus located in the vic-
inity of every signalling station and to remove them on the approach of enemy aircraft.
Only a limited number of short messages can be sent by the ground strip method.
For longer messages or ones not covered by this code, the window- shut ter panel
(panneau a persienne) is very important. This is made up of 7 strips of cloth,
1.5 m x 0.4 m laid side by side so that, when open, it forms a rectangle of white,
1.5 m x 2.8 m. Each of these strips is arranged to fold half over on itself along
a line parallel to its 1.5 m dimension. The set is connected up by a system of
strings, springs and levers, all seven working together, and normally held folded.
The under side is a dull neutral or khaki tint not visible from the air, the upper
side is white. Thus, by pulling a lever a short distance, a rectable of white may
be made to appear and disappear instantaneously. This is a visual method of
telegraphing by Morse code (dots and dashes) and it may be used up to about 5 words
per minute. Each one of the ground strip messages has a Morse equivalent which may
be sent by this (or other) means. The message is generally a repeated character
(eg. a series of 2’s) which is sent until seen and acknowledged by the observor.
Another method of visual signalling is by means of projectors or large search-
lights, 35 to 90 cm. in diameter. They are used principally to answer observers’
signals and to call his attention to signals by other means. When provided with
shutters, the Morse code may be sent. One man is required to direct the light
tov;ard the observer while a second works the shutter. They are not good on a bright,
clear day.
The use of wireless from ground to air is limited by the want of development of
a capable receiving set on the airplane. At present, only a few machines around
important headquarters are so equipped.
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Signalling from the Airplane to the Artillery.
At the beginning of the war (1914) the best means of signalling from the observer
to the artillery was by means of Very’s Lights, supplemented, perhaps, by message bags.
These lights are shot from a Very’s pistol, a brass pistol of large bore and short
barrel. The cartridges give out colored lights or "star-shells” - red, green or
white - bursting, of course, the number of signals possible with this method are
limited both by the number of colors easily distinguishable and by the capacity of
the cockpit for ammunition. Frequently the observer would run out of ammunition during
a shoot and would have to resort to Circling Signals. For example, a circle to the
right might mean the same as a greem light, etc.
The next development was a small projector or searchlight used by the observer.
These are, of course, much smaller than the projectors used on the ground, being
perhaps 24 cm. in diameter. They are arranged with a pistol grip and a shutter
operated by the trigger. The source of energy is a battery, or small generator. At
night these may be seen as far as 3 to 10 km,; in the daytime from 1.5 to k km. In
the case of any means of visual signalling, the efficiency is impaired by distance,
sunlight, clouds and fog, and the necessity of continually directing the light toward
the receiver.
The latest and most satisfactory development is radio or wireless and this is now
used in work with the artillery practically to the exclusion of all the other methods.
It has the advantages of speed and independence of the degree of visibility and number
of different signals that can be sent. Interference between waves from different
machines is its only disadvantage and this may be greatly overcome by limiting the
number of machines to each kilometer of front, and by prohibiting the sending of
messages within two kilometers of the antennae of any receiving station along the front.
This latter would set up what is called "jambing” which tends to drwon out messages
from all machines in the vicinity. This interference is also avoided by the assignment
of different wave lengths, varying the strength of emission and prefixing all messages
by # Station Calls” (as AB). It may be necessary, in very congested sections, to giVe
each observer a watch with a colored dial and assign him a color. The hand will pass
over this color at intervals, during which time he may send signals.
There are other means of signalling used still in work with the infantry. Smoke-
bombs may be dropped as signals to the receiving station, these bursting within sight
of the ground. They may also be so constructed as to be shot from the Very’ s pistol.
Both smoke-bombs and Very’s lights are important means of attracting the attention of
men in the trenches in connection with Infantry Cooperation as is also the Klaxon
horn. Finally, written messages may be placed in a corrugated metal tube, called a
Message Bag, about nine inches long and one and a half inches in diameter and provided
with a long cloth streamer to keep its nose down and to help break the fall and attract
attention as it falls to earth. These should bo dropped as nearly as possible over the
identification panel of the receiving station and where no enemy fire is falling other
wise the purpose of airplane transmission, speed, is 14)st. The fall should not be over
300 ft. (for accuracy) and the receipt of the message should be acknowledged. All bat-
teries within 500 m to the real* of the airplane should cease firing. Message bags are
also made of canvas or heavy khaki.
Signal Codes Used.
As we have seen, these methods of signalling use either a code of their own, -
as Very’s lights which use a color code and ground-strips which use a code of position, -
or they use the International Morse code of dots and dashes as in the case of wireless,
winu owshutter panel and projector. The French use two characters not included in our
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alphabet and you will have use one and perhaps both of them. They are " e* 2 -
. (acute e) and "ch" - .
Different groupings of letters and numerals in Morse are used for different code
signlas. These are employed to convey as much information as possible with the
fewest characters.
1. The code for adjustment of fire, (dee card for 12 signals).
2. Service signals (See card for 10 signals) .
For work; on the range, the man in the lower gallery, acting will use the symbols
"H", "L" and ;0K" for "high", "low" and "correct", respectively, these corrections
referring to tixe amount in figures, as we shall soe later. The code will be discarded
on leaving the school.'
3. Single letters are used to designate important targets, as "R".
4. Two-letter groups, as AB, are used as station calls or battery calls.
5. Groups of two letters and one numeral are used to designate subgroups or
posts of sub-commands in the same way as (4). EG., AB 1 means battery Ho, 1 of group AB
6. Three-letter groups, as BTA, "battery in action", are used to designate enemy
positions. (See card for 11 signals).
7. Two-numeral groups, as 01, "first gun."; 28, "cease firing" are used for
designation of locations and in adjusting fire. Some of these are left open for
special uses. (See card for 31 signals).'
8. Three-numeral groups are used for expressing distances in meters when
correcting artillery fire. Eg., 101 - "100 meters", 075 - "75 meters",
175 - "175 meters", etc.
9. Four to ten numeral groups are used for expressing map coordinates or pin-
points, eg., "09 25" or "22094 29256"
10. Messages in Morse code in complete words, which are to be used only when
unavoidable.
Conduction of Shoots.
A concise definition for a "shoot" as we will use the term, may be given as
follows;- ” shoot is the coordinated action between a battery and an airplane
observer with the purpose of destroying some enemy objective."
The closest touch between observer and battery commander is an essential factor
in successful shooting. Hot only should the onserver acquaint himself with the
difficulties and elays a battery is liicely to encounter, but also the conserving of
his own time while in the air should be considered and every thing possible thot out
and planned in detail between himself and the battery commander before undertaking a
shoot. The observer has, on an average, but three hours a day for actual flying,
and it must therefore be husbanded by careful preparation.
There are two general Kinds of shoots. Prearranged and Impromptu.
A prearranged shoot is one in which the details are planned beforehand on some
known enemy target, perhps the day or the evening before. Hinety-five percent of
artillery observation can be thus prearrange.;, the observer being thoroly familiar
with the location and details of the target to be attac ed as well as the plan of
attack, methods of signalling and wage length assigned, sizes and location of pieces
and nature of shell and fusing to be usea, and, finally, the time of flight of each
type of projectile to oe employed.
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Shoots which are not arranged beforehand are called Impromptu. Shoots.
The number of such shoots is comparatively small, being only about 5/0. These
include the engagaing by means of a spare battery or piece or, perhaps, if the
target is of great enough importance, by interrupting the shoot in progress, some
newly discovered target, as an enemy battery seen suddenly very active, or a target
of a fleeting nature as a tropp concentration. it may be necessary for the Battery
Commander himself to change his plan of counter-battery work and to order observation
on an unplanned- for target, thus making the shoot imp romp ty.
Methods of firing and Reporting Fire.
It is the business of the observer to note where the shell fails with respect to
the target and to report this to the Battery Commander. He simply tells what he sees.
HE DOES HOT TELL THE B. C. HOW TO SET OH CH/tNGE HIS PIECE, this will be done according
to the laws of artillery fire. The observer will make his report in a certain code
form and the manner of doing this will depend upon the manner in which the battery is
firing.
In all shoots, firing may be by piece, by salvo or by volley.
Fire by piece is sometimes used in starting a shoot ^especially with the heavier
pieces) or it may be ordered by the observer to correct erratic fire from a single
piece during a shoot, the order designating the number of the piece to be adjusted,
"single Bursts'* will, of course, result when but one piece is fired.
A salvo is a round of shots from all pieces of a battery, one shot from each piece
and they are all fired as nearly simultaneously as possible. Salvo fire is used,
especially from batteries of the lighter pieces, in registering targets and in
adjusting fire in counter-battery work or in bombardment.
In volley fire, each piece of the battery fires the number of rounds disignated
in the command and as rapidly as possible. The pieces do not fire in any particular
sequence, but cease when the designated number of rounds have been fired. This will
result in a "storm of projectiles and ts termed, by the French "rafale".
In reporting single bursts, there are two general, cases, (1) Where the position
of. the battery is known to the observer, (2) Where the position of the battery is
unknown to the observer.
When reporting single bursts about a target, with the position of the battery
known, the line of sight between the battery and target is used as an axis of reference
and is called the BATT.'eRY-TABSET line. This line may be defined by a third point in
it and close to the target, thus obviating the necessity of each time locating the
battery in determining tho B-T line. A burst is first reported as being so many
meters to the right or left of this line. This is called the DEFLECTION error of the
burst. A second axis amy b taken thru the target at right angles to the B-T and
called the Target line. Then the burst is reported as being so many meters over or
short measured from this line. This is called the RANGE error of the burst.
Occasionally, the position of the friendly battery is unknown to the observer,
tho, of course, the bursts may be seen about the target. Here, since no B-T line
can be drawn, recourse must be had to the points of the compass. A true north-
south line and a true east-west line are drawn thru the target. Deflection erros are
reported as being so many meters east or west (of the north-south line) and range
errors so many meters north or south (of the east-west line). This is,
of course, an arbitrary assumption. It is seen that both of these is a case of
rectanugular coordinates, the area around the target being divided into four quadrants.
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plus and minus signs are not used, however, but instead the "senses'’ mentioned.
In either case, the report is made (telegraphed down) in a certain arbitrary
code form as indicated by the following rules.
1. Report the deflection error first; then the range error.
2. Report the amount of the defelction error in multiples of 25 meters, the amount
of the range error in multiples of 50 m.
3. Report the amount of the error first, then the sense, as 125 II not II 125.
4. Report the amount of the error in 3 figures, as 025 for 25 m.
5. Never end an amount in zero but repeat the next preceding figure not zero,
as 055, 101, 202, 255, etc.
The reason for rule (2) will be readily understood by remembering the shape
of the 100 % zone of dispersion. It would be a waste of time and ammunition to
correct range to so fine a degree as deflection.
In Fig. 13, the correction for the burst indicated would be (according to the
above rules) "155 M M 101 H H"
In Fig. 14, the correction for the burst indicated would be, "055 E 202 N"
A salvo is made up of one shot fireu from each piece of the battery and as
nas±$ry simultaneously as possible because then it is easier for the observer.
Generally the Divisional Gun Batteries use salvo fire (75’ s) altho the rules given
below will apply to a salvo from a battery of any number of pieces. The theory
of correcting by salvo is based on the assumption that the target is an enemy battery
position made up of the same number of emplacements as your own battery (4 for the
75’ s mentioned above) spaced the same as your own (20 meters, generally) and at
right angles to the line of fire. The point of reference, or "reference point"
of the target is the extreme right hand emplacement as viewed from your battery position
(the enemy’s left hand position). The battery- target line is drawn from your own
right hand piece to this point. The target line is at right angles to this or thru
the target. They theory then is that if your No. 1 piece is adjusted on their
respective emplacements, the four pieces being adjusted for the same range and for
parallel fire. So in addition to the rules to be observed in reporting single bursts,
salvo fire necessitates the introduction of two more rules.
1. The deflection error of a salvo is the distance between the .extreme right
hand burst and the right of the target, or it is simply the deflection of the extreme
right hand burst (because the B-T line is drawn thru the extreme right of the target) .
2. The range error of the salvo is the mean range of all the bursts, or the
distance betwe n the mean point of impact (center of gravity of all the bursts) and
the target line.
The manner of reporting is logical when it is remembered that there is no
attempt to make an adjustment from the report of one burst or one salvo and that the
100^ zone covers considerable ground; the B.C. cannot hope to so adjust his pieces
that they will strike the objective with one particular shot, but he must center the
100/b zone on the objective and then trust to luck that one or more shots will be
effective.
The report "2 C" is never used. If there is a direct hit by a single burst or
a good bracket by a salvo, it is reported "B". Signals out of the Two-numeral group
give ways of reporting salvos that are bad or erratic.
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There are certain variations of salvo fire which we will now note. Prior to
aerial conduction of a shoot, it is the duty of the B.G. to adjust his pieces on his
auxiliary target hy means of terrestrial or ballon observation, in order that the
first salvo in the preliminary adjustment on the enemy may be fairly accurate. In this
preliminary Adjustment, fire will usually proceed by salvos, each salvo being reported
by the observer, or, in the case of the heavier weapons, by two- round battery volleys
or even by piece.
After several round or salvos of this Preliminary Adjustment, fire for Amelior-
ation (Final Adjustment) or still finer adjustment, take place, in which three salvos
are fired in rapid succession, the observer reporting the number of single seen over
and the number short (deflection errors not being considered, unless erratic, this
having been taken care of in the preliminary Adjustment) . If, then, no further
adjustment is necessary (as, for example, of a single piece) Fire for Effect begins.
Here the observer may descend or remain in the air, depending on the nature of the
case. Should he remain, no observation would be signalled unless the fire became,
badly adjusted, except as we shall now see.
According to the nautre of the target. Fire for Effect is divided into fire for
precision, when shooting at a single range, as in counter-battery work, and zone fire,
when sweeping an already established bracket.
In fire for precision, two- tp four-round volleys will be employed with the
lighter pieces, the observer reporting the mean error of each volley, while with the
heavier pieces, the fire will be by salvo for about 24 rounds, when the number of
salvos over and short would be reported. If the adjustment is now satisfactory,
continuous fire may be ordered and the pieces fired one after the other at regular
intervals .
In zone fire, 12 to 24 rounds will be fired and the number of individual bursts
over and short reported.
Method of Flying.
In the French practice, the course of the airplane is rectangular in general
appearance at the start and then reduces to an elongated ellipse or practically a
straight line at about right angles to the B-T line and about half way betw,- en the
battery and target or up and down "no-man’s land". This statement and the diagram
must be taken in a general way, because each pilot and observer will probably develop
a method of their own which will often be changed by circumstances. The elevation
will be between two and three kilometers, depending upon the activity of the enemy
machines, the activity of anti-aircraft guns and the visibility of the atmosphere.
The distance from the lines, one way or the other, will depend largly upon the
activity of Gnemy planes. The observer can fly out to, or even beyond, his target
occasionally, but he cannot stay there over one spot long because he would be shot
down. At first it was necessary for the observer to turn and fly toward his battery
when sending, but, with present apparatus, this is no longer the case which relieves the
observer of the danger of "exposing his tail to the enemy" and also saves time.
The diagram and explanation follow*
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DIAGRAM
i T
B is tnc battery P© i t i Oil#
<2 la tfca target or objective.
tiio jsig lines rc pi* uniat the opposing tivnehos.
Sflfore lewlntf toodwre call up B.U by telephone if
At ,. climb lo retired altitude and « »1« oo doing ^ ‘ *• ■«*
it is vomits by call in*; ^orodrora© stolon, xi s/.# P^Gl iiA -- a‘
plat). ©u, if iiOtf no us© joing further*
t 1 (about -Hm Gem bat -cry) at. art to call batter/ wire! as ata .im 0/
B< battery co:l, us -AS" "AS" — . 'VB” etc., at ..0 » ooi i ld.c« ....
; t* i (n; out Z m fra* jittery) sto ..; eaH:ui; to m, * >
;t 3 ou will see wwaA-atflp »»•«*> (4) if the > itttiy oo:* toy mt>
batten tuned in to yo-.tr vraro le.tgtb* if n®** you will co..cum© »ott
the call after ou have ***©» ^ -ut of li"° H“om *, ltv, , ** t d,5 is
liio next imM&rn which you will see may be <*} it
wr .uv omitted since «»t the tottery e^U.nt. if
you soo any other i»M i o ne slues U) -*A1A
of the -.one of catolict* i.e.» ut 4. - oio «nh bu * ,,„ >. . w
At 6 /era ,111 locate our tax jet from #eh lata a .
Mnt ,to auk. sc. for this ou ^ fly out to or even behind the t tod.
* ” ' At°6 vou will send down a m&ZB4$* si ^..fyin^ that you w.vo oc^U • ,oor
tax^t and arc ready to adjust on it* " ' l V JH* (H is tto target dooi^tion*
it Sghthe a licpo-nt, and to. is a symbol used to conclude ttU ,o;copfv«i.y snort
messages and corresponds to the period. ,
,t 7 you will sc© an ac..nowl©.^w-nt to vour message aboro* -■- cb xs 0*. •
(4). An you fly on ^t .our tottery m shoidd sco MNiV tto
either oxo xvtoy to >roce d or that there will bo a uel~y. la t..c r ,,t 6
Will be (3» ~ (© ur (1?) tow-lm batte»jr bf t^oup you
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upon the seriousness of the delay.
Whatever the message is, the observer will acknowledge it "AB SIP and he
will then fly to such a position that he can send '•Fire'.'" and his flight will carry
him to a place where he will be in a good observing position by the time the shell
falls.
At 8 he sends "AB Fire I'*
At 9 he observes the burst of the shell and makeshis correction, probably
with the aid of a photograph of the target taken the day before.
Between 9 and 10 he sends this correction down to the battery, eg.,
"AB 101 II 255 H E AB”
The battery may put out (7) after firing but the observer will seldom see
it. The battery may put out (4) after the correction abouze but the observer will
probably not see this either for the same reason, i.e., he is to far away. He will
not again fly back and look for ground strips unless there is an interruption in the
firing.
At 10 he will send "AB Fire!”
At 11 he will observe.
Between 11 „ nd 8 he will send down the correction, eg., "Ab 055 I I 101
H H AB”
etc.
The observer will probably lengthen his path so as to make two or three
observations before turning, flying as far as he can in each direction and still
keeping the target in view. He will observe, first over the left hand edge of the
plane, over the leading wing tip while approaching the target and over the trailing
wing tip after passing his target; then he will turn, perhaps almost retracing his
steps and observe over the right hand edge of the plane. There will be a certain
place where the wing will practically hide the target from view so the pilot may
swing out toward the target just before coming opposite it, then when about to cross
the -B=T line he will swing back quickly away from the target and gradually resume
his flight at right angles to the B=T line. This method will cover the target by
the wing for the minimum time.
As mentioned on page 3 under Time of i'light, the abeerver sends "Fire!”
and watches for the flash at his own battery. He then starts to allow for the time
of flight of the projectile, perhaps with the aid of a stop-watch, and then, at the
proper instant, looks over the other side of the machine and concentrates all his
attention on the target. He calculates the correction at first by pointing the burst
on a photograph or map although he rnay make it directly from the ground after he has
become familiar with the country over which he is working and the altitude at which
he is flying.
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INTERPRETAT ION OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
There are many sources of information concerning the location, strength
and movements of the enemy, such as personal observation, both terrestrial and
aerial; reports of patrols and reconnoitering parties; reports of prisoners, both
taken and escaped; flashes and sounds of fire; and finally photography. This last
has many advantages; it gives f ct, not fiction; it gets detail as well as important
features specially sought; and finally it records permanently its observations. It
is this combination of accuracy and ’’memory'* that makes photography so reliable
and invites its use in settling once for all any discrepancies or disputes arising
from other means of observation.
The importance of photography makes it imperative that all whose duties
have to do either with the collecting or use of aerial photographs become familiar
with their interpretation.
There are two ways in which a picture can be taken from the air; Obliquely
and Vertically, The first will give, of course, a panoramic view, which is easiest
of comprehension to the unskilled student of air photographs and at the same time of
considerable value to the commanding officer facing, for the first time, a new
sector. It also aids in disclosing details, elevations and depressions hidden in
the vertical photograph.
But vertical photographs mean the most to the expert and have the widest
use. T^.ey may be divided into three general groups or classes; Definite area or
position, Line, and Stereoscopic photographs. The first will be taken, as its
name implies, of a certain locality or position for the purpose of getting further
detail, to locate a point under observation more exactly, to vo.. ify a report, to
detect camouflage, or to actually record a shoot. Line photographs are a suc-
cession of snaps, each one overlapping Its preceding snap a little bit, taken as the
observing machine flies along a line in an endeavor to get material for a photo-
graphic map. of course a line photograph (one out of the series) may serve the pur-
pose of the first type considered.
Any two photographs of the same area taken when shadows were the same and
at slightly different angles, can be used as stereoscopic photographs. At s ort
distances such as usually occur in ground photographs, special two-lens cameras are
made and the two pictures, thus simultaneously taken at slightly different angles,
are later viewed thro gh a stereoscopic viewer to obtain relief. With the long-
range work peculiar to air photography, a two-lens camera can, of course, not be
used. The set is made up of two photographs, taken at the same elevation and at
points separated by about one-eighth of the height, i.e., the observer flies this
distance between snaps. Thus the overlapping section from two 1 me photographs might
be viewed stereoscopically. These stereoscopic photographs assist in determining
the amount of rise or depression in the land below, tho amount and nature of cover
over emplacements and, consequently, in detecting camouflage.
Special features stand out promin ntly in all photographs, as trenches
(main and communicating) , locations of firing pieces (batteries, machine guns and
trench mortars), openings to underground passages (dug-outs and mine shafts),
lines of communication (railways, tramways, paths or tracks, buried cables and air
lines) and barbed-wire entanglements.
Three (or sometimes two) successive positions or systems of defense, each
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Consisting of at least two continuous lines of fire trenches and their communication
trenches, constitute the German trench organization. The front line positions are
the fire trenches while in the second and third positions are the support and
reserves. Between the first and second, and again between the second and third
positions there are nearly always at least two main communication trenches or feeders
in each sector. Trenches are easily recognizable by a dark 1 ne of shadow down a
strip of white where the chalky undersoil lias been thrown out on the surface. This
soil is of a light bluish color which photographs practically white (as blue does
without a color filter). Dummy trenches show only the chalky line and the removed
soil will often be found camouflaging a neighboring battery josition.
Batteries in houses or woods or other cover are difficult to locate. the
open, they are more noticeable, especially during construction (digging -in and cover-
ing over) • Blast marks, white on the ground, black in snow, where the surface has
been blown away by the discharge (or the snow melted), at once expose a battery
position. Anti-aircraft guns show up as circular emplacements. Batteries will
usually consist of a group of two to four pieces.
Machine guns will usually be found in a trench traverse or at junctions of
main and communication trenches or wherever a good enfilading position is afforded.
Unusual angles in the trench construction or an occasional ,,7,f in the parapet are
almost certain indications of their presence.
Trench mortars are sited behind fire-trenches in specially constructed snaps
or along communication trenches or trench tramways. They are especially numerous
about 500 m from our own front lines and may be as far back as 700 m. The heavier
casemated types show as small black squares (funnels) in the center of a circular
mound or ring of earth.
Dug-outs and mine shaft entrances are especially noticeable during con-
struction from the black nicks, usually in the side of a traverse at the corner, and
also from the earth thrown out.
Railways and tramways can be distinguished by their fine straight lines
(darker than roads), by bridges, embankments and cuttings and by their terminals.
Paths and tracks disclose headquarters, construction work, location of
positions or importance (as batteries and ammunition dumps^, wire and gaps in it
patrol paths and observation posts.
Burried cables disclose central stations and headquarters locations as
well as batteries, and shov; up as much straighter lines than paths with jagged edges,
nir lines show as white dots where poles are set, with a white track connecting them.
Plowed land causes both to lmost disappear.
Barbed-w.re entanglements form straight uniform grayish streaks in a photo-
graph. Gaps made in the wire for use of patrols or in attack show up plainly.
-*-n studying any photograph, the following routine will be found to )roduce
the best interpretations;
Previously study details in a map of the same area and keep the mop at
are
2. Ascertain the direction of light, and face it in viewing
3. Concentrate your attention on the particular details for
searching.
4. Search the photograph methodically.
the picture,
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5. Take photographic evidence inde >endently, and with it compare and
correct other evidence.
6. Compare with earlier photographs of the same locality*
7. Do not obliterate other details in annotating photographs.
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ujyi 0! —
THE
ORGANIZATION OF A FRENCH ARMY CORPS
ARTILLERY AND AIR SECTORS
\ao\ ioo| ]og loo] ^
E' r G‘ J' e f g j
f.
Fitj. 12. North
l DM
MINIATURE ARTILLERY OBSERVATION RANGE
INSTRUCTIONS And RULES which MUST BE OBSERVED
1. Bring your map of Belgium to every class on the Miniature Range. This must
be the new map which is furnished you, suitably mounted, not cut and not colored or
marked up except that you may color the roads and paths and number the kilometer
grid lines on the edge of the area which you will use on the Range,
2. Bring your written instructions to class when same are furnished for the
exercise in hand,
3. Use no ink in any form, do all work in pencil at all times*
4. Under no conditions call to your partner when he is in the other gallery.
NO TALKING BETWEEN GALLERIES. The signalling system has been installed to take care
of all communication. You cannot talk from an airplane to a man on the ground
10,000 feet below you. Imagine the confusion which would result in a class of 40
men if this rule were not enforced.
5. Keep a paper according to the prescribed form and write down your partner’s
message as you receive it and your reply before you send it. 31 me we cannot listen
to what you send, this is the only way we have of knowing what you are doing and of
helping you in your work. Before starting your work, be sure that you have your
name (LAST NAME, FIRST) together with the seat you occupy (Airplane § or
Battery at the top of the page and your partner’s name at the bottom of the
page. This will save the instructor’s time in asking for your name each time he
wishes to look you up. Hand in a paper at the end of every period on the Range;
it will be taken as an indication of your presence and your work for the period,
6. Do not disturb the class while you are receiving instructions at the be-
ginning of the period. The man next to you may want to listen and besides it is
annoying to the instructor. Overcome the desire to start operating your telegraph
key I
7. Do not put your belongings on the floor beside the seat; it makes the
passage inconvenient for others and besides is hard on the articles. Use the
shelves and hat-hock6.
8. Do not drop your property from your seat to the ground 10,000 feet below.
It may be in hostile territory and you cannot be sure of getting it back.
9. Do not try to send too fast at first. Remember that your partner may be
no better at receiving than you are and your sending is probably not so good as
the Radio instructor's. When your partner is receiving visually, cut your speed
down to about one-half. Handle your key properlyj as you are instructed to do by
the Radio Department. DO NOT POUND YOUR KEY; it doesn’t help.
10. ipee that you change places with your partner for each alternate period of
work on the Range but do not change places during the period without special in-
structions, The schedule is arranged to balance up the work if this rule is
observed .
11. Remember that the data, orders, etc. on the tables are for the use of
other men as well as yourself and do not do anything to deface these markings.
2.
12. Be careful about getting in and out of your seat and about moving around
the gallery; try to imagine that you are in an airplane. In that case, your send-
ing key will probably be strapped oo your knee a.nd you will be strapped to your
seat. Be careful of the equipment on your table. When not in use, see that the
head phone is hung on its hook and that the "ground strip tray" is in next to the
wall. "You will be required to sit properly in your seat and use the assigned desk
for all exercises especially tests.. Notice that the beams in the Observers'
Gallery are rather low before you find it out from sad experience.
13 . One long ring of the bell will mean that the period is up; the power for
the communicating circuit will then bo turned off sc that you can no longer sand
or receive messages. See that year phone is hung up and that there are no lights
on your battery table (if you are in that gallery) left latched on. Hand in your
paper as you go out.
14. Remember that what you get out of this work will depend upon what you put
into it in the way of spirit and imaginative effort. We have tried to simulate
actual conditions but, necessarily, a great deal must be left to the imagination
of the individual student.
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Exercise No, 2
PIN-POINTING AND SIGNALLING
The purpose of this exercise is twofold;- first, to accustom a man to send
messages to and receive messages from his partner by means of the signalling
apparatus instal?ed in the Mania tune Range; second, to provide practice in finding
a definite locality on the ground, the pin-point of which he has been given.
The wiring of the s? gnaliing system is so arranged that a man does not
hear his signals in his own receiver. This corresponds to actual working c cndit
tions , since, at present, an observation plane is provided with a sending but not
a receiving set and, further, the roar of the engine drowns any noise from the
spark. Under this system, students often find it difficult to send code clearly at
first. Normally, men should not change partners when once started in the work on
the Miniature Range,
The first exercise in Pin-pointing is intended to give practice in trans-
ferring a definite point from the ground to the observer’s nap and then recording
its coordinates or ’’pin- point”. We next have the problem cf working in the reverse
order. The ’’pin-point” is given to the man, who finds the point or. the map and
then determines the designated locality on the ground. This exercise may be called
"Locating Pin-points”.
Twelve points will be given, each one narked by a light. The Observer
will pin-point these, one at a time, giving each a name, ec.g,' ’’A", etc.
He will put this down on his paper and then signal same to his Battery Commander,
While the Observer is pin-pointing the next light, the B.C. can locate the one
just received. In order to decrease the number of characters signalled and a3so
to get practice in abbreviating pin-points, the first figure will be omitted both
in writing and in sending. For example, if tne first pin-point taken by the
Observer were at
2174 2952 it would be recorded and sent,
A 174 952
There should be no confusion on this account since
every coordinate in the aera represented on the Miniature Range starts with the
numeral ”2". This numeral may be understood before each of the coordinates but it
should not be written cr sent. This will shorten each pin-point to a series of
six instead of eight figures.
The detailed method of procedure will be as follows:-
Observer pin-points one of the lights.
Observer sends, CT (Attention)
B.C. Replies, BR (Ready to receive)
Observer sends, A 185 967
(185 967 is 2185 2967, abbreviated)
B.C. Repeats, A 185 967
(If B.C. repeats the pin-point correctly, the Observer should se id O.K,
if not, he should send "error" and then send the pin-point again. This correction
may be made on the B.C.'s. paper by erasing if desired).
Observer sends 0 K
(The B.C. may now look up point "A" on his map and then find it on the
GROUND to see if there is actually a light at that point or if, perhaps, his
Observer has made a mistake. The B.C. is not responsible for any mistake his
Observer may make; he should simply note after the point, in inis case ”nc light"
or, if it comes entirely off the area represented on the flurr, he should note
"off map". DO NOT ARGUE THE CORRECTNESS OF A POINT. If there is a light at the
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2.
point, B.C. should note after it, on his paper, "cross-roads” , "house", "tree" or
whatever it may happen to be. Ke should NOT signal this to his Observer. The
B.C. should bear in mind, that in locating points to "four places", there is a
possiDle error of 50 meters, or one •'half of one of the divisions on the card, in
each direction and he should make this allowance when looking up points from his
Observer's figures.
The Observer may be looking up and locating the next point but, since he
can (in most cases) do this more quickly than the B,C. can locate the last point
sent, the next signal should come from the B.C.)
B.C. sends, BR (Ready to receive)
Observer sends, CT, then
B 176 945
Observer sends, "error", then
B 176 945
Observer sends, 0 K
(The B.C. can now look up this point
his next light.)
Observer sends, CT, then
C 200 929
B.C. repeats, B
B.C. repeats, B
while the Observer
B.C. sends, BR
176 944
176 945
is pin-pointing
Observer sends, 0 K
B.C, repeats, C 200 929
i
etc . etc „
Either B.C. or Observer may ask to have any message repeated by sending
UD (repeat).
DO NOT FORGET TO PUT YOUR NAME, LAST NAME FIRST, TOGETHER WITH YOUR
BATTERY OR OBSERVER NUMBER (depending upon the gallery and seat which you occupy)
AT THE TOP OF YOUR PAPER AND THEN PUT YOUR PARTNER’S NAME AT THE BOTTOM OF THE
PAPER.
The two papers should look like this:-
Smith,
L.D. Obs. $17
<•
«
Jones, B.F. Battery $17
A
185 967
•
♦
a
«
A
185
967
Cross roads near river
B
176 945
«
o
9
9
B
176
945
Castle with moat
C
200 929
•
m
m
•
C
200
929
No light
etc .
•
•
•
etc .
Partner
•
•
Partner
Jones, B.F.
•
•
Smith, L.D.
The B.C. should put down a brief description of each point after it to
show that he has looked it up on the GROUND „ It is not necessary for the Observer
to do this, however, since he must have first found the point on the ground before
he could determine its pin-point.
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Observer //.. Squadron $...
(Name) or Section $...
Battery (Date)
ESTIMATING CORRECTIONS FOR 8 INGLE -BURSTS
Position of Battery KNOWN* hence we have a BATTERY-TARGET LINE .
Deflection, Right, or Left; Range, Over or Short.
Observer's Estimate
Partner ’ s Reply
Your
Estimate
f or
Deflection
is :
is :
125 M
M
202
Ch.
.L
H
155 M
M
—
155
Ch.
*
L
OK
175 M
M
—
155
Ch.
•
OK
OK
202 I
I
—
055
H H
L
H
225 I
I
—
C
L
OK
275 I
I
—
C
»
H
OK
255 I
I
—
C
OK
OK
175 M
M
—
055
H H
«>
OK
OK
Z
—
202
Ch.
9
OK
L
z
—
255
Ch.
9
OK
OK
B
9
L
OK
02 5 M
M
—
C
*
OK
OK
Your
Estimate
for
Range
Continue until the Observer has estim-
ated correctly all the available shots
around the target, the correct location
for each shot being marked on the Battery .
table by the switch.
The Battery should then send his Observ-,
er a series of "K's", which is the equiva-.
lent in Morse code for Ground-strip signal.
(20), and means "Change Target". The
Observer will get another seat assignment .
from the Instructor in the Observers'
Gallery and telegraph to his partner
"Change Target", KK (connected), followed .
by this seat number.
Change and proceed same as above
It is not necessary, when changing seats,
to make another heading, simply write down,
the Battery's message in the right hand
column and then the Observer’s message in .
the left hand column. This, then, will
indicate to what seat the work applies.
DIRECTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Observer and Battery should
have identical papers to hand in.
Write down every message you re-
ceive and every message you send,
before you f^nd _it . Write the
Observer's estimate in the left
hand column and the Battery^
answer to this estimate opposite
it in the right hand column.
The Battery should not flash
a light until his Observer gives
the signal to fire! (three long
dashes) . He should then give
the same light with each succeed-
ing signal to fire! Until his
Observer estimates it correctly.
Then proceed to the next burst.
WRITE DOWN EVERY GUESS FOR EACH
BURST, ALSO THE ANSWERS AND WHEN
IT IS GOTTEN CORPECTLY, DRAW A
LINE ACROSS THE TWO COLUMNS TO
GROUP THE ESTIMATES THAT APPLY
TO THE SAME BURST.
11= Deflection Error, Right.
M M = Deflection Error, Left.
Z = Deflection Error, Nil.
Ch = Range Error, Over „
H H = Range Error, Short.
C = Range Error, Nil.
B = Direct Hit, or Target.
(Do not use a message "Z — C"
for a SINGLE-BURST; the correct
report for a Hit is "B".)
These symbols make up the FIRE
CODS. The Observer is reporting
fire, so he should make each
message correct as to form and
symbols as it would actually be sent
from an airplane . The AMOUNT is sen'o
in three figures, never ending in
zero. The AMOUNT is sent FIRST
followed by the SENSE.
DEFLECTION is sent FIRST Bellowed by
RANGE.
(Next page)
Battery jf. . . -
or
Observer .
Partner:
(Name)
: -
'
2.
Remember that Deflection (Right or Left) is estimated to the nearest
multiple of 25 meters only. Range (Over or Short) is estimated to the nearest
multiple of 50 meters only.
The man in the upper gallery is the Observer, He will find, on his desk,
the pin-point of his Target and also the Identification Panel of his Battery.
Hd should look up his Target on the ground and also the Identification Panel
of his Battery. This latter is almost directly beneath him next to the wall.
He will have to lean out to see it. Fix an imaginary line from this Panel to
the Target and then pick out a point beyond the Target that is in this line.
When you are actually observing fire, the Target will be on one side of you
and the Battery on the other; you cannot see both at the same time. This
line is the Battery-Target Line; estimate Deflections Right or Left of it.
Fix in mind an imaginary line thru the Target, and at right-angles to the
Battery-Target Line. This line is the Target Line; estimate Ranges Over of
Short of it.
The man in the lower gallery acts as the Battery but he is a great deal
more than this. He is principally a laboratory assistant for his partner whom
he is helping to learn to code single-bursts correctly. He can do this since
the correct coding for each burst is marked on the table by its switch. SINCE
HE CAN LOOK UP THE TARGET AND IDENTIFICATION PANEL, HE CAN, AT THE SAME TIME,
BE USING HIS TIME TO GOOD ADVANTAGE BY MENTALLY ESTIMATING EACH BURST BEFORE
LOOKING AT THE MARKING ON THE TABLE .
The signals from the Battery to the Observer ("H", "L" AND "OK" by
telegraph) are creations for use on the Miniature Range only, since actually,
the Battery Commander does not know where his shots are falling, the function
of the Observer being to report this correctly. On the Miniature Range, the
Battery IS NOT REPORTING FIRE, he is directing his partner Ts guesses. He
should, therefore, use NONE OF THE CODE SYMBOLS used in reporting fire. If
this rule is not followed, the student will be giving these "Fire” symbols
two meanings, which invariably leads to confusion.
In directing his partner’s guesses, then, the Battery should use the
signals "H", ”L" and n0K” and NOTHING ELSE.
H - High, i.e., "Your estimation of the ’amount’ or distance is too
great" . It has no reference whatever to direction.
L - Low, i.e., "Your estimation of the ’amount’ or distance is too
small" . Tt has no ref erence whatever to direction^
OK ~ Correct, i.e., "You have made the right estimate or guess".
If an Observer is told that he is guessing HIGH, he will, naturally, gues
a smaller amount the next time, probably decreasing his estimate by 25 or 50
meter steps for deflection or rang9, respectively.
If an Observer is told that he is guessing LOW , he will, naturally, guess
a larger amount the next time, probably increasing his estimate by 25 or 50
meter steps for deflection or range, respectively.
These three symbols, K, L and OK, are simple and their meanings are ap-
parent. They do not conflict with any of the code symbols used in reporting
fire. They will be used between partners when working together on the
Miniature Range and, after that, may be forgotten.
If an Observer gets his direction or "sense" wrong, it would be well for
the Battery to SPELL OUT to him the correct sense. For instance, if the
Observer sends 025 I I when he should have sent 025 M M, the Battery should
send him "L-E-F-T M M" and let him guess again.
3
(Name)
Observer jf . .
or
Battery
Squadron .
Secbion
(Date ) „ „ . „ . .
ESTIMATING CORRECTIONS FOR SI NOTE -BURSTS
Position of Battery UNKNOWN .
Deflection, East or West; Range, North or South.
Observer’s Estimate
Partner’s Reply
Your
Estimate
for
. Defies1
. is :
ticn.
Range
is :
075 E
101 N
K
OK
055 E
-
101 N
OK
OK
125 W
-
202 N
, L
H
155 W
-
155 N
L
OK
175 W
-
155 N
OK
OK
202 W
055 S
L
H
225 W
-
C
L
OK
275 W
-
C
H
OK
255 W
-
C
OK
OK
125 E
-
355 S
H
L
101 E
-
404 S
OK
OK
175 E
-
C
OK
-
OK
Z
—
202 N
OK
L
Z
-
225 N
OK
OK
B
L
OK
025 W
-
C
OK
OK
Your
Estimate
i or
DIRECTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
The form to be followed is ex°
ac-tly the same as that given for
the KNOWN BATTERY. The only dif-
ference is the way in which the
Deflection and Range are estimated.
Since the position of the Eat*>
tery is Unknown, imagine a line
running true North and South thru
the Target; estimate Deflections
East or West of this line, imag-
ine another line running true
East and West thru the Target;
estimate Ranges North or South of
this line.
The FIRE CODE will now be :
E
5 De.ii.ec
tion
Error,
East ,,
W
>- Be flee
ti on
Error,
West »
z
= Defies
tion
Error,
Ni l «
N
Range
Error ,
North
s
- Range
Error,
South
C
- Range
Error ,
Nil.
B
- Direct
Hit
, or Target.
(Do not
use ;
a message "Z -
for a SINGLE -BURST
; the
correct
rep
ert for
a Hit
rB’\)
The Battery will now use the
set of ’‘codings” on the table
marked ’’Battery position UNKNOWN”.
Except for what is noted above,
everything on pages 1 and 2 applies
to the work with the Unknown Bat-
tery the ssme as it does to the
Known Battery.
Partner :
(Name)
Battery
or
Observer $...
typical example of a prearranged shoot
Observer sends:- Battery puts out:-
After testing wireless over aerodrome,
tune in with battery by sending:
PQ, PQ, PQ, PQ, (Battery call) at 20
second intervals, Until battery puts out,
(4), or perhaps (iO), or
possibly (l).
Th a Battery should put out (4). If you
do not see (4) as you fly over your
battery, continue to tune in until you
see, (2)
(After (4), the next
message from the Battery
must be (2) before the
shoot can proceed.)
PQ SN
PQ REG 187 954 AR
(REG is followed by the target designation which
may be a 'pin-point, number or name) (4)
(If a delay is necessary, then (22)
(Signal (5) might be dis
played or (3) at once).
PQ SN .
(After about 10 minutes, watch for signals from the battery).
(3)
PQ SN
PQ Fire!
Battery fires, and puts
out.
(7)
(A battery of small caliber pieces (under 155 mm) will generally make this
preliminary adjustment by firing one salvo at a time, Mo. 1 gun having been pre-
viously registered on the ’’Trial Target” and then swung thru the required azimuth,
the other three being set from this data for parallel fire and ohe same range. A
batter of large caliber pieces, being more conservative of ammunition, will get
its preliminary adjustment by firing No. 1 gun only, registering this cn the "point
of reference" of the objective and then setting the other pieces for the same
range and parallel fire. So the preliminary adjustment will be by salvos or
single bursts for small caliber or large caliber pieces respectively.)
PQ 101 M M 404 H H AR
(4) then, *
(3)
PQ SN
PQ Fire!
Battery fires,
(7)
2
PQ 055 MM 155 H H AR ..
PQ SN 055 M M 155 H H AR
PQ SN
PQ Fire
PQ 055 M M 101 H H AR . . .
PQ SN
PQ Fire I
PQ 23
PQ SN
EQ Fire l
PQ Z 055 Ch AR
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
(10)
(4) then,
(3)
Battery fires,
(V)
(4) then,
(3)
Battery fires,
(7)
(4) then,
(3) Battery laid with
same data . )
Battery fires,
(7)
(4)
Thus preliminary adjust-
ment is continued until
satisfactory to the B.C.
PQ SN
PQ SN
(11)
(3)
If the Battery is made up of 75 mm guns, the shoot proceeds as follows after
the B.C. has signalled "Final Adjustment".
PQ Fire
Battery fires three salvos
in succession with about
a 5 second interval be«*
tween each. This will
make a series of 12 shots..
(7)
Observer notes (as nearly as he can) the number
of shots which fall "over" and the number "“short".
PQ Ch 8 H H 3 AR
PQ SN
PQ SN
(4) then,
(11)
(3)
PQ
Fire 1
Battery fires 3 salvos as
before ,
(7)
3
PQ Ch 6 H H 4 AR
PQ SN
(4)
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
This Final Adjustment is
continued until the dis-
tribution is satisfactory
to the B.C., equal numbers
"over” and "short”, who
then signals,
(16)
B.C. proceeds with "fire
for effect” without
further signals from The
observer .
Generally, the B.C, will calculate the number of rounds necessary to destroy
the target (or the number which he can afford to fire at it) and continue with-
out an aerial observer. In this case he signals t
(12)
PQ SN BV
Or, in special cases, the observer may continue to watch the effect of the
fire until the result is attained, in which case he signals:
PQ 28 (Break) 29 ..
(4) then,
(12)
PQ SN BV
Either ends the shoot — — —
If the battery is made up of 155 mm pieces, or larger, the shoot proceeds
as follows, after the B.C. has signalled "Final Adjustment”:- (Continuing from
division, middle of Page 2.)
PQ Firei
PQ Firei
PQ Firei
Observer notes, as before, the number of shots,
out of the 12, which fall ’’over” and the number
"short” .
Battery fires 1 salvo.
Battery fires 1 salvo.
Battery fires 1 salvo.
(7)
PQ Ch 4 H H 7 AR
PQ SN
PQ SN
PQ Fire I
PQ Firet
(4) then,
(11)
(3)
Battery fires 1 salvo
.Battery fires 1 salvo
PQ Fire I
PQ Oh 5 H H 6 AR
PQ SN
Battery fires 1 salvo.
(?)
(4)
When the adjustment is
satisfactory to the B.C.
he signals.
(16)
B.C. proceeds with "fire
for effect" without further
signals from the observer.
The Observer continues to watch the effect of the fire.
If, after some minutes of "fire for effect", the adjustment becomes slightly
inexact, the observer may note, out of 3 salvos, the number of shots that fall
over and the number short and report,
PQ
for
Ch 8 H H 2 AR,
(4)
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Or, if he is unable to count the shots (as is generally the case in
effect") he may simply indicate the mean point of impact,
"fire
PQ 101 Ch AR
(4)
on this data without interrupting the shoot.
The battery readjusts
If, after 10 minutes of "fire for effect", the fire becomes badly adjusted,
but
all pieces firing about alike, the observer may send,
PQ
28
(4)
PQ
37
(4)
then,
(3)
PQ
PQ
SN
Fire1.
Battery fires
(7)
PQ
101 M
M
303 Ch
AR
(4)
then.
(3)
PQ
PQ
SN
Firel
Battery fires
(7)
PQ
055 M
M
155 Ch
AR
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
(4)
5
When the adjustment is,
again satisfactory, the
B.C. will signal,
(16)
and the shoot will con-
tinue without further signal
from the observer.
If, after 10 minutes of "fire for effect", the fire becomes very badly
adjusted, the different pieces in the battery shooting quite erratically, the
Observer may send.
(4)
PQ
28 (Brea
k) 24
(Oi
', instead
PQ
05
PQ
SN
PQ
01
Fire
?
PQ
02
Fire
PQ
03
Fire
»
PQ
04
Fire
t
PQ
202
M M
101 i
255
M M
155 i
3 03
I I
055 ;
202
I I
ioi ;
PQ
SN
PQ
SN
PQ
01
Fire
f
PQ
02
Fire
PQ
03
Fire
*
• f •
PQ
04
Fire
PQ
055
M M
101
Z
055
Z
101
055
I I
C
(4) then,
(3)
No. 1 gun fires, 1 shot,
No. 2 gun fires.
No. 3 gun fires.
No. 4 gun fires.
(7)
(4) then,
(8)
(3)
No. 1 gun fires.
No. 2 gun fires.
No. 3 gun fires.
No. 4 gun fires.
(?)
AR
(4)
6.
This is continued until
satisfactory to the B.C. He may then adjust further by single salvos, in
which case he will signal,
(9)
PQ SN
(3) etc.
Final Adjustment is ordered at once,
PQ SN
PQ SN ..
Generally, however,
(11)
(3)
The Final Adjustment will
proceed exactly as that previously gone thru with on Page 3, until the B.C. again
signals ,
PQ SN
(16)
B.C. proceeds with "fire
for effect1' without further
signals from the observer.
After "fire for effect" is properly adjusted, the B.C. generally calculates
the number of rounds necessary to destroy the target and, after firing a
sufficient number, signals,
(12)
PQ SN BV
Or, the Observer may note when the desired result has been attained and
signal,
PQ 28 (Break) 29
(4) then,
(12)
PQ SN BV
The shoot is ended in one of these two ways, no matter whether it has been
interrupted because of bad adjustment, as indicated by the three different cases,
or not. - . - . ... • --- ....... ----------- — .-
NOTICE PARTICULARLY.
Every message from the Observer is preceeded by the "Battery Call".
Every message from the battery is immediately acknowledged by "SN" , so that
the ground strips may be taken in. The two exceptions are the "Acknowledgement",
or "Understood", (4) and "Battery has fired," (7).
Every message from the Observer is acknowledged by the battery by "Under-
stood"., (4). The two exceptions are, the "Acknowledgement", "SN" and "Fire l"
This latter is answered by the buret, or bursts, a few seconds later.
Most messages from the air are concluded by "End of message", AR. This is
not always necessary, however, especially in messages of only two symbols.
The "Break", BT, is used to separate the elements of a message.
1C
: : : ■■ •
*5
7
13, "Control Fire", is sent when the observer wishes to correct an adjust-
ment made on a target per haps several hours before.
21, "Observation Impossible", -» on account of clouds or fog.
23, "No Observation, Couldn't See", means that the observer was not in a
position to see.
27, "Lost", means that the observer was in a position to observe but saw
nothing. .
The battery would not change the data on which it was last laid if it
received either 21 or 23. But, if it received 27 (unless it had not fired at
all) it would lay on data half way between that of the last shot seen by the
aerial observer and the shot which he has been unable to see.
There is a difference in the way in which Final Adjustment is delivered from
a battery of small caliber pieces and a battery of large caliber pieces. There
are two reasons for this:- cost of ammunition and the time it takes to load the
pieces. There is also a difference in the preliminary adjustments as noted on
the first page.
Note ;
The numbers in parentheses appearing in the right hand column, signals
from the battery, represent the numbers of these Ground Strip Code Symbols as they
appear on the CODE CARD. They are to be looked up and filled in (together with
their meanings, if necessary) by the student before he starts in on a practice
shoot .
- • '•
■?; : -
•. ■" b ' V • ■ •; ' , •
. . • : ■
..... i Xy -y- l '■
■ ■ ; V h . "<P '/ :';
' • ■ . *
.. .:. •' '• S§
$
■
' ' . •• . . '-O'' - - ■ ;>4
, A 3
■
illl|lll!|llll]llll]llll|llll|llll|llll!llll|lll'|
1 1 I I Ijl I 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 I |l 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 III | I u
10^8165432
Read first
tea c
•S s
"5 *■
-2 5.
THE UNITED STATES
SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA
DEPARTMENT OF OBSERVATION
CODE SIGNALS
CODE FOR ADJUSTMENT OF FIRE
Fire! ™*“"
Deflection error right . • • •
“ “ LEFT M KB m
“ “ EAST .
“ “ WEST
“ “NIL
Range error over ml
“ “ short
“ “ NORTH h .
“ “ SOUTH » . •
“ “ NIL mmema
Target hit, or bracketed B,(l
SERVICE SIGNALS.
Attention (or call)
Ready to Receive »•••>
Understood „,H
Error ......
Repeat (or 1)
Break (or Separation).. «...
Wait ....
Change to Target No.—
Observe Fire on Target No. ..
I
I
3 long clashes
1 1
M M
E
W
z
Ch (French)
II H
N
S
c
B
CT
BR
SN
8 or 10 dots
UD
BT
AS
KK
End op Message
.esi.cn. AR
Going to Land
IQS •••••• ESI B V
INSTRUCTOR’S CODE
(For use on Miniature Range
only, in correcting Observer’s
estimates
in amount)
High
.... II
Low
L
Correct
— — ->■
SUPPLEMENTARY
CODE FOR ADJUSTMENT OF FIRE AND FOR
DESIGNATION
OF LOCATIONS
First gun
0 1
No observation. Couldn’t see....
2 3
Second gun
0 2
Deflection very irregular
2 4
Third gun
0 3
Will observe as requested
2 5
Fourth gun
0 4
High explosive shells
2 6
Singly
0 5
Lost
2 7
Is battery ready?
0 6
Cease firing
2 8
Has battery fired?
0 7
Result attained
2 9
Can ’t see lamp
0 8
I can see friendly shots falling on
3 1
Can ’t see panels
1 1
Continue the fire
3 2
Auxiliary target
1 2
Too scattered
3 3
Control fire
1 3
Shrapnel, time-fire
3 4
From the gun at right ...
1 4
Zone fire, I stop observing
3 5
From the gun at left
1 8
Too concentrated
3 6
How many guns firing? .
1 9
By battery volleys (salvos)
3 7
Observation impossible .
2 1
Repeal
3 9
Range very irregular
2 2
FOR DESIGNATION OF TARGETS AND ENEMY POSITIONS
Adjust on, or \
Ready to Adjust on$
(followed by desig-
nation of target.)
REG
Convoy
... C O V
Infantry in column
East of
North of
I FC
EST
NOR
Battery in action
..... B T A
West of
0 u s
Battery occupied
B T 0
South of
SUD
Cavalry
CAV
Railroad train
TCF
7. Conventional signs on United States Geological survey Maps wmi
up later,
8. More common abbreviations used should be memorized. Learn abbrevia-
tions used on French maps.
GROUND STRIP CODE SIGNALS
Light
Artillery
Heavy
Artillery
(1) . Can’t hear you. Fire not adjusted
(2) . Adjust!
F
P
□ ■=>
P°
(3). First battery is ready.
□ 0
pQ
(4). Yes! Understood. Message received
(S'). Wait a few minutes
HU — —
(6). Second battery is ready
=□ □
apo
(7). Battery has fired
CO
□ D
cm
PQ
(8). Fire by piece
CCI
□ 0
cn
PD
(9). Fire by salvo
D □ 0
□ PD
(10). Your wireless works but signals confused; repeat!
□ 0 D
P D D
(11). Fire for amelioration (final adjustment)
0
□ 0
po
(12). No further need of you
0
□ D
pD7
(13). Adjust on target you just indicated.
□ Pcm
(14). Observe fire of such and such group
O
P^
(Show proper identification panel.
Axis of strips points approximately to new group.)
(15) . Signal reserved to indicate landing grounds
(16) . Continuous fire for effect
cm
D
cm
D
□ °0a
P°DC
(17). Third battery is readv.
“□0
(18). Series of 24 rounds
□ 0°D
P ft].
(19). No!
□ D-D
P
(20). Change to target No.
Observe fire on target No
□ ot
oC
(21) Hostile airplane near us.
□ □
\0
P D
(22) Battery not ready, delay of at least 10 minutes.
cm)
□ 0
□
cm
Ol
(23) Fire for control.
cm
0 □ D
oPO
(24) Enemy attacks, be guided by previous agreement
0®
(hhl Signal placed at the disposition of the artillerv
P°P
NUMERALS
i
3 0 D D
5
7
=m
9
D 83
4d^?
6^o
8
□= 0
0
83
Note: Identification panel, 3 m. by 3 m.
Ground strips, 1 m. by 3m.
Distance between parallel panels or strips, 2 m.
Mi
\
Mi p Reading.
Syllabus
Importance cf Map Knowledge , Conventional Signs, Scales.
rnportance of Map Knowledge to a Military Aviator .
1. Must be able to find his way. Must net pet lost.
2. Locate and describe points of military importance.
3. Use of landmarks.
4. What constitutes a map, and meaning of Map Reading.
5.. Necessity for thorough knowledge of symbols used on maps.
6. Map reading as a check on compass.
7. Sketching required of an aviator.
Nature of Maps Used in M ill tar y Ope ra 1 i or.s .
1. Information furnished depends upon purpose of construction.
2. Topographic map. Importance of topography.
3. What a properly constructed military map should show.
4. What the military map for the aviator should show.
Conventional Signs and Abbreviations .
1. Meaning of conventional signs.
2. Variation in symbols used on different maps .
3. Attempt is made to use symbols resembling object represented,
if possible.
4. In sketching, make conventional signs small.
5. Importance of learning conventional signs thoroughly and exactly
as represented. Note colors* used.
6. Study carefully card of British and French conventional signs.
7. Conventional signs on United States Geological Survey Maps taken
up later ,
8. More common abbre'/iations used should be memorized. Learn abbrevia-
tions used on French maps.
I ' ■ ■ V
2
Meaning: of Map 3c ales y-r.d Method of Representation,
1- To furnish any idea of distances, maps must be drawn to scale.
2. Definition of Map Scale -- Ratio of distance on map to corres-
ponding distance on ground.
3. Three methods of representing map scales:
First Method: By a plain statement in words and figures.
Example: 3” = one mile; 1” = 1000 yards, etc.
Second Method: Graphically, by a line drawn on border of
map actually representing the scale, the line being divided
into equal parts and each part being marked with the distance
it represents on the ground.
Example: Represent scale 3" - one mile,
graphically - ]_ 2
Miles
Third Method: By Representative Fraction, (R.F.): The
numerator of fraction is unity and represents distance on
map, the denominator represents number of units of measure
on ground represented by one unit on map, both numerator
and denominator being expressed in same unit of measure.
Example : _ ml , means that on9 unit
21,120
on map represents 21,120 of same units on ground.
4. On properly constructed map, R.F. and graphical scale should
be shown, and first method also desirable.
5. Advantages of each method of representing scales:
First: Permits forming of quick mental estimates of distance
on the ground.
Second: Still correct after size of map is altered;..-also
convenient means of measuring distances on map.
Third: Any unit of measure may be assigned to the R.F- ;
hence it is always intelligible, regardless of unit
of measure used in graphical scale.
Relative Size of Liao Scalps:
1. Determination of scale to be used. Scales used for military
sketches .
2. "Large scale", if R.F. is relatively large fraction. Compar-
ative size of area represented on large scale maps.
3. "Small scale", if R.F. is relatively small fraction. Comparative
size of area represented on small scale maps.
4. R.F.s as small as 1
40,000
R.F.s smaller than 1
40,000
considered as large scale,
considered small scale maps.
■ • iTr 4
■ ' ■ , . - « : ’
"V " •' "'V- v: -v \ : , \ "■ '"I'.IC , <r'
Cff
' . : 4,91
4 Ol .
. , 1 ■ '
. - - ■ ,.v; /i
• - ■■
s • ■
■
" ’ (’■ !■■ .. ; : ■•■■■. . ■ 1 . '
• ... "
. •: '. ; ; v ..
!. .. ■ •
• ■ . ■ ' - • I'i
.
.
- • '
• • •, > ' ■ •) ' '• > **• • 1
:: . 1 r, 4 , . ■ 9 '“'v ". '■■■ ■ ! ;i'.' ■ 4.1 • ’
. : . - . ! v < f
■ ■■■■ • ■ “ ■ ‘i : ' oi.::?
.
■ ' . : .
.... 1 ■ ■ . ■ '. 9
■
.
3
French "Battle Maps” - - (plans Directeurs) .
Use and Ilature .
1. Originally used chiefly for directing artillery firej now
made to meet various other requirements.
Scales of French Battle Mans .
1» Size and scale determined by requirements of commander,
staff or different branches of the service.
2a R.F.. T™ > original "battle map”. Used by artillery for
designating targets and conducting fire, especially on enemy batteries
3. R.F. - — -- — — . shows greater detail. Used by commander and
10,000
staff, also by artillery for fire on trenches.
4. R.F. — , still greater detail. Used by infantry, also
also by artillery. Special map for use in attacks.
5. Maps showing French trenches usually at scale of 1 to 10,000.
Scales of Special French Maps.
1. R.F. 1. — schematic rr.ap showing safety of our own high-
50, 000
ways, roads, railways, etc. Confidential map.
i
2. R.F. so GOO' » shov;ing enemy positions, trenches, railways, et
3. R.F. , scale of new official French, map in 8 colors.
50,000
4. Special sketches R.F. — to as large as — wrr*” .
10,000 b 2500
and
5. Maps of special sections of defense as large as .. .L — .
2500
1
80-00
6. R.F.
7. R.F.
8. R.F.
80,000
1
200,000
1
, general map of traffic routes, railroads, etc.
, general small scale map in 6 colors.
-, general large scale map. R.F.
40,000’ 6-“— 100,000*
general map of traffic routes, railways, towns, etc.
Scale of British Mq.ps .
(a) Small Scale Maps:
■ . -
.
.
4
1. Scale
scale
1 to
map.
380,160,
or 6 miles to one inch,
general small
2. Scale
1
to
200,000,
based on French map 'of
1 to 200,000.
3 . Scale
1
to
250,000,
useful strategical map.
4. Scale
1
to
100,000,
official tactical map.
(b) Large Scale Maps.;
1. Scale 1 to 40,000 and larger, practically same as French.
Maps Used by American Expeditionary Forces :
1. Prescribed by General Order No. 60.
Class
Designation
1 : 5,000
1 : 10,000
1 : 20,000
1 : 40,000
1 : 30,000
1 : 200,000
1 : 600,000
Detail trenches, town plans, fortifications, etc.
Detail trenches, special maps, small objective,
location batteries, target maps.
Detail trenches, active batteries, enemy organiza-
tion.
Large scale general map for general study of front.
Traffic routes, administration, railways, bridges,
water supply, etc.
General map.
General map for office purposes.
Metric Units of Measure of Distances :
1. Scales of French maps in metric system,
2. Maps of A,E.F. have metric scales, also scale in yards or mile
3. Metric system based on unit ’’ten". Fundamental unit is the
meter.
Units
0
f Length
millimeter
=
.001
meter
centimeter
a
.01
1»
decimeter
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Conversion Factors.
1. Kilometer takes the place of the mile. Meter is used in
place of yard.
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2. One mile = 1760 yards = 5280’ = 63,360" = 1.61 kilometers.
One Kilometer = 1000 meters = 100,000 centimeters ~ 39,370"
0 60 mile .
One yard ~ 36" ~ 0.91 meter.
One meter = 39.37" = 1.09 yards.
Seeling Distances from ^ Map -
1. Use of graphical scale to measure distances.
(a) Py xrars "erring distance tc the scale.
(t ) Ly transferring scale to straight-edged sheet of paper
(u) By means of dividers.
. Distances also measured by:
(a) Ordinary inch rule .
(b) Map measurer.
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MAP READING
6
Syllabus
Problems on Map Scales
Thorough Understanding of I, lap Scales Necessary .
1. Know how to use each method of expressing scales and how to change
from one to another.
2. Some of more common types of scale problems as follows:
To Derive R.F. from Statement of Scale in Words and Figures :
1. Should be understood from definition of R.F,
2. Example: What is the R.F. for scale 6" - 1 mile?
Solution: »&..§*»***$£ : £0 - -X~r„ - 1 R-F-
Corresponding ground distance 1 mile 6o,360 lU.bbU
"Miles per Inch" and "Inches per Mile" .
1. Understanding of these terms is important,
2. "Miles per inch" means, the number of miles on the ground represent-
ed by one inch on the map.
3. "Inches per mile" means, the number or the fraction of an inch
required on the map to represent one mile on the ground,
4. Derived from R.F.
5. Example: Express the scale, R.F. - in "miles per inch" and
in "inches per mile". 2^0,000
Solution: (a) "Miles per inch,"-
1" on reap - 200,000" on the ground
1" " " - 200,000 v 63,360 - 3.16 miles on the ground.
(b) "Inches per mile"
1" on map - 200,000" on the ground.
Inches on map required to represent one mile on ground =
63,360 -f 200,000 = .32" approximately.
6. Usefulness of expressions, "miles per inch" and "inches per mile".
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Construction of Graphical Scale:
7.
1* Graphical scale subdivided into:
(a) Reading graphical scale.
(b) Working graphical scale.
2. Choice of unit of measure to use in sketching. Depends on scale
of the sketch and facilities available.
3. Example: Construct a working scale of paces to use in making a
sketch at a scale of 12" = one mile, assuming that 110 paces = 100 yards.
Solution: 1st Step.
12" = 12" = 1
1 mile 63,350" 5,280
Find R.F. of proposed sketch.
R.F.
2nd Step. Find number of inches in the unit of measure to be used
in the working scale.
Unit of measure = 1 pace. 110 paces = 100 yards,
1 pace = 3500 = 32.7"
' lio
3rd Step. Find number of units of measure represented by one inch
on the sketch.
From the R.F., 1" on sketch = 5,280" on the ground.
Then 1" on sketch = = 161 paces on the ground,
32,7
4th Step. Choose an even number of units of measure to give a
convenient length working scale (usually frora 4 to 6 inches long) , and
find exact length of scale to represent the number of units chosen.
1" on sketch - 161 paces on ground.
Choose 1000 paces as the distance to be represented by the working
scale .
Length of scale = = 6.2".
161
5tn Step. Lay off a line 6.2" long and divide into a convenient
number of parts. If divided into 10 parts, each part will represent 100
paces, etc.
Method of dividing a line of odd length into a number of equal
parts by means of a series of parallel lines.
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4. Construction c;3P Reading Graphical Scale made in same way except
different units of measure used.
5. Often possible to shorten above- fsethod by using simple proportion.
Example: Construct a reading scale to represent 10,000 yards for a
map having the R.F. 1
80,000
Solution: 10,000 yards = 360,000".
1:80,000 : : X ; 360,000
Length of scale = X = 360,000 = 4.5"
80,000
Lay off a line 4.5" long which will represent 10,000 yards and subdivide
into 10 equal parts.
0 5 10
t i * t t i I M yds .
Determining the Scale from Points of Known Distance.
1. To use a sketch from which scale had been omitted. Measure dis-
tance between two points on map and between same two points on the ground;
determine R.F. and construct scale.
2. Example: On a sketch having no scale, the distance on the ground
between two crossroads is measured and found tc be 1500 yards. The distance
between the same two points on the map is measured and found tc be lwH . What
is the R.F. of the sketch?
1-p = 1500 yards ~ 54,000".
1" = 2/3 x 54,000" “ 36,000". Hence R.F. = L—
' 36,000
Knowing the R.F., a reading scale of yards can be constructed, if desired.
To Convert from French Scale into English Scales.
1. Example: Given a French map having a graphical scale in kilometers,
but the R.F. is not given. By measuring the graphical scale you find that
a distance of 1" represents 2 kilometers.
(a) What is the R.F.?
(b) What will be the length in inches on the rap of a reading scale
to represent 6 miles?
Solution: (a) 1" on map = 2 kilometers = 2 x 39,370" = 78,740" on
the ground, R..F. = 1_ .
78,740
(b) 6 miles = 6 x 63,360" = 380,160"
1:78,740 : : X:380,160
Length of scale to represent 6 miles “ 3 80,160 = 4.83"
78,740
Lay off a line 4.83" long and divide into 6 parts.
Each part will represent one mile.
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To Oerjvert from English Scales into French Scales.
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1. Example: Having given a map having a scale of 3" = 1 mile.
Construct a scale of kilometers.
Solution: R.F. - 1 1 kilometer = 39,370"
21,120
1" on map = 21,120 = .53 kilometer
39,370
Choose length of scale to represent 3 kilometers.
Length of scale ~ 3 = 5.66" long.
.53
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Lay off a
represent
line 5.66" long and divide
one kilometer.
into 3 equal parts .
Each part will
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Estimating Distances by Approximating uhe Scale .
1. It is of value that a person be able to estimate distances by-
approximating the distance on the map and multiplying by the factor to give
distance on the ground. This is useful in making a rapid check on a distance
which has been scaled, off the map by some more careful method.
Exercises in Scales .
A. What are the R.F.s for the following scales?
1. 2" - l mile. 2. 1" - 1000 yds. 3. 2 - 5 miles
4. 1 centimeter = 1 kilometer 3.5. 1.08" - 1 kilometer
6. -§•" = 1000 meters. 7. 2" - 9 miles.
Express
inches per
each of the
mile" .
following scales
in "miles per inch" and
1 »
R.F
1 *
P r R.F. 1 1 ..... .
3 . R.F. .. . 1. ... 4 R.F. . 1 1
250,000
vioctooo
80,000 40,000
5.
R.F
. 1 . 6 .
R.F. 1 . 7.
R.F. 1 . 8. R.F. 1
20,000
10,000
5000 62 , 500
• 9.
R.F
1 .
31,680
C. Construct a scale of yards at 4" to the mile.
D. Construct a scale of paces for use on a map having a scale 3" = 1 mile
Length of pace = 33."
E. Your machine has an average rate of flight of 75 miles per hour.
Construct a scale in minutes for a R.F. of 1 .
250,000
F. Construct a scale of revolutions for a bicycle having a wheel diameter
of 30". Scale of map, 6" - 1 mile.
MP REAPING
10.
SYLLABUS
Orientation , direction. Azimuth, Variati on, Deviation, Sketching; Methods .
Direction :
1. One of the most important element? of map reading is the question
of direction.
Orientation:
1* In using a map it is necessary for it to be properly oriented.
2. Meaning of orientation - placing map Co that directions on the map
agree with directions or. ground. A properly oriented map is in such a
position that if the map were enlarged to the size of the ground represented,
every symbol on the map would fall directly on the object it represents on
the ground.
North and South Lines :
1. Top of map usually north, but this should always be checked.
2. Lines to which direction are referred are true meridian and
magnetic meridian.
3. The true meridian, or true north line, through a point is the
straight line joining that point with geographic north pole of the earth.
4. The magnetic meridian, or magnetic north line, through a point is
the straight line joining that point with thef.rragnetic north pole; or, the
magnetic meridian through a point might be defined as the straight line
through the point which coincides in direction with the magnetic needle
placed at that point.
Variation or Declination of the Needle:
1. The angle between the true meridian and the magnetic meridian for any
place is called the "variation" or "declination" of the needle for that place
The variation is said to be ,reast" if the magnetic needle swings to the erst
of true north, and is said to be "west" if the magnetic needle swings to the
west of true north.
Meridians on Maps:
1. Every complete and properly constructed map should have the true
and the magnetic meridians shown and the variation indicated in degrees.
Directions on a Map :
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1. The direction of s line or course on a map is usually given by
giving the angle the line makes with either the true meridian or the
magnetic meridian, this angle being celled the azimuth of the course.
Azimuth:
1. The true azimuth of a line or course is the horizontal angle the
line or course makes with true north, measured from north in a clockwise
direction.
2. The magnetic azimuth of a line or course is the horizontal angle
the line makes with magnetic north, measured from north in a clockwise
direction; or, in other words, is the angle the line makes with the compass
needle, measuring in a clockwise direction from the needle.
Methods of Orienting a Map :
1. Orienting by Compass, Magnetic Meridian Shown. Lay map on flat
surface and place compass on map. Shift map until north end of magnetic
meridian on map points in same direction as north end of compass needle.
2. To Orient Man When True Me rid:' an is Given: (a) If magnetic varia-
tion is known, lay off magnetic meridian and proceed as above by compass
method.
(b) If no compass is available, determine a true north and south
line on the ground and point north end of true meridian on map in same
direction as north end of the true north line. A true north line may be
determined approximately by aid of your watch and the sun, or at night by
means of the north star.
3. Orienting by Means of Known Points: No compass available and
your sketch has no meridians shown. Pick out two prominent landmarks on
the ground which are shown on the map and which can be easily identified.
Draw a line on map joining the two points. Shift map so that line on map
agrees in direction with line on ground joining the two points, the same
landmarks being at the same ends of the lines on imp and ground respectively.
4. Orienting by Backsightlng: A method used in sketching as a check
on the compass method, the principle being the same as in Mo. 3 above.
Assume we have sketched in a line from A to E and have moved to B. Set up
board and orient by sighting back at point A along the line BA.
5. Orienting by North Star: Determine true north line by means of
North Star and make true meridian on map agree in direction with this
line .
6 . Orienting by Observation: Can be dene when a number of objects
on the ground can be quickly identified oh the map, by shifting map so
that objects on map and ground occupy same relative positions.
The Compass:
1. Directions are usually determined and follcxved by means of the
compass, which consists of a magnetized needle free to rotate in a horizontal
plane above a card graduated in degrees.
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12.
2* The aeroplane conpa&s consists essentially of a circular disc and
magnetic needle in one piece pivoted and free to revolve in a horizontal olane
in a glycerine bath. This is called the Rose of the Compass. The circular disc
is divided into 360 degrees, marked clockwise, 90 degrees being east, 180
degrees south and 270 degrees west and the needle always pointing to. magnetic
north.
3. The rim of the basin containing the glycerine bath is also divided into
360 degrees, marked counter-clockwise, 90 degrees being west and 270 degrees
being east.
4. The compass is mounted on the dash board in such a way that the line
passing through the 0 and 180 of the rim of the basin is parallel to, or else
coincides with, the axis of the machine . This is called the lubber’s line.
Deviation :
1. Deviations from proper position of compass needle are usually caused by
presence of iron or an electric current near the compass. •
2. Compass deviation is the horizontal angle between the magnetic meridian
and the position actually taken by the compass needle. Deviation is called
easterly or plus (>:•) when north end of the compass needle is drawn to the right
of the magnetic meridian, and westerly or minus (-) when north end of the
compass needle is drawn to the left of the magnetic meridian.
3. Not practical to entirely eliminate deviations. Deviations which it i3
not practical to compensate for, are then shown on a card as follows, which is
placed in the machine near the compass.
■ Ma gne tic C ompa s s
Eea
.ring
Error !
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0°
00
ME
45°
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E
900
-10
SE
13 50
4-40
S
1800
£-3°
sw
2250
•8-60
w
2700
-2o
NVJ
3150
+20
Compass Checked by Date
Correcting Courses for Variation and Deviation :
1. Having given the compass course or the magnetic course, to find the
true course, add easterly variation and deviation, and subtract westerly
variation and deviation.
13.
Example: Compass course 148° , variation 14° east, deviation 6° west.
Find true course .
Compass course
Subtract westerly deviation
Ma g.netic c o ur f e
Add easterly deviation
True course
Example: Compass course 325°, variation 12° west, deviation 2° east.
Find true course .
Compass course
325°
Add easterly deviation
- 2°
Magnetic course
327°
Subtract westerly variation
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True course
3I5U
2. Having given the true course, to find the magnetic course of compass
course, add westerly variation and deviation, and subtract easterly variation
and deviation.
Example: True course 207°, variation 9° east, deviation 3° west.
Find magnetic and compass courses.
true course
Subtract easterly variation
Ma gne t i c course
Add we-steroy deviation
Compass course
207°
9°
IS 3™
Example: True course 172°, variation 11° west, deviation 4° east.
Find magnetic and compass courses.
True course 172°
Add westerly variation 1 1°
Ma gne fete course i 3 3 0
Subtract easterly variation - 4°
Compass course 1/9°
Sketching Methods :
1. Every man in the military service should be able to make a fair mil 3 tar
sketch. A military sketch should show all natural and artificial features of
military value in the area represented, as far as the scale and time available
will permit.
2. All detail except that shown by contours is called horizontal or flat
detail; that shown by contours is called vertical detail.
3. Horizontal 'position of any point is determined when its direction and
distance from a previously determined point are shown . In sketching, the line
from which directions are measured is +he magnetic meridian. The board should
alws.ys be oriented.
4. The position of a point as regards horizontal distance and direction is
usually determined by one of the following methods:
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(a j Traverse : Lucato.cn by measuring the distance and direction from
a known point to the point in question.
(b) Intersect! on: The position of a point is determined by drawing rays
toward the point from two points on the sketch whose positions have already
seen determined. The intersection of these rays fixes the point,
(c) Rejection: Resection is the determination of the sketcher 'a position
by orienting the sketch and drawing rays toward himself from two or more points
whose positions are already determined and plotted.
( d) Sstimatj. on: The position of a point may be determined by estimating
its distance along a ray drawn in its direction. This method requires muchfr
practice and skill,
4. The vertical position of a point is determined when its elevation with
respect to some assumed datum, plane is determined*
Sketching Equipment :
1. -Equipment for field sketching: drawing board, about 10" x 12"; drawing
paper, pocket compass, wcnking scale, pencil, eraser and pocket knife. If
vertical detail is to be shown, an attachment should be constructed on the
board for measuring slopes.
2. Protractor is an important instrument for measuring and ploting angles,
but is not necessary for rapid field sketching.
Types of Sketches :
1. Military sketches may be divided into (a) Area sketches, (b)
Reconnaissance sketches*
2. Area sketches, subdivided as follows: (a) Position sketch; sketch of
an area to all parts of which the sketcher has access.
(1) Outpost sketch, in which the sketcher covers... the ground along
and in front of an outpost.
(c) Place sketch, in which the sketcher is located in one place f 'vr, s*
which he is not at liberty to move.
3. The principal types of reconnaissance sketches are Road, Rive/ and f
Railroad Sketches. In sketches of this type the sketches' covers a pfiore or f
less definite line, furnishing as much detail as possible ccncerpang the lipte
and including the area within a few hundred yards on either s xp.e of the line*
Finding You r Position on the lap :
1. A person may determine his position on a nap by resection, taken [up
previously. f
2. Ho may also determine his position by observation, which requires
considerable ability in Map Reading in order that he may always be able to
identify visible landmarks.
15.
MAP "EAPING
oYUiAI-US
Contours, Vertical Irte:* nal, Pap Distance, Profiles .
Study of Topography .
1. Is study of shape of earth’s surface,
2. Essential in military operations.
Drainage System - C" it 1 e a 1 P o i r t s .
1. Drainage system very important, furnishes master lines of topography
2. The formation of the country between the ridges and the streams is
furnished by the contour lines.
3. Critical points are the heads, the changes in direction and changes
in slope of the drainage lines; and the tops, changes in direction and changes
in slope of the rj ages .
4. Determine location and elevation of critical points. Fill in detail
with-' c ontour lines .
Contour hires -• J> f initlon and Purpose,
1. Definition - Contour line is an imaginary line on the earth's surface
every point of which has the same elevation.
2. Shore line of a quiet pond forms a contour line.
3. Formation of shoreline- at entering valleys and projecting knolls.
4. Purpose - To determine elevations and shapes of various features of
earth’s surface.
5. Measure of vertical distance.
Datum Plane .
1. Usually sea level; may be any arbitrarily assigned elevation.
Value of Top ography to the A v le tor :
1. Determination of landmarks. Recognition of topographical landmarks
furnishes check on correctness of course.
2. From great altitudes country appears flat. Then study profile.
3. Assists aviator to pick good landing ground for forced landing.
Vertical (or. Gen tour) Inter vet, (V.7.,. )
1. Vert ice, 1 distance on ground between two adjacent contours.
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2. Vertical interval does not change on a given map.
Choice of Vertical Interval.
1. Depends cn scale of map and topography of country.
2. Flat country and large scale map use small V.I. Same country cn small
scale map, somewnat larger V.I.
3. Mountainous country, large V.I., depending on scale of map.
Horizontal Equivalent, (H.E.) .
1. Is the horizontal ground distance between two adjacent contours,
Varies with steepness of slope and V.I. used.
Map Distance, (M.D.) .
1. Is the distance on the map between two adjacent contours.
2. M.D. = H.E. x R.F.
3. Varies with the slope, V.I. and R.F.
Slopes - Methods of Expressing.
1. Spacing and shape of contour lines depends upon the V.I. and upon
slope of the terrain.
2. Three methods of expressing slopes:
(a) In Degrees.
(b) In Percentage.
(c) In Gradients.
3. Degrees used in military matters.
Reference Triangle.
1. Horizontal travel of 57 .3 1 on 1 degree slope gives vertical rise of
1 foot.
3. Determination of relation between degrees of slope and slope expressed
in gradients.
57.3'
2. Importance of reference triangle in estimating Map Distances (M.D./.
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'inciples
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tour Line
3 •
The following principles or characteristics of contour lines will be
helpful in learning to picture topography from a contour map:
1. All points on a contour line have the same elevation above the aatum
plane. (Datum plane is usually sea-level.)
2. Contours near together indicate a steep slope.
3. Contours far apart indicate & gentle slope.
4. Where contours are equally spaced the slope is uniform.
5. Where contours are straight and evenly spaced, the ground is a
sloping plane.
6. Every contour closes on itself or extends off the map.
7. A contour never splits.
8. Contours representing a vertical cliff lie on top of one another.
9. Contours cross only in the case of an overhanging cliff, and this is
very rare .
10. On watersheds, contours are convex toward the base of the slope, the
point of the V or U is toward the base of the slope.
11. In a watercourse, contours are convex toward the source of the stream
the point of the V is upstream.
12. A closed contour indicated either a hill top or a depression* A hill
top is shown when the smallest closed cob tour is higher than the adjacent
contour, and a depression is shown when the smallest closed contour is lofer
than the adjacent contour. Depressions are often also shown by hachure lares
13 . A saddle is shown by two contours of greater elevation on two sides o
the low part of the saddle and two contours of lover elevation on the other
two sides.
14. A convex slope is represented by contours farther apart at the higher
elevation and getting closer together toward the base of the slope.
15. A concave slope is represented by contours closer together near the
top of the hill and getting farther apart toward the base of the slope.
16. A plateau is represented by a fairly flat surface (very few contour
lines) surrounded by contours showing a downward slope on- all sides.
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Additional Guides for Reading; Topography and for Making Top o graphic Sketches
1. Carefully note the position and direction of flew of all streams.
2. Contours are usually closer together near the sources of streams as
streams are usually steeper near the source, although this is not always the
case .
3. The larger the stream, the flatter the slope as a rule. Hence con-
tours are usually closer together on tributaries than on the main stream.
4. Contours are always at right angles to the lines of stbepest slope.
They, therefore, cross the stream lines and ridge lanes at r j ght angles.
5. If one has difficulty in tracing out a particular contour, it is help-
ful to imagine bimcslf walking along that contour. If he starts out with lew
land on his right hand, he will always have low land on his right hand as long
as he walks that contour in that direction, and vice versa.
Map Distance Scales.
1. It is usually not practical
two points situated on a s3cpe„ It
distance between the two points and
which the two points are located*
2. We have seen that:
M.D. = H.E. x R.F.,
(Map Distance - Horizontal Equivalent x Representative Fraction)
3. From the ”57.3 rule” in Trigonometry, referring to the triangle ABC
we know that, BC - A3 x R, provided 3C is small compared to AB, and angle ABC
is approximately 90 degrees, where R - angle BAG expressed in radians
1 Radian - 5.73°.
to measure the horizontal distance between
is easy,, however, to measure the vertical
to measure the angle of the slope cn
Hence if D equals number of degrees in angle BAC, BC ~ AB x
D and AB - BC x 5R.3 . Letting AB equal Horizontal Equivalent and. LO
5 17 .3 ' V
equal vertical interval, we have, H.E. “ V . T . x 5 17 ,-3 . where D equals angle
of elope in degrees. D
4* For a one degree slopeip H.E .. -• V.I, x 57 .3, It- has been f cirri that if
we travel a. horizontal distance of 57.3 ' up a one degree slope no w; 11 -'is 3
one foot. The above relations are not absolutely true, but 1 c "• angles up to
20 degrees are so nearly correct that the error is not appreciable on the
scales used on military maps.
5. From the expression M.D. - H.E, x R.,F. we now have, reducing the V.I.
to inches by multiplying by 12 and using the factor 686 instead cf 57.3:
'
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,
19
M.D. - V.I, x 12 x 57,3 x T„T . x 638 x R.F.
D “ ' "5
This formula gives the map distance in .inches for various slopes (D equals
degree of slope)., having given the VvJ„ of -the map and lie R*F.~ The V,T„
in the above formula will be in feet as the factor 12 for reducing it be
inches is always in tne equation. For example:- suppose our R,F„ ~ 1 __
(Scale 3" to the mile), V.I„, 20', and two degree slope:
M.D. = 20 x 638 x 1 = .325 inch.
2 ‘ 21,120
This means, that on a map having a V,I . of 20' and R.F. - — .i,-— , a distance
2 1 ... j 2 0
of .325 inch on the map between adjacent contours represent a two degree slope
on the ground.
6. It will be noted that for a given map, having the scale and vertical
interval fixed, the map distance varies inversely with the degree of slops,
and from this relation Map Distance scales are easily constructed. From the
formula above we can obtain tne following results:
M
>D.
f or
1/2
degree
slope
equals
1 .,20 i
no h„
n
H
If
1
!?
11
It
.65
U
H
t!
U
2
II
n
It
.325
It
t»
tT
It
3
If
ft
U
.22
If
It
If
If
4
U
it
It
16
ft
11
It
If
5
If
ft
ft
.13
It
Total 2 .785 "
7. From this data a map distance scale may be constructed by drawing a
line 2„785;f long and laying off the length to represent each degree of slope
calculated. 50
9 t/2° 1° 2° 3°f? |
J - . . . i 1 1 _t
By placing this sea1 3 on a nap having a V.I , of 20* and R.F.
_111 3 » anci measuring the distance between two adjacent contours,
"Ti""’’xV 2 i Ton
the degree of slope, the practicability of various classes of military
operations can be decided upon.
Normal System of Scales
1. Prescribed for U.S. Army Field
Sketches of large areas - 1
Read sketches 3
pcwi'tion sketches 6
Fortifications 12
Sketches .
inch =
1
mi
.3.e, V
60 feet.
j aches
vs
1
mile ,
V.I,
- 20 feet
inches
VS
1
mile ,
V r
v * L ■>
- 10 feet
inches
=
1
mile ,
’ r t
v - JL 9
= 5 feet.
2. Map Distance for given degree of slope is same on all maps of thrs
system.
M.D. x D. - V.I. x 688 x R.F.
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20,
If M.D. x D is to remain constant, as it must under this system,
the R.F. and V.I must change inversely by the same ratio on all maps of this
system.
4. Under the Normal System, V.I. in feet = 60_ __
Number of inches per mile,
of the scale.
Working Scale of Elevations
1. Another type of map distance scale, which might be called a working
3cale may be constructed as follows: As stated before, if we travel horizont-
ally for a distance 07 .3 5 on a one degree slope we rise one foot. 5730’
horizontal travel on a one degree slope = 100' rise. 5730* = 63,760"
horizontal travel on a one degree slope = 100' rise.
If now we are making a sketch at a scale of 3" = 1 mile, R.F. 1 ,
21,120
a horizontal travel of 68,760" will be represented on the sketch by a line
68,760 - 3.25" long.
21,120
If this travel of 68,760" had been along a one degree slope we would
have risen 100 feet. Hence on this sketch a line 3.25" long, on a cr.e de gree slope
represents a rise of 100 feet. If then, we lay off a line 3.25" long and
divide it into 10 equal parts, each part will represent 10’ rise if measured
along a one degree slope.
20
30
_L_
40
5C
10 0
J
Feet Rise .
If these distances are measured along a two degree slope, the rise
represented will be twice that marked on the scale; three degree slope, three
times that on the scale for a one degree elope, etc.
3. Working scales of elevations for sketches on a scale of 6" to the
mile, or any other size scale, may be constructed in the 3ame way as explained
above for the scale 3" to the mile.
Map Distance Scale in Metric Units ,
1. The formula for Map Distance (M.D.) as derived above is, M.D, =
V.I. x 57 ,3 x R.F. . where M.D. ana V.I. are in the sarnie unit of measure. For
D
instance, if the V.I. used in the formula is in feet, the M.D. derived will
be in feet. It is more convenient to have the M.D. expressed in inches,
hence the V.I. is usually reduced to inches. This is done by using the V.I.
in feet, and multiplying the factor r>7„3 by 12 and using the factor 688 in
the formula, which is, in effect, reducing the V.I. to inches.
2. Applying metric units to the above formula wfe have
MiD. = V.I. x 5^30 x R.F..
D
Where, M.D. - map distance, expressed in centimeters
V.I. = vertical interval, expressed in meters
R.F. = Representative fraction
D. = slope in degrees, (and not in the French unit, grade,
which will be taken up later.)
V ; ■ •
' \
3. Example: What ie the M.D. for a two degree slope on a map havir^g a
V-I. pf 5 meters and R.F. 1_ ?
20.000
M.D. r 5 x 5730 x 1 c 23 650 = .71 centimeters.
2 20,000 40, 000”
Profiles .
1. A profile is a drawing showing a vertical section of mapped ground.
2. Helpful to the aviator in recognizing the topography along the
skyline in the distance.
3. Furnish important means of solving visibility problems.
4. Practice in drawing profiles.
>
0 510
PIN-POINTING
British System
1. By laying a map off in squares, it is possible to locate a target, or
other point of interest, by giving the "Letter", "Number" and "Letter", respective-
ly, of the squares containing the target, together with the coordinates of its
position in the smallest lettered square. This process of locating points by means
of the map squares is called "Pin- pointing" .
2. The pin-point may be said to consist of four elements which may be
illustrated by the pin-point G 8 b 73, as follows
First, the 6,000 yard square "G"«
Second, the 1,000 yard square "8", which is contained in "G".
Third, the 500 yard square "b", which is contained in "8".
Fourth, the coordinates, 7 3, of the point to be located in the square "b" .
3. The country is divided into large rectangles which are. grouped in sets of
24.}i,six wide and four deep, being lettered from A to X as shown in Fig. 1. The
top row (A to F, inclusive) and the bottom row (A to F, inclusive) and the bottom
row (S to X, inclusive) each contain six rectangles 6,000 yds. in the east and
west direction by 5,000 yds. in the north and south direction. The two center rows
to L, inclusive and M to R, inclusive) each contain six squares 6,000 yds, by
6,000 yds. Our map of Belgium covers the area in Fig. 1, outlined by the dotted
lines .
4. These large lettered rectangles, A, B, C, etc., form the first element of
the pin-point. For example, in Fig. 1, a point might be located in nGn as shown.
5. The large lettered rectangles are then divided into either 30 or 36 -squares
depending upon whether the rectangle is 5,000 yyds* or 6,000 yds, deep, respective-
ly. Fig. 2 represents the 6,000 yd. square !*Gn divided into 36 squares, 1,000 yds,
on a side and numbered from 1 to 36,
6. These 1,000 yd, numbered squares form the second element of the pin-point.
A target in square "8" in Fig. 2, would be located in G 8.
7. The 1,000 yd. squares are each subdivided into four squares 500 yds. on a
side and lettered "a", "b" , nc" , "d", for the north-west, north-east, south-west
and south-east squares respectively. Fig. 3 represents the 1,000 yd. square "8”
divided into four 500 yd. squares,
8. The 500 yd. lettered squarea form the third element of the pin-point and a
target in the 500 yd. eauare "b", Fig. 3, would be located, up to this point, in
G 8 b.
9. The final step is to consider the south and west sides of the SCO yd. square,
in which the point is located, as coordinate axes with the origin at the southwest
corner of the square. By giving the coordinates of the point in the 500 yd. square,
its final position may be determined. The south and west sides of the square are
divided into ten ima ginary equal parts, each division being 5C yds. These divisions
are numbered 0 to 9 from the point of origin, the south-west corner of the square.
10. The final element of the pin-point consists of the coordinates of the target
in this 500 yd, square. The abscissa is always given first, which is the perpendi-
cular distance east from the Y-axis (the north and south line) and, in this case,
is 7. The ordinate is alwavs eiv°n second, which is the perpendicular distance
0 510
north from the X-axis (the east and west line) and, in this case, is 3. In Fig,
3, the target shown in square "b" , has the coordinates 7 3 (read seven, three, not
seventy- three ) .
11. The complete pin-point location of the target is then G 8 by 73 ,
12. The coordinate "0” is used but not "10". If the point falls on a dividing
line between the squares, it is located in the square in which the coordinate "10"
will not be used, or, in other words, it will be considered as being in the square
to the east or north. For example, the pin-point of "X" in Fig. 3 is G 8 a 50 and
not G 8 c 5, 10.
13. For very exact w ork, each of the ten divisions along the X- and Y-axes may
be imagined divided into 10 equal parts or 5 yd... intervals. The coordinates are
then expressed by giving the tenths and hundredths east of the Y-axis and the tenths
and hundredths north of the X-axis. Suppose the target in Fig, 3, were moved 20
yds. east, or 4 tenths of the distance from 7 to 8. If very great accuracy were
required, its pin-point would then be expressed as G 8 b 7430, (read G 8 b seventy-
four - thirty). For ordinary work, however, it is sufficient to represent the
point as being on the nearest 50 yd„ division. It should be noted that the coor-
dinates are represented by two figures or by four figures, never by three figures.
French System
1. The method of locating points on the French battle maps is by reference
to the superimposed kilometer grid. The French system is based entirely upon the
Rectangular System or Coordinates, that is, every point on the "Western Front"
may be located with respect to a certain arbitrary point or origin which happens
to be in central western France in the general vicinity of Poitiers.
2. This point of "origin" was chosen at the beginning of the European War ,
and was so chosen that the entire Western Front falls in the first quadrant, thus
eliminating the positive and negative signs. According to the conventions of
analytic geometry, all distances in the first quadrant are measured in positive
directions along the two axes, X- and Y-,
3. The "origin" was also chosen in such a position that no point on the
Western Front would be greater than 999 kilometers away, measured in an east or
north direction from the two axes, thus eliminating a larger number of digits.
4. The Vifestern Front was then divided into large blocks of land and a true
meridian constructed thru the center. Parallel and perpendicular to this meridian,
lines were drawn one kilometer apart. These are actual lines on the maps and are
not always exactly parallel to the lines of latitude and longitude. This is due
to the fact that a line parallel to a true meridian cannot itself Ve a true
meridian ... except at the equator, because all
meridians converge toward the poles. Hence, the further this parallel line is from
its meridian and the further it runs, the greater is its deviation from true north
and south. Our map of Belgium is taken from the western half of one of the large
blocks spoken of above,
5. The grid lines on our Belgian map are numbered as shown in Fig, 4.
a o
• 5
■ ' ! v1' 1 ’
0 510
3
6. In doing ordinary work, the pin-point is given to one tenth of a kilometer.
For example, nXn on Fig. 4 is at 2145-2896. For detail work, it may be located to
one one-hundredth of a kilometer, in which case it would be at 21453-28964.
7 . It should be noted that the abscissa is always given first and the
obdinate second.
8, The pin-point may often be abbreviated by omitting the first figure or
the first two figures from each of the coordinates. In order to keep certain in-
formation from falling into the hands of the enemy, the grid lines are often given
letter designations which are changed from day to day according to an authorized
key. For instance, suppose the line 214 were given the designation A and the
line 289 L« The pin-point of "X" would then be A5 L6.
9, It should be noted that there are always the same number of figures in each
of the coordinates. If not abbreviated, the first digit in either of the co-
ordinates is always hundreds, the second, tens, the third, units, the fourth,
tenths and the fifth (when given), hundredths. The decimal point is understood but
always omitted,
10. In case a pin-point is not 100 kilometers from the point of origin, in
either direction, the first digits of the coordinate would be given as zeros. For
example, 0132 0051 would represent a point 13.2 km. east of the origin and 5.1 km.
north of the origin.
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5.
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES IN MAP READING
Exercise I. Contour Map.
The problem is to draw logical contours at 20 ft. vertical intervals, upon
a skeleton map which gives the complete drainage net and a few of the master
critical points.
1. Locate the points where desired contours cross the main stream line, by
interpolating between the given elevations.
2. By interpolation, find where the contours cross the tributary ravines.
3. Locate the points where the contours cross the ridge lines. This is
done by interpolating between the critical points already located on the ridges
and the points where the contours would cross the ravines.
4. Draw the contour lines thru points of the sarnd elevation.
Exercise II. Profile from a Contour Map.
1. A profile is a drawing showing a vertical cross-section of the mapped
ground along a given line.
2. Draw a straight line thru the points where the cross-section is desired,
cutting the contour lines. Let this line be known as A-B.
3. Project the points of intersection which the countours make with the
line A-B onto a line drawn along the border of the map which is parallel to A-B.
Call this line A'-B1.
4. Assume a vertical scale to represent the contour interval, as, 1/8" equals
20' ; the horizontal scale to be the same as that of the map,
5. Draw lines parallel to A'-B’, the distance apart being according to the
vertical scale chosen. These lines represent the imaginary horizontal planes at
equal, vertical intervals.
6. Thru the intersections which these lines make with the lines projected
from A-B (the corresponding planes), the profile is drawn.
Exercise III. Construction of "Map Distance" scales.
1. A 'Vnap distance" scale somewhat resembles a graphical scale, the difference
being that it reads in degrees of slope instead of in units of linear measure.
With a properly constructed "map distance" scale, for a given topographic map, one
can read the degrees of slope on the ground at any point by applying the scale.
2. The actual construction of these scales for a map in the English system
as well as in the metric system of units of measure,, is taken up in detail in the
classroom. Usually a few minutes are spent in the practical application of these
scales to the maps for which they are constructed.
.
.
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0 510
6..
Exercise IV, Problems on scales.
Construction of a graphical working scale .
1. A blue print showing two distances which have been measured off on the
campus, is furnished to the squadron commander. One of these distances is paced
off by each student in order to determine the average number of inches in his
pace ,
2. A scale of paces is then made for a given R,F. and later used in making
a sketch on the campus.
Construction of a graphical reading scale.
3. Graphical reading scales are also constructed, which involve the use of
conversion factors from the metric system to the English system and vice versa.
Exercise V. Practice in Orientation from the Moving
Flight Picture.
1. The "Moving Flight Picture" represents an area 2,000 yds. wide and was
painted from strips cut from our map of Belgium. The Picture was painted in
perspective with the desire that it should represent the ground as viewed from
an airplane flying at a low altitude, the observer looking forward. The strips
from which the "Picture" was painted, represent the path which the machine
traveled as it flew about, over the area represented on our map. The strips
were pasted together, end to end, in such a manner as to make a continuous course
except where the machine changed direction. The Moving Flight Picture was painted
from this long strip, the scale of the painting being 1 to 1715.
2. In order to follow, on your map, the course which is shown as the Flight-
Picture moves, it is necessary to keep your map constantly oriented. This
involves constant turning of your map in order to keep the course of flight on
it parallel to the course shown on the picture. It is essential that an aviator
know how to keep a map properly oriented when using it in the field in order
that he may not get lost.
3. Road intersec tions , forests, villages, topography, streams and canals,
together with the compass needle, should be of the greatest assistance in keeping
the map oriented.
4. To check, up your orientation, the picture will be stopped occasionally in
order to allow you to pin-point certain objects indicated by the instructor.
Exercise VI. Problems in plotting courses from French
Military Maps .
1. We have, on file, a large number of different French Military maps to
each of which is attached a typewritten sheet of instructions. In the classroom,
each individual is furnished with one of these maps, each map carrying with it
a different problem.
2. A certain point is designated as the aerodrome. This point may be des-
cribed as a pin-point, town, road intersection, or by some other means which
involves a study of the map to locate it. The instructions outline a flight by
I :
0 510
7
giving the azimuth or bearing (either true or magnetic) of the different courses
and the distances on the ground; or, ©oints where the machine changes direc-
tion may be designated on the ground by certa.in land maKrs, either natural or
artificial, and the azimuths or bearings are to be found*
3. A map cf the area covered by the flight is made by plotting the different
courses ,
Exercise VII. Out-door Sketching.
A ’’traverse line" is run around the Mining Building. The building is
located by taking "side shots" at the different corners from the various "stations’^
along the traverse.
1. A small drawing board with a compass mounted on it is supplied. The
scale of paces which has previously been constructed by the student is used for
plotting distances on the sketch.
2. After the paper is attached to the board, an arrow, representing the
magnetic meridian, is drawn on the border parallel to the side nearest the
compass .
3. Station I. on the ground is chosen some 15 to 20 yds. diagonally away
from one of the corners.
4. The map is then oriented, by making the arrow on the paper parallel to
the compass needle, after the needle has come to rest.
5. Station I. on the map is then chosen in such a position that all three
corners of the building which are visible will fall within the borders of the
paper and so that the building will be located. near the center of the map,
6. After Station I. has been located on the map, lines are drawn to the
different visible corners of the building by sighting from this point along the
straight-edged scale.
7. After lines are drawn to the different visible corners. Station II. is
located on the ground near the next corner of the building similar to Station I.
A line is then drawn in the direction of Station II. from Station I.
8. The distance between these two stations on the ground is paced then laid
off on the map according to the scale of paces, thus locating Station II. This
is the first course of the traverse.
9. At Station II., the board is again oriented as at Station I. by using the
compass needle and also by "back-sighting” at Station I „ This latter method is
used as a check and should never be neglected. Side-shots to the three visible
corners are again taken. The intersection cf two of these lines with two drawn
from Station I. will locate two corners of the buildingo
10. Next locate Station III. and proceed on around the building in like manner.
11. Upon arriving at a point where Station I. can be seen, the traverse is
closed by sighting at Station I. and also pacing the distance on the ground as
well as measuring it on the map. Any error, either in distance or direction,
should be noted on the map at this point.
. • .
‘
0 510
D
o ,
12. niter completing the traverse, a true meridian is placed on the imp
y assuming the Magnetic Declina.tion to be 18° E, The true azimuth and the
istance in meters of each course of the traverse are to be shown.
^ * -he.rr.ap ohoulr] show also the three methods of representing scales and
u con"taan a w^ich is usually placed in the southeast corner of the
k
Profile
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LOWEST CONTOUR 780
Date
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APPENDIX
LI
Contains the followings
numerical Data-Sntered, Relieved* Graduated
and Demotsd-by Squadrons by Weeks*
(13 pages)
. •
, *
:fr'' - .70’ / V '
dl)
School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley
Appendix
Entered, Relieved, Graduated and Demoted by Squadrons by Weeks .
* * *
Week Beginning Monday
5-21-17 5-28-17 6-4-17 6-11-17
s^d.
Jqd.
Ho,
del. Bern.
Sqd*
Ho, Rel. Horn.
Sqd.
Ho, Rel
, Dem.
Sqd.
HO. Rel.
Hem.
No,
HO#
Ho.
HO.
A
1
16
im
2
25 — —
3
25 -
.
4
25 -
mm
B ■
mm
—
-
1
25 -
€>
26
-
3
25 -
-
C
-
—
-
-
mmmm *•* *o*
1 '
25 -
-
26 —
-
D _
«•
—
-
-
-
-
—
1
25
mm
E
F
G
H
am
mm
*»mm
am mm
mm mm
-
1 i t 1
till
Mil!
MM
— -
-
—
vm
In reserve
• 7
-
24 —
-
53
-
Totals
for
week
' *
16
0 0
57 0 6
100 -
24
154 -
53
Entered
16
*41
43
54
Relieved.
Graduated
—
—
* 9 men
entering in 2nd week
were
assigned
to Bl.
Seek Beginning Monday
6-18-17
6—25—17
7-2-
17
7-9-17
Sqd.
Sqd.
Ho.
Rel. Bern,
Sqd.
Ho. Rel# Dam.
Sqd.
Ho. Rel
. Hem,
Sqd,
Ho. Rel,
Hem.
Ho.
Ho.
Ho.
Ho.
A
5
25
M.
/»
- 0
26
4
7
27
mm
aw
8
/wS
OB,
tm
B
4
25
-
5
25
-
-
6
22
2
-
7
23
1
~
C
3
35
-
4
25
~
-
5
27
1
-
6
24
D
2
26
-
3
35
1
mm
4
25
1
-
5
26
E
1
25
1
- 2
26
-
-
3
34
-
4
24
-
«.
F
-
—
-
1
24
-
-
2
26
-
MM
3
34
—
-
G
-
—
«
-
—
-
-
1
24
-
-
2
26
1
-
H
-
—
-
» „
—
-
—
—
«
1
24
eat
In reserve
43
18
8
#8
Totals
for
week
179
1
mm
179
1
0
193
12
0
207
2
0
entered
*25
1
13
26
Relieved
1
1
12
2
Gratiua
ted
0
0
0
24
* 10
men
entering this week \
wore assigned
to
03.
# 8 men relieved from instruction, final discharges obtained later,
G5 Includes two men who were transferred from 36, not included in 36 roll.
06 Includes 4 men transferred from A7.
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Appendix
7-16-17
Week Beginning Monday
7-23-J.V 7-30-
17
8-6-17
Sqd.
Sqd.
Ne»
NO.
Eel.
Dem.
Sqd.
No.
NO .
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No.
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28
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26
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1
9
29
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D
6
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7
22
to
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25
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9
29
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S
5
26
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6
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3
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to
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4
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Totals for
week
209
0
0
204
0
3
199
1
2
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Bntered
28
19
30
25
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Sraduated 25
34
20
23
8-13-17
veek Beginning Monday
3-20-17 8-27-
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9-3-17
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Totals for
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1
6
205 5
10
191 0
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Appendix
Week beginning Monday
9-10-17 9-17-17 9-24-17 10-1-17
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206 3
31
201 8
209 7
10
207
Entered 51
13
38
27
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8
7
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21
24
16
10-8- 18
Week beginning Monday
10-15-18 10-22-18 10-29-18
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Totals for week -
228 3 17
237
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Appendix
Week Beginning Monday
11-5-17 11-1 £-17 11-19-17 11-26-17
Sc|d,
Sqd.
No.
Ho.
Rel.
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26
38
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54
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71
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24
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25
60
2
—
26
38
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—
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55
1
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C
23
74
5
5
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51
5
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63
6
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26
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64
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32
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18
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30
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3
20
28
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27
1
6
Totals for week
(
338
9
12
344
12
20
361
10
15
396
<2
4/
18
Entered
60
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38
54
71
Relieved
9
12
10
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21
26
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1
1
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12-
3-17
Week Beginning
12-10-17
Monday
12-17-17
12-24-17
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Totals for week
438 11
Entered 66
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21 478 14
76
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Pi! PIO "
.pendix
week Beginning Monday
12-51-17 1-7-18 1-14-18 1-21-18
Sod i
Sqd, No. Kel.
Bern*
kj qd •
NO. Eel. Sera.
SqcU
No.
Eel.
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No.
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32
80 -
33
87
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15
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31
78 2
32
81
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33
72
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31
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26
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leave
1
l’ttals for week
499 14 19
528
9
35
684
18
28
Entered
70
86
From
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rt
Eelieved
14
9
18
Sr.-iduated
44
31
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Qnio men assigned
ae follows*
Sod
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Sqd. E30 -
36
032
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188
,'«ek Beginnin
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1-28-18
2-4
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2-11-18
2-18-18
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Ho.
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NO.
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36
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64
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78
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Totals for
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11
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22
59
648
12
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616
10
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64
68
78
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GrauUated 72
81
95
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Appendix
Week Beginning Monday
4—22—18
4-29-18
5-6-18
5-13-18
3qd«
Sqd«
NO a
. Ho.
Rel.
Deal*
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No.
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A
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41
2
49
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1
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84
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Sick
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2
2
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Totals for
week
528
5
48
499
16
30
457
2
35
510
6
37
Entered
40
39
37
83
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5
16
2
6
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60
62
28
11
E-40
60
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1-40
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Week beginning; Monday
7-6-18 7- 15-18 7-12-16 7-29-18
-§££U.
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Bern.
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Bern.
Sq&.
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60
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58
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59
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57
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56
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59
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3
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83
2
57
66
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2
68
67
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2
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54
88
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1
55
78
~
5
66
86
1
3
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86
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1
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53
83
-
2
54
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1
55
77
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1
56
82
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2
53
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54
91
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2
55
75
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35
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51
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53
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51
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52
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2
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48
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44
1
6
51
64
3
Total e for week -
866 9 41
912 10 28
940 10 44
889
Entered
85
86
76
Relieved
9
10
10
6
Graduated
33
40
37
61
Wee!; beginning Monday
6-5-18 6-12 -16 8-19-18 8-26-16
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61
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2
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62
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1
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63
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12
1
1
D
60
66
-
37
61
74
1
17
62
35
2
1
63
19
2
1
2
59
80
1
1
60
50
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-
61
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1
62
33
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58
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2
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60
58
2
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69
2
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1
55
73
1
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56
82
1
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81
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53
68
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54
102
3
11
55
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1
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55
73
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54
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Totais for '.70 el; -
821
5
76
776
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773
6
29
745
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-
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35
32
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5
10
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Appendix
9- £-18
Week Beginning Monday
9-9-18 9-16-18
9-23-18
Sad.
Sqd.
Ho.
Ho.
Bel.
Mem.
Sqd.
Ho.
Ho.
Rel.
Bern.
Sqd.
Ho.
Ho.
Rel.
Rem*
Sqd.
HO.
Ho.
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A
67
33
mmmrn
68
33
rir l
69
29
70
27
B
66
32
—
1
67
34
1
1
68
34
—
MM
69
29
MM
1
0
65
36
—
1
66
32
3
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67
31
—
1
68
35
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1
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11
...
65
35
—
5
66
34
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- $
6?
37
3
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63
16
—
—
64
11
—
1
65
31
66
25
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62
37
2
3
63
18
2
2
64
12
1
1
65
32
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2
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61
54
—
62
32
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1
63
15
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53
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61
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1
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59
82
2
5
60
58
2
5
61
58
3
62
34
1
4
1
58
79
—
1
59
76
—
4
60
55
1
2
61
57
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57
81
1
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58
79
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1
59
73
1
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60
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56
92
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5
57
85
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1
58
77
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59
70
1
6
M
55
80
11
56
98
2
5
57
89
MM
10
58
87
2
7
Totals for week
686
&
27
644
11
27
570
7
26
513
7
26
Entered
32
33
29
27
Relieved
5
11
7
7
Graduated
69
91
79
78
"Week Beginning Monday
9-30'
-18
10-
7-18
10-
14-18
10
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'18
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Ho.
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A
71
23
1
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72
14
1
2
75
24
1
74
54
MM
11
B
70
28
1
1
71
23
—
1
72
15
—
2
73
25
1
3
0
69
30
1
1
70
27
2
2
71
24
1
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72
16
1
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D
68
37
1
5
69
33
3
5
70
27
1
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71
29
2
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67
31
—
2
68
33
—
1
69
27
1
6
70
24
1
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66
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4
67
33
1
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68
35
2
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69
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65
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70
1
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60
59
2
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61
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5
62
30
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13
Sick Leave
1
Totals for
week
4 52
7
28
394
10
29
361
6
35
349
6
82
Entered
23
14
23
53
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7
10
6
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65
50
60
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appendix
eelc Beginning Monday
10-28-18
11—4
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11-
11-18
11-
18-18
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Ho.
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75
53
1
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76
40
mm
7
77
48
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3
78
22
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74
49
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7
75
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7
76
55
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7
77
59
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73
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75
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76
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72
20
1
7
73
29
8
74
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6
75
30
1
4
B
71
23
-
4
72
ae
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2
73
25
-
2
74
26
mm
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F
70
27
2
£
71
23
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3
72
15
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73
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mm
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FX
69
24
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3
70
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1
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71
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72
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0
68
33
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8
59
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2
70
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67
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1
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58
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3
69
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66
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67
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68
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65
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66
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3
67
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64
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86
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66
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4
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65
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21
4
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5
66
2.8
3
2
for
we&A
573
7
68
380
4
48
400
2
50
377
11
31
watered
42
33
41
4
Be li even
7
4
2
11
(Jratinatea
14
17
23
23
JLt &.* ? 1 X O 'i .1
Appendix
Week Beginning Monday
11-25-18
12—2—18
12-9-18 12-16-18
Sad, oqd, Wo. Hel. Dera.
, No.
oqd. Wo, Eel. Pern.
No,
Sqd, Wo. Eel. Pern. oqd. 'TOr.Eel.pem.
No. No,
A
B
C
D
78
77
76
32
63
39
17
23
14
J CO
78
77
22
36
4
1
3
3
78
21
8
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E
75
24
9
—
76
21
1
—
77
32
2
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APPENDIX L2
Contains the following:
Alphabetical List of Graduates from the
School of Military Aeronautics, Berkeley, California*
(44 pages)
* \
■ • i- .:,r
.novc $■: &r si&rii) 'zo crulJ iaoi4-?cts/:;i£A
* - : • « - . . «. ■;
(aSgflJJ - >)
Aa-At
Appendix
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley,
Name
Aaron, David J,
Abernathy, Louis V.
Abies, Willard C*
Abrahams on, Lyle
Ackley, Blaine
Adams, Arthur A.
Adams, Frank D,
Adams, James D.
Adams, Lo rimer S.
Aid, Harry
Ainslie, Walter M.
Ainsworth, Frank W,
Akert, Edward R«
Albi, Joseph A.
Albright, John J,
Albright, Oliver
Alcorn, Donald E.
Aldrich, John B.
Alford, Carl C*
Allen, Carlos H,
Allen, Charles M*
Allen, George B,
Allen, George F*
Allen, Paul V.
Allen, Roy
Allen, Thomas F.
Allin, Roy M*
Allison, Ernest
Allison, Roy G.
Almgren, Arvid
Ames, Charles B, Jr.
Ames, Cliarles H.
Anderson, Arthur H,
Anderson, Charles A.
Anderson, Cecil M.
Sqdn.No, Graduating
Date
H-39
4/20/18
K-74
1/11/19
M-46
6/8/18
M-58
9/28/18
M-60
10/12/18
M-50
7/27/18
1-40
5/4/18
H-21
12/1/17
K-70
12/7/18
M-61
10/19/18
H-38
4/13/18
M-45
6/22/18
H-37
4/6/18
H-36
3/30/18
M-60
10/12/18
H-38
3/30/18
M-58
9/28/18
M-51
8/3/18
K-72
12/21/18
M-58
9/28/18
H-27
1/26/18
H-30
2/16/18
M-56
9/14/18
H-20
11/24/17
K-69
11/30/18
M-51
8/3/18
M-52
8/10/18
1-40
5/4/18
H-36
3/30/18
M-50
7/27/18
H-74
12/14/18
M-44
6/15/18
M-56
9/14/18
M-46
6/29/18
H-15
10/20/17
Name
Anderson, Clarence
Anderson, Fay T.
Anderson, George A.
Anderson, Howe
Anderson, Irwin 0,
Anderson, Leland S.
Anderson, Louis
Anderson, Robert
Anderson, Robert M*
Andrews, Bruce B.
Andrews, Clifford S*
Andrews, Hartley B*
Andrews, Henry G,
Andrews, Howard M.
Andrews, Lloyd J,
Aney, Melvin
Angier, Corliss
Anspach, Paul P»
Appelhoff, Jolin A.
Appel ton, Francis L*
Appling, Grady S.
Apte, Benjamin E.
Archer, Allen T.
Archer, Cecil E*
Argyle, Horace R,
Armstrong, Donald H.
Armstrong, John A*
Armstrong, Ralph S.
Armstrong, Russell B*
Ash, John L.
Ashe, Sam
Ashton, Blanchard P.
Atkins, George J*
Atchison, Grant A.
Atchison, Thomas E,
Sqdn.No. Graduating
Date
H-26
1/19/18
M-61
10/19/18
M-55
9/7/18
M-57
9/21/18
M— 55
9/7/18
H-37
4/6/18
M-56
9/14/18
K-72
12/21/18
H-9
9/8/17
M-53
8/24/18
H-8
9/1/17
M-59
10/5/18
H-6
8/18/17
H-28
2/2/18
H-37
4/6/18
H-ll
9/22/17
H-18
11/10/17
H— 31
2/23/18
K-74
1/11/19
H-23
12/15/17
M-59
10/5/18
M-51
8/3/18
H-24
12/22/17
H-30
2/23/18
M-54
8/31/18
H-13
10/6/17
M-65
11/16/18
H-25
1/19/18 .
H-31
2/23/18
L-42
5/25/18
M-44
6/15/13
M-59
10/5/18
K-69
11/30/18
H-40
4/27/18
K-77
2/1/19
Total to bottom of this sheet - 70
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At-Ba
Appendix .
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley.
Name
Atkinson, Harold K.
Atkinson, Ralph S.
Attix, Ernest A.
Austin, William -J*
Austin, Harold C,
Austin, Hurlbut D.
Auten, Harry W.
Axford, Allan C,
Axley, Seth
Ayers, Milhert P.
Baas, Lyle R.
Bache, D. K«
Backus, Charles F« Jr.
Bacon, Asaph ?.
Bacon, Christian 0,
Bacon, Max E*
Bader, Eugene F,
Baghy, Howard
Baggott, Charles
Bagley, William L»
Bailey, Herbert A.
Bailey, Lloyd E,
Bailey, Louis C.
Baird, Earl L.
Baird, Robert W,
Baird, Walter E.
Baisley, Herbert K.
Baker, Lea W,
Baker, Livingston L.
Baker, Ronald F.
Baker, Samuel C*
Balch, George E.
Baldwin, Guy II.
Balis, Arthur
Ballard, Audrey B.
SqdruNo. Graduating
Date
H-26
1/19/18
M-61
10/19/18
M-59
10/5/18
1-41
5/11/18
M-49
7/20/18
M-56
9/16/18
H-28
2/2/18
K-76
1/25/19
H-23
12/15/17
H-38
4/13/18
M-49
7/2 0/18
H-4
8/4/17
H-29
2/9/18
H-38
4/13/18
H-34
3/16/18
H-30
2/16/18
H-32
3/2/18
1-40
5/4/18
M-54
8/31/18
M-56
9/14/18
M-54
8/31/18
H-14
10/13/17
H-27
1/26/18
M-44
6/15/18
M-49
7/20/18
H-39
4/20/18
H-31
2/23/18
K-76
1/25/19
H-8
9/1/17
M-56
9/14/18
H-20
11/24/18
M-56
9/14/18
M— 46
6/29/18
M-56
9/14/18
H-22
12/8/17
Name
Ballinger, Glenory
Ballinger, Ray E.
Banning, George H.
Banta, George H,
Barber, Leslie R»
Barber, Newell C.
Barden, Paul E.»
Barkemeyer, John A.
Barkley, Robert H.
Barnard, Nathan N,
Barnes, Archie R.
Barnes, Edwin A.
Barnes, Frank A.
Barnes, Kenneth G.
Barnes, Phillip S,
Barnett, Leory M.
Barnhart, Leroy W,
Barr, David W,
Barr, James P.
Barr, Joseph
Barrett, James T.
Barrett, William. J*
Barry, Rutledge B*
Barry, William J.
Bartholomae, William
Bartlett, F, M.
Bartlett, Lowell M.
Baruch, Frederick H«
Bashor, Horace A,
Bastow, Joseph G.
Bates, Byron M.
Bates, Lesley R.
Batz, August F,
Batz, John B,
Baum, Frank H,
Sqdn.ilo. Graduating
Date
1-41
5/1 1/18
M-47
7/6/18
H-24
12/22/17
H-37
4/6/18
M-53
8/24/18
H-20
11/24/17
H-18
11/10/17
M-53
8/24/18
M-54
8/31/18
M-56
9/14/18
H-74
12/14/18
H-14
10/13/17
K-69
11/30/18
H-23
12/15/17
M-46
6/29/18
M-65
ll/l 6/18
H-29
2/9/18
H-10
9/15/17
M-57
9/21/18
M-47
7/6/18
H-34
3/16/18
H-31
2/23/18
H-3
7/28/17
H-74
12/14/18
H-29
2/9/18
H-2
7/21/18
H-37
4/6/18
L-42
5/25/18
M-56
9/14/18
H-21
12/1/17
M-G0
10/1 2/18
1-41
5/11/18
M-54
8/31/18
M-44
6/8/18
H-29
2/9/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 140
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Appendix . Ba-Bl
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley,
Name
Bayley, Eugene B.
Beals, Alvaro N,
Beck, Bordon F.
Beck, Daniel H*
Beck, George C,
Beckett, Ralph E*
Beebe, Wallace B.
Beeoher, Charles E.
Beekley, Archie G.
Beery, Levi L.
Behnclce, David L*
Beiseker, Charles E.
Beisel, Harold N.
Bell, Alonzo E«
Bell, Charles R.
Bell, George E*
Bell, Kenneth
Bell, Lester J«
Bell, Merton
Bell, Robert W.
Bell, Spencer M*
Belsjoe, Thomas
Belsky, Charles J.
Bemis, Lawrence •
Benbcw, Ceborn A*
Benedict, G. »
Benefiel, Jack W*
Bennett, Ivan E.
Bennett, William N*
Benson, Harry E.
Benton, Jack E»
Benton, James T*
Benton, John W*
Bentley, Frank H*
Berg, Carl L«
Sqdruho , Graduating
£>ate~"’
H-ll
9/22/17
M~52a
8/17/18
M-53
8/24/18
H-34
3/16/18
H-27
1/26/18
K-42
5/18/18
H-15
10/20/17
M-54
8/31/18
H-30
2/15/18
H-30
2/16/18
H-19
11/17/17
H-38
4/13/18
H-39
4/20/18
H-28
2/2/L8
M-59
10/5/18
H-24
12/22/17
H-l
7/14/17
M-56
9/7/18
M-61
10/19/18
H-32
3/2/18
H-13
10/6/17
H-3
7/28/17
H-31
2/23/18
M-67
11/30/18
M-48
7/13/18
H-2
7/21/17
M-59
10/5/18
M-57
9/21/18
M-61
10/19/18
M-60
10/12/18
K-77
2/1/19
M-43
6/8/18
H-34
3/16/18
H-18
11/10/17
H-19
11/17/17
Name
Bergh, James R,
Berkin, Jay J,
Berry, R. B.
Berry Thornton A.
Bertram, Arthur R,
Bettannier, Leo C.
Bevier, Raymond K«
Bidwell, Robinson E*
Bigelow, C, R,
Bihlman, George H.
Biles, Kenneth C.
Billard, Phil L*
Billings, Benjamin F
Bir Iceland, Harold
Bishop, Willard A»
Bixler, Ralph B*
Black, Avery J*
Black, Grover C,
Black, Harold
Blaclcard, Wade
Blacknall, Valentine
Blain, John D«
Blair, James
Blake, Thomas W,
Blake, /alter M*
Blake, Tilfred K»
Blanchard, John S,
Blanton, Edgar P,
Blitman, Charles H.
Blodgett, Clifford A
Bloom, Edward L,
Bloom, Samuel S*
Blote, Harold C,
Blount, George W.
Blowers, Hughes M*
Sqdn+No . Graduating
Date
H-18
11/10/17
H-3 5
3/23/18
H-5
8/11/17
H-31
2/23/18
H-39
4/20/18
M-48
7/13/18
M-63
11/2/18
H-29
2/9/18
H-4
8/4/17
M-59
10/5/18
H-33
3/9/18
H-15
10/20/17
, M-48
7/13/18
H-33
3/9/18
M-57
9/21/18
M-55
9/7/18
H-26
1/19/18
H-17
11/3 A 7
K-75
1/18/19
K-71
12/14/18
T M-61
8/3/18
H-32
3/2/18
H-28
2/2/18
M-58
9/28/18
M-56
9/14/18
M-61
10/19/18
M-56
9/14/18
M-42
6/1/18
1-40
5/4/18
M-55
9/7/18
H-24
12/22/17
M-51
8/3/18
M-64
11/9/18
M-45
6/22/18
M-56
9/14/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 210
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Bl-Br
Appendix
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley.
Name
Sqdn.No .
Graduating
Date
Name
Sqdn.No
Blur ton, Melvin R,
H-18
11/10/17
Bowker, Harry B.
H-40
Bod-well, Rea B.
H-37
4/6/18
Bowles, Robert H*
H-ll
Bagel , Galitzen N.
H-28
2/2/18
Bowman, Charles L.
M-54
Boggs, ^1. s»
H-9
9/8/17
Bowman, Logan. M.
M-54
Boggs, Stanhope S.
H-28
2/2/18
Bowman, Raymond F.
M-55
Bohrman, Carl T.
M-62
10/26/18
Boxell, Earl F.
H-3 3
Bolles, Julius H.
M-57
9/21/18
Boyd, George W.
H-3 4
Bolsinger, Ray C,
H-39
4/20/18
Boyd, Harold E«
M-54
Bolton, John Hugh
H-26
1/19/18
Boyd, Thomas H.
M-59
Boner, Earl W.
M-56
9/14/18
Boyden, George W,
M-58
Bonesteel, Kenneth
IP-32
3/2/18
Boyer, James P.
L-68
Bonnolie, Allen F.
H-3
7/28/17
Boyles, John L«
M-54
Bonnett, Edward M.
H-40
4/27/18
Braak, Gail Van den
H-25
Bonneville, William PI. H-3S
3/30/18
Brace, Harry D.
M-52
Boone, Franklin D,
M-44
6/15/18
Bradbury, George E.
M-55
Boone, Ralph R,
H-3 3
3/9/18
Braddick, Cecil H.
H-ll
Booth, A. B*
H-6
8/18/17
Bradford, Holt W,
II- 12
Boothe, Isaac J,
M-50
7/27/18
Bralejr, Wayne M.
M-56
Bornecamp, Frederick F LI-55
9/7/18
Bramha.ll, M*
H-7
Bor ton, Albert J.
M— 58
9/28/18
Brammer, George A.
H-23
Bosler, Barrett K„
H-28
2/2/18
Brand, Harold
M-44
Bosqui, Edward W.
IP-17
11/3/17
Brandt, Paul L.
1-74
Bostick, Jaen ?.
L-68
11/30/18
Br annum, Claude J,
H-34
3ostwick, TTayne L*
K-70
12/7/18
Brayton, Howard C«
H-40
Bottenfield, Wilfred
B.M-46
6/29/18
Brazil, V aide vino H.
1-40
Boudreaux, Ray H.
M-59
10/5/18
Breckon, Leslie S,
H-33
Boulware, George L,
PI- 2 3
12/15/17
Breese, Winfield S.
H-28
Bourw&n, Charles A,
H-39
4/20/18
Brelin, Ebbe A.
M-54
Bowden, Jerome T*
L-68
11/30/18
Brelin, Kilding G,
M-49
Bowen, Clark G*
H-30
2/16/18
Bremer, Carl A.
H-39
Bowen, William E«
M-45
6/22/18
Bremmer, Carl St. J,
M-50
Bower, Byron F.
H-30
2/16/18
Breneman, Lauren E.
M-64
Bowers, Ernest S.
M-54
8/31/18
Brenker, Arch H.
M-55
Bowhay, Leonard D.
M-53
8/24/18
Brewer, Percy 0.
H-34
Bowker, Frank B.
M-54
8/31/18
Brichta, Louis C.
H-8
Graduating
Date
4/27/18
9/22/17
8/31/18
8/31/18
9/7/18
3/3/18
3/16/18
8/31/18
10/5/18
9/28/18
11/30/18
8/31/18
1/12/18
8/10/18
9/7/18
9/22/17
9/29/17
9/14/18
8/25/17
12/15/17
6/15/18
1/11/19
3/16/18
4/27/18
5/4/18
3/9/18
2/2/18
8/31/18
7/20/18
4/20/18
7/27/18
11/9/13
9/7/18
3/16/18
9/1/17
Total to bottom of this sheet - 280
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Appendix Br
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley.
Name
Sqdn.No,
Graduating
Date
Name
Sqdn.No
Bridges, Kenneth L«
H-30
2/1S/18
Bryce, Ellsworth
M-55
Brier ley, George C.
H-40
4/27/18
Buck, Carl E,
H-36
Briggs, M. L.
H-9
9/8/17
Buck, Samuel R.
M-49
Briggs, William C.
M-67
11/30/18
Buckley, Cecil W.
H-28
Brigham, Frank 0.
H-17
11/3/17
Buckley, Francis J,
H-7
Brink, Rodney L«
M-55
9/7/18
Buckley, Henry ¥*
M-59
3r inker, Tom J„
H-39
4/20/18
Buckley, Raymond J.
H-31
Briscoe, James J,
K-69
11/30/18
Buckner, Charles G.
H-14
Brock, Harry
H-28
2/2/18
Buckner, Harold E.
M-56
Brodersen, Leroy
H-24
12/22/17
Buckner, Samuel G.
M-49
Brokmeyer, Albert F.
H-27
1/26/18
Buell, William C.
M-44
Brooks, F. H,
H-5
8/11/17
Buetell, Paul E*
M-51
Broomfield, Hugh D*
H-12
9/29/17
Bulford, George E*
M-67
Brosnan, H. M*
H-7
8/25/17
Pulkley, Paul G,
H-40
Brown, Addison
H-8
9/1/17
Bullen, Hal H.
M-52
Brown, Albert S.
H-35
3/23/18
Bunger, William M.
M-52a
Brown, David K.
H-30
2/16/18
Bunker, Harry L.
M-53
Brown, Delano A,
M-56
9/14/18
3urbeck, William D.
M— 46
Brown, Edward A.
M-53
8/24/18
Burger, Charles N,
K-42
Brown, Elon L.
H-44
6/15/lS
Burgess, Robert L.
H-32
Broivn, Fred H,
M-58
9/28/18
Burgess, Walter K,
1-40
3rown, Harry S.
M-59
10/5/18
Burkett, Harold P.
K-70
Brown, Mays P*
H-28
2/2/18
Burkholder, John C.
M-47
Brown, Rolla
H-31
2/23/18
Burks, Charles R.
M-67
Brown, Sewall
H-28
2/2/18
Burnett, Jay 0*
M-56
Brown, Walter L,
K-71
12/14/18
Burnett, William A.
M-56
Brown, Wilbur T.
H-20
11/24/17
Burnight, E. R.
H-9
Br cwne , Char les E .
II- 2 6
1/19/18
Burns, Elmer J,
K-75
Brownlee, Fred P*
H-26
1/19/18
Burns, John L,
H-30
Brubaker , Charles E •
M-56
9/14/18
Burns, John R.
H-ll
Bruce, W. R,
H-9
9/8/17
Burns, John V.
H-29
Bruner, George W.
K-70
12/7/18
Burns, Leroy
H-31
Brunner , Charles F .
H-33
3/9/18
Burns, Marion L.
M-43
Br tin son, Clair Benton
1-40
5/4/18
Burns, Wilbur J.
M-57
Bryan, William J.
M-56
9/14/18
Burr, Richard 0,
H-24
■Bu
Graduating
n
9/7/18
3/30/18
7/20/18
2/2/18
8/25/17
10/5/18
2/23/18
10/13/17
9/14/18
7/20/18
6/15/18
8/3/18
11/30/18
4/27/18
8/10/18
8/17/18
8/24/18
6/29/18
5/18/18
3/2/18
5/4/18
12/7/18
7/6/18
11/30/18
9/14/18
9/14/18
9/8/17
1/18/19
2/16/18
9/22/17
2/9/18
2/23/18
6/8/18
9/21/18
12/22/17
Total to bottom of this sheet - 350
Utj.
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Appendix . Bu-Cli
Graduates - School of Military aeronautics - Berkeley.
Name
3urris, Paul F,
Burruss, George H.
Burton, J. F.
Buser, Albert E.
Bush, Donald R»
Bush, Franklin H.
Bushmen, Francis L.
Bushman, Ralph J.
Busk, Stephen L.
Buster, Melvin W.
Butler, Roy J.
Buttner, Edgar I.
Button, Frank P,
Button, Malcolm P.
Butts, Daniel E*
Byrnes, Walter A,
Byron, Edward W,
Cahoon, Brent F.
Caldwell, Jabin B.
Caldwell, John R#
Callahan, Samuel H.
Calvert, Lawrence C.
Campbell, Dudley R.
Campbell, George L.
Campbell, Hansom M.
Campbell, Harry D,
Campbell, Lei and
Campbell, IWoscoe ¥.
Camper, Ernest B*
Canby, Alfred J,
Canney, Walter H*
Cannon, Charles H.
Cannon, John A,
Cannon, Robert H.
Cannon, falter D,
Sqdn.No. Graduating
Date
H-52a
8/17/18
H-40
4/27/18
H-9
9/8/17
H-32
3/2/18
K-77
2/1/19
K-76
1/25/19
H-28
2/2/18
H-29
2/9/18
H-39
4/20/18
H-28
2/2/18
H-27
1/26/18
K-77
2/1/19
M-56
9/14/18
K-75
1/18/19
H-32
3/2/18
H-36
3/30/18
L-68
11/30/18
M-57
9/21/18
H-22
12/8/17
M-58
9/28/18
H-3Q
2/16/18
K-61
10/19/18
H-30
2/16/18
H-40
4/27/18
K-70
12/7/18
M-59
10/5/18
M-60
10/12/18
M-50
7/27/18
M-47
7/6/18
H-26
1/19/18
L-68
11/30/18
H-27
1/26/18
H-3
7/28/17
H-30
2/16/18
H-3 3
3/9/18
Name
Canty, Timothy J*
Car bee, Gwin W,
Cardiff, Donald L.
Car doff, Earl F*
Carey, falter R,
Carlberg, Edward F.
Carleton, George L.
Carlson, Lester A,
Carlsson, Thomas M.
Carmichael, Georga A,
Carmody, Frank J*
Car pell, Otto 6.
Carpenter, Frank C.
Carr, Edward E.
Carr, Richard M.
Carrington, Paul
Carroll, James B*
Carr o on, William E«
Carruthers, Albert S»
Carson, Alvin H,
Carter, Armistead
Carter, Edward V.
Carter, Francis M.
Carter, Harry W.
Carter, William R»
Cary, E* A.
Cary, Malcolm C.
Case, Floyd W«
Casey, Joseph D.
Cash, Lytell George
Castendyck, Charles
Cate, Fred II.
Cauthen, James C.
Cavagnaro, James F.
Chaddock, Homer L.
Sqdn.No. Graduating
Bate
H-37
4/6/18
M-60
10/12/18
M-59
10/5/18
Ii-31
2/23/18
K-43
6/8/18
H-29
2/9/18
H-28
2/2/18
K-70
12/7/18
1-40
5/4/18
M-46
6/29/18
M-61
10/19/18
H-31
2/23/18
M-61
10/19/18
M-50
7/27/18
H-40
4/27/18
K-42
5/18/18
H-13
10/6/17
H-10
9/15/17
M-51
8/3/18
M-53
8/24/18
M-58
9/28/18
H-34
3/1S/18
11—59
10/5/18
H-30
2/1S/1S
11-49
7/20/18
1-7
8/25/17
H-31
2/23/18
K-77
2/1/19
H-40
4/27/18
L-68
11/30/18
K-75
1/18/19
1.-67
11/30/18
H-29
2/9/18
H-26
1/19/18
H-29
2/9/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 420
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Appendix , Ch-Co
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley.
Name
Sqdn.No.
Graduating
"Sate
Name
Sqdn.No.
Graduating
Date
Chaffee, Herbert N»
H-33
3/9/18
Clampett, Frederick W,
, H-23
12/15/17
Chamberlain, Clar enceW.M«54
8/31/18
Clampett, Robert D.
L-42
5/25/18
Chamberlin, Clarence
A.K-70
12/7/18
Clancy, John F*
H-36
3/30/18
Chamberlin, W«
H-5
8/11/17
Clapp, William D*
H-33
3/9/18
Chamberlin, William
M-55
9/7/18
Clark, Arthur F*
H-34
3/16/18
Chambers, Howard E«
M-43
6/8/18
Clark, Charley F*
M-58
9/28/18
Chandler, Charles M*
ffi-52
8/10/18
Clark, Chester R,
H-31
2/2 3/18
Chandler, Clyde E.
L-42
5/25/18
Clark, Elmer C»
H— 40
4/2 7/18
Chandler, Homer B«
H-18
11/10/17
Clark, Hobart
H-30
2/16/18
Chaplin, Claude M»
H-13
10/6/17
Clark, J* H*
H-9
9/8/17
Chapman, Allen
H-23
12/15/17
Clark, Milo N*
M-45
6/22/18
Chapman,. Alvin L,
M-44
6/15/18
Clark, Ray H.
H-40
4/2 7/18
Chapman, Fred D*
M-52
8/10/18
Clark, Samuel G.
H-40
4/27/18
Chapman, Harold C*
H-25
1/12/18
Clark, Smith D*
H-19
11/17/17
Chapman, Harold 0.
M-49
7/20/18
Clark, Stuart K»
H-40
4/27/18
Charles, William 0,
M-61
10/19/18
Clark, Victor M*
M-55
9/7/18
Charlton, Duncan E»
11-58
9/28 /18
Clark, William B*
H-40
4/27/18
Charrion, Arthur B*
H-29
2/9/18
Clark, William D*
M-45
6/22/18
Chase, Cecil A,
H-38
4/13/18
Clarkson, Fuller
M-47
7/6/18
Chase, Paul
H-23
12/15/17
Clayton, J. H*
1-4
8/4/17
Chatter son, LI* Cragg
H-28
2/2/18
Cleary, Leslie A#
H-21
12/i/l?
Chenoweth, Clyde G*
M-4S
6/29/18
Cleary, M. J.
H-2
7/21/1?
Chesley, Carlton C.
M-66
11/23/18
Clemens , Jere J.
11-43
6/8/18
Childers, Harry S.
L-68
11/30/18
Clement, Alfred Jr »
M-53
8/24/18
Chiles, Chester A.
H-38
4/13/18
Clevenger, Cloyd P,
M-57
9/21/18
Christensen, Roy E.
M-56
9/14/18
Cliff, Nelson A*
H-20
11/24/17
Christie, Donald C.
H-29
2/9/18
Close, Myron
H-ll
9/22/17
Christopher, Vern E.
M-52a
8/17/18
Gluts, Walter S *
K-76
1/25/19
Christopherson, Fred
C* H-38
4/13/18
Coates, William T.
H-30
2/1 6/18
Christy, William G*
M-43
6/8/18
Cobb, Cecil E,
M-50
7/27/18
Church, Carl A*
M-56
9/14/18
Cobb, James F. Jr*
H-2 7
4/6/18
Citron, Alvin E.
H-37
4/6/18
Cobb, Lawrence C.
1-41
5/11/18
Claar, Stewart 3®
H-25
l/l 2/18
Cobb, Vaughan M.
H-31
2/23 /18
Claghorn, J. L*
H-7
8/25/18
Cobel, Ivan L,
M-45
6/22/18
Claiborne, Harry 0.
1-40
5/4/18
Cochran, John R*
M-46
6/29/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 490
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Appendix « Coo- Coir
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley,
Name
Sqdn.No.
Graduating
Date
Name
Sqdn.ho.
Graduating
Date
Cochrane, Robert M,
1-40
5/4/18
Conrad, James L*
M-64
11/9/18
Cochrane, William H,
H-35
3/23/18
Conrad, Max H,
H-30
2/16/18
Codington, Arthur D,
H-29
2/9/18
Conroy, Thomas P»
II- 19
11/17/17
Coe, Bernard
11-33
3/9/18
Cook, Dean C,
H-38
4/13/18
Coffee, Harold L.
H-38
4/13/18
Cook, L. E.*
H«1
7/14/17
Goffing, Lawrence D.
11-24
12/22/17
Cook, Ralph D,
H-26
1/19/18
Coffman, Tealey R*
M-59
10/5/18
Cook, Ray C*
H-29
2/9/18
Cohen, Douglas B*
M-66
11/23/18
Cook, Ray M*
K-72
12/21/18
Coke, Sterling D»
M-59
10/5/18
Cook, Scott L*
I.I- 5 2
8/10/18
CoU, Harold L,
H-35
3/23/18
Cook, William L* S,
H-30
2/16/18
Cole, Harry L,
M-55
9/7/18
Cooley, Charles E«
M-61
10/19/18
Cole, Lloyd E«
M-64
11/9/18
Coombs, Cyril L»
11-31
2/23/18
Colburn, Blsworth R,
M-45
6/22/18
Coop, Alfred E*
H-30
2/16/18
Coleman, Richard R,
Jr «H-11
9/22/17
Cooper, C* *
H-5
8/11/17
Coles, h orman E.
H-35
3/2 3/18
Cooper, Francis J,
H-28
2/2/18
Collins, James V,
M-56
9/14/18
Cooper, Henry B.
M-53
8/24/18
Collins, Robert B,
M-44
6/15/18
Copeland, illiam H«
H-4S
6/29/18
Collins, .allace C,
M-51
8/3/18
Copeland, Raymond C*
H-57
9/21/18
Colt, Frank
K-71
12/14/18
Coray, Claude L«
6/15/18
Colton, Earl G«
H-30
2/13/18
Corbitt, Marsh M»
H-33
3/9/18
Compere , Har old
H-24
12/22/17
Cordiner, Heil E«
M-57
9/21/13
Compton, Earl V*
H-38
4/13/18
Cordner, J, Her old
M-51
8/3/18
Compton, Robert D.
M-63
11/2/18
Cor kill©, John B*
1-40
5/4/18
Conant, Guy R,
M-57
9/21/18
Corbett, James W*
M-58
9/28/18
Conant, Laurence F,
H-29
2/9/18
Corrick, Everett W,
H-39
4/20/18
Cone, Paul I.i,
M-57
9/21/18
Corsuat, Jesse H»
H-29
2/9/18
Confarr, Gene S,
M-55
9/7/18
Gosper, Lloyd C«
H-17
11/3/17
Conklin, Ronald
H-38
4/13/18
Costar, Lloyd
H-34
3/16/18
Coni on, James M*
M-43
6/8/18
Cotton, Horace G*
H-39
4/20/18
Connelly, Robert M«
H-36
3/30/18
Cotton, John B*
H-2 3
3/16/18
Conner, Charles C,
M-55
9/7/18
Cottrell, Clinton C,
H-23
12/15/17
Connelly, Cecil H,
H-23
12/15/17
Couch, Howard H*
1-40
5/4/18
Connor, Vivian S,
M-51
8/3/18
Cover, Carl A,
H-28
2/2/18
Conrad, Clarence ,
M-47
7/6/18
Condor/, William II*
M-57
9/21/18
Conrad, Glenn V,
H-40
4/27/18
Cowgill, Lester B*
H-8
9/1/17
Total to Bottom of this sheet « 560
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Appendix .
Graduates - School of military Aeronautics - Berkeley,
Name
Sqdn .No ,
Graduating
Date
Hume
Jlqdn.Ho.
Graduating
Date
Co win, Alden L«
H-30
2 As/18
Curran, F, S,
H-20
11/24/17
Cox, John D • ,Fr •
H-23
12/15/17
Currie, John A,
M-59
10/5/18
Cox, Lester Edmund
H-36
3/30/18
Curtis, Carl E,
M-61
10/19/18
Cox, Oliver W.
M-53
8/24/17
Curtis, Nathaniel
M-61
10/19/18
Coyne, George P.
M-54
8/31/18
Curtiss, Dwight W*
1-40
5/4/18
Cozier, Paul LI,
H-39
4/20/18
Curtiss, Erl and L,
H-39
4/20/18
Crabtree, Lloyd W.
1-40
5/4/18
Cutrell, Ernest A,
M— 51
8/3/18
Cragg, Wilbur W»
M-46
6/29/18
Dahlem, Earl C.
H-29
2/9/18
Craig, Donald J,
K-72
12/21/18
Dailey, Gardner A,
H-23
12/15/17
Crandall, Bert K,
L-68
11/30/18
Dale, Lloyd B*
M-57
9/21/18
Crandall, William J,
M-Gl
10/19/18
Dallas, Burnie R,
H-27
1/2Q/18
Crane, Oliver P. H,
II-22
12/8/17
Daly, Jesse L*
M-60
10/12/18
Crawford, Otis B,
L-42
5/25/18
Daly, Richard E*
M-51
8/3/18
Crawford, Reed F, H-32
H-32
3/2/18
Dana, Earl A*
M-56
9/14/18 .
Crawford, William F.,Jr
• K-77
2/1/19
Dana, Leslie V,
H-25
1/19/18
Creighton, Orme A,
M-58
9/28/18
Daniel, Roy P.
H-32
3/2/18
Crippen, Hawley 0,
1,1-5 C
Ip/5/18
Daniels, Albert J*
11-31
2/23/18
Crippen, Roy D*
M-58
9/28/18
Daniels, D» P.
H-5
8/11/17
Crocker, Clarke W»
H-39
4/20/18
Dannenberg, Richard M
. M-65
11/16/18
Crocker, Harrison G,
H-37
4/6/18
Dark, Carleton W.
M-42
6/1/18
Crossan, Carroll B,
H-28
2/2/18
Daub, Wade G*
H-28
2/2/18
Crouch, Lloyd H,
H-38
4/13/18
Daube, J. F. 0*
H-l
7/14/17
Crowell, Harold R,
H-8
9/1/17
Davey, James J*
II- 21
12/1/17
Croxson, Albert M,
11-34
3/16/18
Davidson, Carlton F,
H-28
2/2/18
Crozier, Raymond L*
M-44
6/15/18
Davidson, Fay L«
M-57
9/21/18
Crum, Gay
H-16
10/27/17
Davidson, Prank G.
H-10
9/15/17
Cullity, Emmet R,
H-40
4/27/18
Davidson, G. C.
II- 4
8/4/17
Cumber patch, James T,
M-45
6/22/18
Davids on , arren C »
M-51
8/3/18
Cummings , Charles M,
H-34
3/16/18
Davies, Frederick C.
M-56
9/14/18
Cummings, Jack
11-43
6/8/18
Davies, Jolin A.
M-67
11/30/18
Cummings, Louis D.
11-55
9/7/18
Daviess, Marion L,
M-44
6/15/18
Cunningham, James R,
M-47
7/6/18
Davis , Alex ,
M-58
9/28/18
Cunningham, Samuel D,
H-34
3/16/18
Davis, Don D.
K-72
12/21/18
Cunningliam, Ulmer M,
M-57
9/21/18
Davis, Earl A*
H-30
2/16/18
Guppies, William H,
H-17
11/3/17
Davis, Elmer C,
K-42
5/18/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 630
vijCi-vroO
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Appendix . Dav-Dor
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley,
Name
Sqdn*Ho.
Graduating
Name
Sqdn.No.
fly* 4* n V
Date
Date
Davis, Charles B*
M-54
8/31/18
Denham, Chester D*
M-66
11/23/18
Davis, Earl D,
H-15
10/20/17
Denhart, Harry J,
M-52
8/10/18
Davis, George A,
M-48
7/13/18
Denman, Cedric E.
M-52a
8/17/18
Davis, George E,
H-39
4/20/1 8
Despain, Lawrence N,
11-29
2/9/18
Davis, Harry B«.
K-72
12/2 1/18
Dessieux, Edwin G,
K-72
12/21/18
Davis, Harry B, Jr,
H-20
4/27/18
Detchen, Orra i.
M-56
9/14/18
Davis, Henry G,
' M-65
11/16/18
Detels, Martin P,
M-65
11/16/18
Davis, John C,
H-39
4/20/18
Detlefsen, Gustav C,
H-38
4/13/18
Davis, John P,
M-56
9/14/18
Detrick, Arnold B,
M-57
9/21/18
Davis, K, M«
H-22
12/8/17
Dewald, 'Gilliam N.
H-14
10/13/17
Davis, Maurice H*
M-56
9/14/18
Diavila, Louis B«
H-29
2/9/18
Davis, Paul A,
H-38
4/13/18
Dibble, Leland C«
M-47
7/6/18
Davis, Paul 0,
H-1G
10/27/17
Dickson, Carl G,
M-58
9/28/19
Davis, Reed E,
M-56
9/14/18
Dickson, David C.
H-23
12/15/17
Davis, ill inn B.
M-49
7/20/18
Dickason, James F.
H-24
12/22/17
Davis, Millis E,
H-14
lo/l S/l 7
Diehl, Norval E.
11-37
4/6/13
Davis, Mill is ton N,
H-13
10/6/17
Diess, Erving G*
Ii-17
11/3/17
Davis, 17* R,
H-7
8/25/17
Dietriek, Glenn I*
K-69
11/30/18
Davy, Leland 17,
M-51
8/3/18
Dietrick, Richard H*
H-23
12/15/17
Dawson, Charges B,
H-25
1/12/18
Bievendorff, Horton
H. H-33
3/9/18
Day, Frank F,
M-44
6/15/18
Diggle, Burnhom W,
M-43
6/8/18
Day, Robert G,
H-29
2/9/18
Dill in, Forrest H«
H-23
12/15/17
Dayton, Frank E*
H-23
12/15/17
Dimmick, Graham B.
H-74
12/14/18
Dean, Floyd M*
M-49
7/20/18
Dixon, Victor H*
M-54
8/31/18
de Arce, L, P,
H-8
9/1/17
Doane, Basil B*
M-42
6/1/18
DeBolt, Victor H,
M-42
6/1/18
Doane, John 11*
11-35
3/23/18
DeOamp, Merritt J,
H-38
4/l3/i8
Dodd, Hiram E«
11-24
12/22/17
Decker, Kenneth
H-10
9/15/17
Dodds, Harry
H-29
2/9/18
Decker, Perl A,
M-44
6/15/18
Dodge, Harold W*
1-41
5/11/18
Dedrick, Russell F,
M-49
7/20/18
Dodge, Henry W,
II- 2 8
2/2/18
deFr emery, L,
H-7
8/25/17
Donaldson, Horace M.
M-59
10/5/18
Degen, Albert G,
M-44
6/15/18
Donnels, Horace C,
M-54
8/31/18
DeLange, Rodney L.
M-53
8/24/18
Doolin, Bernard M.
H-20
11/24/17
Delano, Herman S,
H-31
2/2 3/1 8
Doolittle, James H*
H-26
1/19/18
Denbo, George W,
H-30
2/1 6/1 8
Dorman, Arkley M*
M-57
9/21/18
Total to bottom, of this sheet - 700
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Appendix . Dpr-El
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley.
Nome Sqdn.No. Graduating
’ Date
Dorr&nce, George W.
H-27
1/26/18
Dor ton, Virgil J*
M-57
9/21/18
Doty, David E*
H-28
2/2/18
Douglas , Chari es
H-l 6
10/27/18
Douglas, James M.
1-40
5/4/18
Dow, William A,
M-44
6/15/18
Dowling, Chester E*
M-51
8/3/18
Doyle, James A*
M-44
6/15/18
Drager, Sydney M.
M-52
8/10/18
Drake, Charles J.
H-30
2/16/18
Driscoll, Thomas P.
M-57
9/21/18
Duba, Ralph L*
H-20
4/27/18
Dudley, Frank B.
H-8
9/1/17
Dudley, Lloyd M«
H-21
12/1/17
Duff, James G.
K-72
12/21/18
Duffy, Melvin B.
M-57
9/21/18
Dulin, Garrettson
H-3 6
3/30/18
Duncan, Ralph R«
M-53
8/24/18
Duncan, Stanley ¥.
L-68
11/30/18
Dundore, Charles H*
M-45
6/22/18
Dunf'ord, Samuel W,
H-3 9
4/20/18
Dunlap, Hugh A.
M-57
9/21/18
Dunlap, John
M-58
9/28/18
Dunn, Thomas F.
H-19
11/17/17
Dunn, William L.
M-57
9/21/18
Bunnegan, Howard M*
Kt77
2/1/19
Dunstan, Fred L.
1-40
5/4/18
DuPuy, Fred K.
L-42
5/25/18
Dupuy, Harry H.
M-44
6/15/18
Durham, Henry J,
K-74
1/11/19
Durham, Lee L. M.
M-60
10/12/18
Durst, Willis H.
M-61
10/19/18
Duthie, Roscoe G.
M-65
11/16/18
Dyche, Jus ton K.
H-26
1/19/18
Eager, Wesley L,
M-58
9/28/18
Name
Sqdn.No,
Graduating
Date
Earl, G, C. Jr.
H-l
7/14/17
Earl, Paul J«
M-52
8/10/18
Earley, George E.
H-30
2/16/18 •
Eaton, Claude S»
M-48
7/13/18
Eaton, Joseph E.
H-l 5
10/20/17
Laton $ S' $ J* 9 Xj ♦
H-6
8/18/17
Ebner, Gerald L.
H-22
12/8/17
Ebright, Carroll M,
H-3 3
3/9/18
Eckert, H. R.
H-8
9/1/17
Rcknann, Anscel C,
M-48
7/13/18
Edgar, H. H.
H-9
9/8/17
Edmund, Harvey W,
H-30
2/16/18
Edmunds , Carl R •
M-57
9/21/18
Edwards, Carl W.
H-24
12/22/17
Edwards, F. E.
H-4
8/4/17
Edwards, Neville G,
M-57
9/21/18
Egan, Thomas M#
H-29
2/9/18
Eggart, Francis W*
M-60
10/12/18
Eggleston, William S
. M-59
10/5/18
Ehrlichman, Ben B*
H-3 2
3/2/18
Ehrlichman, Rudolph
I. H-40
4/27/18
Eielsen, Carl B.
M-55
9/7/18
Eilert, Alvin H.
K-71
12/14/18
Ekdahl, Frank C,
M-66
11/23/18
El dr edge, James S.
M-45
6/22/18
Eldridge, J, A.
H-6
8/18/17
Eliel, Leon T.
H-49
7/20/18
Elkema, Emil C.
H-3 8
4/13/18
Ellicott, CharlesG.
M-48
7/13/18
Elli/ott, Daniel W.
H-40
4/27/18
Elliott, J, J.
H-9
9/8/17
Elliott, Marion L.
H-25
1/19/18
Elliott, Merle A*
H-39
4/20/18
Elliott, Paul D*
M-53
8/24/18
Elliott, R. P,
H-2
7/21/17
Total to bottom of this sheet - 770
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Appendix El-Fi
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley*
Name
Sqdn.No,
Graduating
Elliott, William W,
M-56
9/14/18
Ellis, D. E.
H-2
7/21/17
Ellis, Lyman
H-l
7/14/17
Elsey, George W,
II- 29
2/9/18
El snore, Raymond T,
H-40
4/27/18
Elston, Welcome B.
H-31
2/23/18
Emerson, George
M-44
6/15/18
Emery, Albert M.
H-40
4/27/18
Emery, George B.
M-57
9/21/18
Engblom, Oscar H.
H-2 9
2/9/18
English, Charles W,
K-77
2/1/19
English, Norman A,
M-46
6/29/18
Engstrom, Theodore A*
II-39
4/20/18
Enl ow , Char 1 e s R ,
H-30
2/16/18
Epstein, Walter J.
H-22
12/8/17
Erich, Ezra E«
M-61
10/19/18
Erickson, Fridtjof C.
PI-34
3/16/18
Erickson, Harold
H-35
3/23/18
Erlcndson, Pjetur **
H-31
2/23/18
Erickson, Wilbur G.**
M-55
9/7/18
Essig, Fred N» Jr,
H-39
4/20/18
Estep, Albert R,
L-68
11/30/18
Estes, Herbert J.
H-l 2
9/29/17
Eubanks, Clarence M,
M-60
10/12/18
Euler, Charles M,
M-57
9/21/18
Evans, Chris C.
IC-42
5/18/18
Evans, Daniel L,
M-55
8/7/18
Evans, Emerson B.
M-54
8/31/18
Evans, Evan C. Jr,
1-40
5/4/18
Evans, Harry D,
M-64
11/9/18
Evans, Norman C.
M-57
9/21/18
Evans, Oliphant S,
M-61
10/19/18
Evans , Ralph R,
M-51
8/3/1 8
Evans, Richard J,
M-58
9/28/18
Evans, Thomas P, Jr,
H-12
9/29/17
Name
Sqdn.No,
Graduating
Evans , Thomas R ,
H-8
9/1/17
Everett, Aylett L,
H-33
3/9/13
Ewall, Ilebert B.
M-54
8/31/18
Hyman , Bradford,
H-2 5
1/19/18
Fabling, Harry C,
H-35
3/23/18
Fairchild, Arthur*
H-l 6
10/27/17
Fairchild, Mahlon A.
M-61
10/19/18
Fairchild, M. S*
H-2
7/21/17
Fagg, Fred D,
H-2 4
12/22/17
Fancher, John T,
H-20
11/24/17
Farran, Dean
M-49
7/20/18
Farmer, William I,
M-52
8/10/13
Farquhar , Raymond R,
M-44
S/15/18
Farrar, Robert P,
1-40
5/4/18
Farrell, John B.
H-34
3/16/18
Far* r is, Homer V,
H-32
3/2/18
Faust, Thomas 0,
H-2 7
1/26/18
Farwell, Xvyn. I,
H-40
4/27/13
Redder sohn, Peter L,
M-56
9/14/18
Fehlman, Leo G,
II- 37
4/6/13
Feltham, Owen M,
M-60
10/12/18
Feltz, Buell J,
M-61
10/19/18
Fennell, James E.
M-46
6/29/18
Fennelly, John F,
M- 67
11/30/18
Ferguson, Carlisle
M-52a
8/17/18
Ferguson, Earl
M-62
10/26/18
Ferguson, John A,
1-40
5/4/13
Ferguson, .illiam. G,
M-48
7/13/18
Ferguson, “illiam W,
PI-23
12/15/17
Fern, Charles J.
M-44
6/15/18
Fernhoff, Fred 3,
H-28
2/2/18
Ferriter, James C,
K-S9
11/30/18
Fetters, Jay M,
1.1-43
6/8/18
Ficke, Charles H,
M-58
9/28/18
Fielder, Harold E,
M-55
9/7/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 840
** Invert order
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Appendix Fi-Fr
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics ** Berkeley.
Name
Fielding, Anthony M*
Fillmore, William H.
Filson, Harry R.
Findley, Joseph L.
Fink, Frank G.
Finley, Malcolm B*
Finnegan, Thomas J,
Fischer, Frederick
Fish, Farnum T.
Fish, G. W.
Fisher, A. L.
Fisher , Henry Jr .
Fiske, Joseph H.
Fithian, Robert G«
Flachsenhar, R. R.
♦Fladd, A, S,
Fladeland, John E*
Fleishman, Charles R*
Fleming, John C*
Fleming, William. C.
Fletcher, Charles A,
Fletcher, Wallace R.
Flick, John A*
Flint, Rockwood
Flood, Edmund L«
Flood, Edmund R,
Floyd, Ralph A,
Fluor, Peter S.
Fogarty, John L.
Foley, Andrew E.
Foley, William R.
Folland, Sidney J.
Follett, Paul B.
Follette, Justin P.
Foque, Edwin 3$,
Scjdn.ho, Graduating;
Date
M-57
9/21/18
H-19
11/17/17
H-35
3/23/18
M-59
10/5/18
M-51
8/3/18
M-53
8/24/18
M-44
6/15/18
M-56
9/14/18
K-42
5/18/18
H-9
9/8/17
H-7
8/25/17
K-77
2/1/19
M-57
9/21/18
H-10
9/15/17
H-9
9/8/17
E-2
7/21/17
H-40
4/27/18
M-59
10/5/18
M-46
6/29/18
M-54
8/31/18
M-65
11/18/18
H-39
4/20/18
K-72
12/21/18
H-13
10/6/17
M-44
6/15/18
M-56
9/14/18
H-16
10/27/17
1-40
5/4/18
M-43
6/8/18
H-37
4/6/18
H-40
4/27/18
1-40
5/4/18
M-61
10/19/18
E-ll
9/22/17
H-21
12/1/17
lame
Forhes, George T.
Forbes, Joseph L„
Ford, Edsal P.
Forrest, Robert P.
Forrest, Spencer E*
Foster, Benjamin
Foster, Ellery H*
Foster, Lindsay B.
Foster, Raymond W*
Foster, Robert M,
Foster , Van 3 «
Fox, Rueben M.
Fowler, Lester A*
Foy, William J*
Frame, Archibald E.
Francis, Paul R*
Frankley, Lawrence W«
Frazier, Delmar J.
Freebairn, Archibald
Freedman, Mark A,
Freeman, Harold A.
Freeman, Orville B.
Fr e ©man , Stuart
Freeman, William J,
Freeman, Elmer L,
French, Everett 0.
French, Frederick M,
French, Irvin©
Fries on, Ernest C.
Freisner, James T,
Frost, John A.
Frost, William 0.
Fry, George H,
Fry, Robert D.
Fry, Ralph L.
Sqdn.Ho, Graduating
Date
M-51
8/3/18
M-61
10/19/18
M-61
10/19/18
H-31
2/23/18
H-38
4/13/18
H-39
4/20/18
H-25
1/12/18
H-29
2/9/18
1-40
5/4/18
M-60
10/12/18
k-44
6/15/18
M-56
9/14/18
H-32
3/2/13
H-3
7/28/17
M-62
10/26/18
H-35
3/2 3/18
H-27
1/26/18
M-6S
11/23/18
M-56
9/14/18
H-31
2/23/18
M-62
10/26/18
H-39
4/20/18
H-15
10/20/17
K-70
12/7/18
M-56
9/14/18
M-65
11/16/18
M-52
8/10/18
E-30
2/16/18
H-26
1/19/18
M-45
6/22/18
H-3 4
3/16/18
H-8
9/1/17
M-62
10/26/18
M-52
9/10/18
K-70
12/7/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 910
♦Bid not successfully pass all examinations but was ordered to San Diego before
results of examinations were known* Included among the graduates inasmuch as he
took all the work and was not discharged from this school*
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Appendix . Fr-Go
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley.
Name
Frye, William A.
Freydig, Paul E*
Fulenwider, Harold G.
Fulmer, Harry B.
Fullenwider, Robert C
Fuller, Earl B.
Fuller, Francis C. Jr
Fuller, I. F.
Fuller, Robert N.
Fullerton, Edward
Fulton, Carol D.
Fultz, Carter C,
Punke, Elmo G,
Furber, Melville S.
Gabbert, Thomas A.
Gabel, T» A.
Gaines, Paul
Gal e , G * H •
Gale, James C.
Gale, Rex C.
Calehouse, I.
Gallacher, Cyril I,
Gallagher, Dudley E.
Gallup, Burton A.
Galvin, A. E,
Galvin, James M.
Game, Hubert P.
Garbett, George A.
Gar butt, Earl E,
Gar butt, John D,
Gardner, F. J,
Gardner, John H.
Gardner, Roger K.
Garn, Jacob E.
Garrison, Murray E.
Sqdn.No. Gradus/ting
Date
H-12
9/29/18
H-10
9/15/17
M-54
8/31/18
M-57
9/23/18
K-72
12/21/18
H-12
9/29/17
M-58
9/28/18
H-6
8/18/17
H-29
2/9/18
H-17
11/3/17
H-31
2/23/18
M-59
10/5/18
M-49
7/20/18
K-77
2/1/19
H-37
4/6/18
H-6
8/11/17
M-63
11/2/18
H-l
7/14/17
H-34
3/16/18
H-37
4/6/18
H-6
3/11/J7
M-59
10/5/18
M-66
11/23/18
H-29
2/9/18
H-2
7/21/17
1-40
5/4/18
11-21
12/1/17
M-57
9/21/18
H-1S
10/6/17
H-36
3/30/18
H-5
8/11/17
H-24
12/22/17
K-72
12/21/18
M-59
10/5/18
M-53
8/24/18
Name
Garrison, Ralph H*
Gaspar, Lee F*
Gates, Fred H.
Gates, Miles ¥*
Geary, Richard E«
Geary, Roland W*
Gehan, Jerome S*
Geier, Phillip E*
Gelvin, Clyde R,
Gentry, Ira H.
George, Abram N,
Getchell, Charles W,
Geyer, Edward C.
Gibbs, Ronald D.
Gibson, Fred E.
Gibson, Julius R,
Gibson, Robert C.
Gif fin, James L.
Gilbert, Arthur C,
Gilbert, Francis M,
Gilfillan, Gilliam E,
Gill, Glennis D*
Gill, R« J.
Gil lei en, Luet G,
Gilliland, Charles r„
Gillis, Edward W»
Gilmore, Clarence E,
Gilmore, Donald H.
Gilmore, Robert L.
Glenn on, Herbert L..
Glennon, John J.
Glos, Gaiter Adams
Glover, Alva M.
Godbe, Raymond
Godman, Louis E.
Sqdn.No » Graduating
Date
H-36
3/30/18
H-36
3/30/18
M-43
6/8/18
M-46
6/29/18
M-57
9/21/18
H-24
12/22/17
H-39
4/20/18
H-31
2/23/18
L-42
5/25/18
M-67
11/30/18
H-20
11/24/17
Ii-40
4/27/18
H-1S
11/17/17
M-49
7/20/18
M-62
10/25/18
11-38
4/13/18
H-40 ■
4/27/18
H-2 5
1/19/18
H-38
4/13/18
1-40
5/4/18
II-36
3/30/18
M-56
9/14/18
H-l
7/14/17
M-55
9/7/18
M-56
9/14/18
M-57
9/21/18
M-55
9/7/18
H-20
11/24/17
K-74
1/11/19
1-40
5/4/18
M-59
10/5/18
H-31
2/23/18
M-58
9/28/18
M-65
11/16/18
H-ll
9/22/17
Total to bottom of this sheet - 980
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Appendix
GO-Gu
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley.,
Name
Sqdn.No.
Graduating
Date
Name
Sqdn.No*
Graduate
Date
Goetjen, Floyd L,
H-34 •
3/16/18
Grant, Henry li ,
M-63
11/2/18
Goff, Ivan L,
M-50
7/27 718
Grantz, Ray L,
H-7
8/25/18
Goldberg, Manual M*
M-61
10/19/18
Graves, Harold D,
M-53
8/24/18
Goldsmith, Nathaniel
J.K-S9
11/30/18
Graves, Nelson F,
M-63
11/2/18
Ooldswor thy, Raymond
E*M-54
8/31/18
Graves, Orville R.
M-58
9/28/18
Golonsbe, George J»
H-24
12/22/17
♦Graves, Thomas E, .
11-3
7/28/17
Gonyon, Harvey L*
M-50
10/12/18
Gray, Clarence D.
M-58
9/28/18
Goode, Henry W.
H-29
2/9/18
Gray, John C.
M-64
11/9/18
Goddell, Percy IT.
M-50
7/27/18
Gray, J. F.
H-7
8/25/18
Goodfellow, Jack
M-58
9/28/18
Gray, Ralph C.
II- 2 2
12/8/17
Goodhue, George T,
M-57
9/21/18
Graybeal, Carlyle W,
M-47
7/6/18
Gooding, Carlos C« Van E-29
2/9/18
Grazier, Oliver Earl
H-34
3/16/18
Gooding, Charles C,
M-46
6/29/18
Green, Wilber A.
K-43
6/8/18
Gooding, Jack E»
K-72
12/21/18
Greenberg, Stuart N.
M-61
10/19/18
Goodman, Byron M,
M-44
6/15/18
Greene, Bert R.
II- 40
4/27/18
Goodrich, Augustus
11—3-6
3/30/18
Greene, Lew A,
H-35
3/23/18
Goodwin , Har old C ,
H-35
3/30/18
Greenman, Fred W,
1-40
5/4/18
Gore, Frank D,
H-37
4/6/18
Greenlee, Albert D.
M-50
7/27/18
Gor e e , J onathan D *
H-33
3/9/18
Greenwood, Chester L.
H-18
11/10/17
Goree, Rogers C,
H-29
2/9/18
Gregg, Albert E.
M-44
6/15/18
Goss, Lewis W,
H-30
2/16/18
Greppin, Lloyd E.
M-51
8/3/18
Gowans, Louis L,
H-30
2/16/18
Grey, George V.
H-8
9/1/17
Gowen, W, »
II- 40
4/27/18
Griffin, Benjamin F.
11-23
12/15/17
Grabill, Blaine C,
M-50
7/27/18
Griffin, Carl W.
M-46
6/29/18
Gradle, Roy S.
M-54
8/31/18
Griffith, Ralph E.
M-45
6/22/18
Grady, Harold H,
H-35
3/23/18
Grimm, John E. Jr,
H-31
2/23/18
Grady, John W.
M-55
9/14/18
Grimmer, W. E,
H-9
9/8/17
Graham, Garratt H,
n-33
3/9/18
Griswold, Edwin
H-14
10/13/17
Graham, Gerald
M-46
S/29/18
Groesheck, Grant A,
M-59
10/5/18
Graham, Harlan B,
H-28
2/2/18
Gross, Lloyd C,
M-64
11/9/18
Gr aham, Jame s M ,
M-48
7/13/18
Grossman, halter G.
K-69
11/30/18
Graham, Maurice F,
H-16
10/27/17
Grover, Richard B,
M-52
8/10/18
Graham, Russell
11-12
9/29/17
Grussendorf, ."alter H.
. 11-66
11/23/18
Granfield, Thomas H.
H-30
2/16/18
Guernsey, Henry B.
M-51
8/3/18
Grant, Barton S,
K-70
12/7/18
Guild, John M,
M-50
7/27/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 1050
♦Did not successfully pass all examinations but was ordered to San Diego before
results of examinations were known. Included among the graduates inasmuch as
he took all the work and was not discharged from this school.
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Appendix Gul-IIar
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics,- Berkeley.
Name
Sqdn.No. Graduating
Name
Sqdn.No, Graduating
Date
Date
Gulbransen, Fred S,
M-61
10/19/18
Hands, Stanley M,
H-30
2/16/18
Guam, Percy E.
M-65
11/16/18
Handy, Homer A.
H-28
2/2/18
Gun er son, Norris E.
K-78
2/1/19
Hanes, II, F,
H-5
8/11/17
Guthrie, Clifford B.
H-30
2/16/18
Hanger, Emmett F.
M-46
6/29/18
Gwin, Ira A,
M-46
6/29/18
Hanglin, Edward J.
K-71
12/14/3.8
Gwin, Stanford
H-37
4/S/18
Hankins, Nathaniel R,
K-77
2/1/19
Haas is, Paul
M-65
11/16/18
Harding, Clarence ¥*
II- 40
4/27/18
Haddock, Jomes P.
H-33
3/9/18
Harding, Roland R,
PI-30
2/16/18
Haddon, Julian B*
H-18
10/11/17
Harding, Roy B,
H-32
3/2/18
Hafen, Guy
M-57
9/21/18
Harding, .illiam K,
H-38
4/13/18
Hageman, Ernest L.
M-65
11/16/18
Hargrove, Joseph R.
K-74
1/11/19
Hagenah, Harry 3.
M-50
7/27/18
Harkins, illiam H.
H-23
12/15/17
Hager man, Ivan L •
K-70
12/7/18
Harkness, Harry C,
M— 51
8/3/18
Haggerty, Charles
M-62
10/26/18
Harmon, Jack
1-40
5/4/18
Haigh, Henry W.
n-30
2/16/18
Earned, Doyce H.
H-36
3/30/18
Haight, Raymond L,
11-55
9/7/18
Harp, Russell E.
M-60
10/12/18
Haines, Frank B.
PI-25
1/12/18
Jiarriman, Frank A.
M-46
6/29/18
Ilajek, ' illiam J,
H-30
2/16/18
Harr ington , S idney L .
M-45
6/22/18
Hale, January R,
II- 28
2/2/18
Harris, Alfred E.
H-31
2/23/18
Haley, Tilliam J.
1.1-52
8/10/18
Harris, John A.
M-48
7/13/18
Hall, Norman S,
H-34
3/16/18
Harris, Joseph P,
H-39
4/20/1 8
Hall, Spencer
M-43
6/8/18
Harris, PI. R,
H-l
7/14/17
Hall, T« D.
Ii-9
9/8/17
liar r is , TV illiam L .
H-18
11/10/17
Halverson, Harry A.
H-39
4/20/18
Harrison, Gilbert H,
M-65
11/16/18
Hamann, Hilliam. P,
11-29
2/9/18
Harrison, Landreth M.
H-30
2/1 6/18
Hamilton, Fred V.
M-54
8/31/18
Harrison, Thomas E.
M-51
8/3 /18
Hatton, John C.
II- 40
4/27/18
Harrod, LeSoy H,
, II- 58
9/23/1 V
Hammer, Earl M.
PI-3
7/28/17
Harrold, James E.
H-l 6
10/27/17
Hammer , Harold D.
M-61
10/19/18
Harvey, I. J, Jr.
M-60
10/1 2/18
Hcmner , Lunsford L»
M-61
10/19/18
Hart, Louis I,
M-57
9/21/18
Hammett, Irving R.
H-31
2/23/18
Hart, Victor K#
1-40
5/4 A8
Hammond, Arthur M*
K-77
2/1/19
Hartman, Harry B,
H-3
7/28/17
Hammond, Edward J*
M-46
6/29/18
Harts bugh, Ralph C,
PI-36
3/30/18
Hanchett, Frederick W.
H-25
1/12/18
Hartt, Odber R.
H-29
2/9/18
Hand, Julius M.
H-31
2/23/18
Hartwell, Harry H,
M-55
9/6/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 1120
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Appendix • Has -Hi
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley,
Name
Sqdn,No ,
Graduating
Date
Name
Sqdn.No.
Graduating
Date
Haskell, Albert N*
H-37
4/6/18
Heath, Harry R,
M-60
10/12/18
Hastings, John L,
H-12
9/29/17
Heath, Ronald W,
K-77
2/1/19
Hastings, Morris 0,
H-30
2/16/18
Hebbard, Charles B.
H-34
3/16/18
Eai ch, W. M,
H-l
7/14/17
Heber, Harry E,
M-61
10/19/18
Hauck, T alter J.
M-60
10/12/18
Hebert, Gilbert A*
M-51
10/19/18
Haug, Edward
II-25
1/12/18
Heede, Charles E ,
M-56
9/14/13
Hausman, William A,
H-36
3/30/18
Heg, Hans C,
M-43
6/8/18
Haverkorst, Walter B
. 1-40
5/4/18
Heintz, Howard
H-l 7
11/3/17
Haw, Harry H,
M-52
8/10/18
Hei sner , Chari es L *
H-37
4/6/18
Hawkes, Francis M.
II— 33
3/9/18
Heisen, H, H,
II- 5
8/11/17
Hawke s , James L*
M-58
9/28/18
Helgesson, Henry T*
II- 3 3
3/9/18
Hawkins, Ralph R.
H-31
2/23/18
Heilman, Richard H,
H-33
3/9/18
Hawks, Howard W,
M-58
9/28/18
Hemenway, Willard. II,
M-48
7/13/18
Hawks, Kenneth N*
M-59
10/5/18
Henderson, George C.
M-47
7/6/18
Hawley, ill is M,
M-60
10/12/18
Henderson, Herbert K,
M-46
6/29/18
Hawor th , Go or ge W •
H-38
4/13/18
Henderson, James D,
M-57
9/21/18
Hay, Laurence 0.
M-49
7/20/18
ettdricks. Normal ,
1-40
5/4/18
iky den, Albert A,
M-52a
8/17/18
Heney, Seth T,
M-55
9/7/18
Hayden, I, lax E,
H-29
2/9/18
Henkle, Lionel M*
M-54
8/31/18
Hayes, Benjamin H,
H-36
3/30/18
Henley, William C.
H-26
1/19/18
Hayes, George •
K-79
11/30/18
Henninger , Guy N .
M-56
9/14/18
Hayes, James C,
M-58
9/28/18
Henry, Kenneth M.
i-36
3/30/18
Haygood, Paul
M-60
10/12/18
Henry, Percy C* Jr,
II- 3 2
3/2/18
Haynes, Richard 0.
1-40
5/4/18
Henry, W, H,
II- 4
8/4/17
Haynes, Robert E,
M-48
7/13/18
Henshaw, Stanley T,
M-66
11/23/18
Ilayne, Robert Y*
M-Sl
10/19/18
Henshaw, Thomas D,
H-37
4/6/18
Hays, Earl S,
H-39
4/20/18
Hepburn, Ralph R*
M-64
11/8/18
Hazel tine, Matthew E
, H-36
3/30/18
Herbert, James E*
M-61
10/19/18
Hazel ton, Earle F,
M-49
7/20/18
Herring, G,
H-8
9/1/17
Hazelwood, Noman G»
M-55
9/7/18
Herman, Fred G,
M-61
10/1S/18
Hazzard, R, J,
H-7
8/25/17
Herrmann, Gerald F,
H-34
3/16/18
lie acock, Homer B.
K-69
11/30/18
Herron, Mark
H-S
8/18/17
Kealy, Edwin G.
H-23
12/15/17
Hewitt, Clarence G,
11-30
2/16/18
Kealy, Frank D,
H-ll
9/22/17
Hiatt, John
H-38
4/13/18
Healy, Nicholas C«
H-3-3
3/9/18
Hickam, Laurence B,
M-49
7/20/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 1190
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Appendix Hig-Hug
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley.
Name
Higgins, Charles C*
Higgins, Irvin J,
Hildebrand, Floyd R.
Hileman, David J,
Hill, G. E«
Hill, C. L.
Hill, Julius C,
Hilton, Kirk E.
Hines, LeRoy
Hirsch, Charles L,
Hitchcock, E, *
Hoag, Earl S,
Hobbs, Clarence ¥.
Hodge, Glenn B.
Hodge, Robert R,
Hoernor, John L.
Hoey, Henry J,
Hoff, Gilliam H.
Hofflund, John L.
Hoffman, Verne V.'.
Hogan, H. 0.
Hogue, Mark C.
Hoisholt, Arne K, B.
Holbrook, Darley A.
Holl, Frederick G,
Holland, Robert L.
Holloway, Halbert H.
Holmes, Charles R.
Holmes, Harry L.
Holt, Hobart C.
Holt, John R*
Holzberger, Lloyd F.
Honeywell, Charles F*
Honn, Lawrence G.
Hood, al lace J.
Sqdn.Ko,
Graduating
Date
H-23
12/15/17
H-ll
9/22/17
H-40
4/27/18 .
II- 40
4/27/18
H-4
8/4/17
H-5
8/11/17
M-55
9/7/18
M-45
6/22/18
H-25
1/12/18
H-31
2/23/18
H-9
9/8/17
H-3
7/28/17
M-60
7/27/18
H-3 3
3/9/18
H-3 5
3/23/18
M-52
8/10/18
M-43
6/8/1 8
H-3
7/28/17
H-20
11/24/17
H-23
12/15/17
H-4
8/4/17
H-3 5
3/23/18
H-16
10/27/17
M-51
8/3/1 8
LI-59
10/5/18
M-51
8/3/18
E-14
10/13/17
M-51
8/3/18
M-54
8/31/18
M-44
6/15/18
M-60
10/12/18
M-57
9/21/18
M-46
6/29/18
H-30
2/16/18
M-52 a
8/17/18
Name
Hook, James S,
Hooper, Harley L*
Hooper, Marlin C.
Hoppin, Mar shall 0.
Hopkins, George
Horton, Tilliam 0,
Ilorman, esley L.
Hor r ell, Camd en R •
Horrigan, Thomas F«
Hor s 1 e y , Fr ed ei' i ck
Horton, Russell B*
Hosford, George N.
Hosier, Harmon E.
Hossack, Orlo R.
Hostetler, Ivan P,
Hough, Walker B«
Houghton, Earl
Houghton, Robert A.
House, William B.
Houssels, John K.
Houston, Paul H«
Howard, E, P»
Howard, Harold II, y
Hovrard , James H.
Eo ell, Arthur B.
Howells , Edmund H*
Ilovreth, Woodfin G.
Hove, . ill ism k*
Hoyt, Fred D*
Hoyt, Richard II.
Hoyt, erner F.
Hruda, Adolph N.
Hubbard, Clyde W.
Hubbard, Lyle
Hudspeth, Clyde E.
Sqdn.Ko.
Graduating
Date
M-58
9/28/18
H-34
3/16/18
H-3 5
3/23/18
M-65
11/16/18
1-40
5/4/18
H-41
5/11/18
M-60
10/12/18
H-24
12/22/17
H-30
2/1 6/18
M-63
11/2/18
H-3 5
3/23/18
M-43
6/8/18
M-52
8/24/18
M-54 •
8/31/18
M-46
6/29/18
M-53
8/24/18
H-12
9/29/17
M-44
6/15/18
H-24
12/22/17
M-62
10/26/18
M-47
7/6/18
H-9
9/8/17
H-3 3
3/9/18
M— 60
10/1 2/18
M-53
8/24/18
M-58
10/5/18
11-28
2/2/18
M- 52 a
8/17/18
H-27
1/26/18
M-43
6/8/lS
H-3 3
3/9/18
H-29
2/9/18
M-59
10/5/18
H-3 8
4/13/18
H-3 5
3/23/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 1260
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Appendix
Hug- Jo
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley*
Name
Sqdn.No,
Graduating
Date
Name
Sqdn.No,
Graduating
Date
Huggins, Maurice L.
M-60
10/12/18
Ivey, Thomas E# Jr*
M-56
9/14/18
Hughes, Donald 3.
H-l 3
10/6/17
Ivie, Horace E.
M-54
8/31/18
Hughes, Robert W,
H-37
4/6/18
I vie, Norval A.
M-54
8/31/18
Humphrey, Forest T.
M-50
7/27/18
Jackman, Charles H*
H-39
4/20/18
Hunt, W* Jackson
H-3
7/28/17
Jackson, Charles R.
M-67
11/30/18
Hunt, Spencer S.
H-30
2/16/18
Jackson, John ¥.«
H-3 6
3/30/18
Hunter, Henry H,
H-3 2
3/2/18
Jacobberger, Hubert E
* M-54
8/31/18
Hunter, Richard E*
M-56
9/14/18
Jacobi, Gustav R,
M-54
8/31/18
Hunter, Tilliam E*
M-45
6/22/18
Jacobs, John F,
H-29
2/9/18
Huntington, Cecil S ,
H—15
10/20/17
Jackson, Byron Jr,
H-21
12/1/17
Huntington, Ralph 0,
H-30
2/16/18
Jacobsen, Chester J,
H-26
1/19/18
Huntley, Frank A*
M-53
8/24/18
Jacob s op. , Hj al mar A*
M-56
9/14/18
Huntoon, Clarence S.
H-37
4/6/18
Jacomini, Clement Jr,
H-33
3/9/18
Kuntsberger , Paul
K-74
l/il/19
Jacquemart, Eugene A,
H-27
1/26/18
Huot, Etol S,J,
M-54
8/31/18
Jaeger, Otto
H-25
1/12/18
Hurd, Charles S*
H-39
4/20/18
James, Hubert S*
H-ll
9/22/17
Hurd, L. D*
H-9
9/8/17
James, John R,
H-3 2
3/2/18
Hurlbut, Gordon B*
M-59
10/5/18
James, Roy P,
H-18
11/10/17
Hurst, Donald C,
M-44
6/15/18
Jameson, Charles M.
M-56
9/14/18
Huse, Edwin E*
M-55
9/7/18
Janssen, Edward A, Jr
, H-31
2/23/18
Hutchinson, 'Tilliam B*
H-40
4/27/18
Jaqua, Albert R*
M-57
9/21/18
Hyde, Archie W,
K-69
11/30/18
Jaqua, John B*
H-3
7/28/17
Hyde, Charles L#
H-30
2/16/18
Jarmuth, Douglas
H-39
4/20/18
Hyde, Gordon E.
H-30
2/16/18
Jayne, Frederick M,
M-56
9/14/18
Hyde, Harley C*
M-51
8/3/18
Jeffries, Simeon J, Jr
• H-24
12/22/17
Hyman, Alvin D.
H-17
11/3/17
Jenks, Henry I,
H-28
2/2/18
Hyman, Joseph M.
M-49
7/20/18
Jennings, Edward B*
M-56
9/14/18
Illgenfritz, Frank W*
M-50
7/27/18
Jensen, Charles 0,
H-25
1/12/18
Iliich, Jerry T,
H-8
9/1/17
Jensen, Harold W,
M-50
7/27/18
Ills®, H. A,
H-l
7/14/17
Jensen, Jack J,
M-53
8/24/18
Ingle, Joseph L*
H-24
12/22/17
Jessen, Ralph F*
M-60
10/12/18
Irish, Johnson
M-58
9/28/18
Jewett, Franklin F,
H-l 4
10/13/17
Irving, L. G*
II- 5
8/11/17
Jewett, George D,
H-l 9
11/17/17
Isaacs, Charles ¥,Jr«
II- 41
5/11/18
Johannsen, Victor A,
M-50
7/27/18
Iverson, Roderick M*
H-30
2/16/18
Johnson, Adolph C.
M-48
7/13/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 1330
.-uLbfi'jqqA
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Jo-Ee
Appendix «
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley.
Hame
Johnson, August P«
Johnson, Bayard
Johnson, Ben H.
Johnson, Bryan G.
Johnson, Clark M,
Johnson, David R,
Johnson, Delbert K.
Johnson, Earl S,
Johnson, George T,
Johnson, Justin L.
Johnson, Marvin P,
Johnson, Myron A , C .
Johnson, Yoyle C.
Johnson, 'Walter R,
Johns son, Elmer E«
Johnston, D.
Johnston, Harold W*
Johnston, John C.
Jolly, James S.
Jones, Alwin A,
Jones, Clifford E.
Jones, Clinton
Jones, Delbert E.
Jones, Donald T«
Jones, Elmer H.
Jones, Elton L.
Jones, Ernest E.
Jones, Fred L.
Jones, Guy P.
Jones, Ogden S.
Jones, Richard H.
Jones, Roland E.
Jones, Roy F*
Jones, Roy L.
Jordan, Henry E*
Sqdn.Eo. Graduating
Date
M-51
8/3/18
H-2 2
12/8/17
M-45
6/22/18
M-57
9/21/18
K-77
2/1/19
K-77
2/1/19
H-40
4/27/18
H-40
4/27/18
H-30
2/16/18
H-20
11/24/17
M-44
6/15/18
X-40
5/4/18
1-56
9/14/18
H-38
4/13/18
H-ll
9/22/17
H-l
7/14/17
1-40
5/4/18
K-77
2/1/19
H-18
11/10/17
M-64
11/9/18
H-32
3/2/18
H-l 6
10/27/17
H-20
11/24/17
H-36
3/30/18
H-29
2/9/18
M-51
8/3/18
H-36
3/30/18
H-24
12/22/17
M-58
9/22/18
M-49
7/20/18
H-36
3/30/18
M-GO
10/12/18
M-58
9/28/18
H-36
3/30/18
M-6S
11/23/18
Fame
Jordan, Leonard K,
Jorgenson, Ralph W.
Jorres, Gustave W*
Jouvenot, Yictor F.
Joyce, Thomas H,
Jubell, Albert E.
Judd, George T«
Judge, Joseph B,
Jump, Frank R,
Junk in, Allen V.
Jurden, Leonard ¥,
Juul, Einer P,
Kahler, Edward D.
Kamnx, Phillip S.
Eanawyer, Ray J.
Earns, W. E.
Katz, Benjamin
Kearney, R, V.
Kearns, Thomas F.
Keightley, George M*
Keine, George P,
Keller, Clarence K«
Keller, Dallas C.
Keller, Frederick W.
Kelley, William M»
Kellogg, Harold B.
Kelly, Fred ■ *
Kelly, H. R.
Kelly, James A.
Kelly, Joseph E.
Kelly, Leo J,
Kelly, Oakley G.
Kelly, Ralph M.
Kelly, Roland D,
Kelso, Floyd L*
Sqdn.Ho. Graduating
Date
M-52
8/10/18
M-54
8/31/18
M-49
7/20/18
M-44
6/15/18
II-37
4/6/18
L-68
11/30/18
1-56
9/14/18
H-24
12/22/17
M-47
7/6/18
M-42
6/1/18
H-29
2/9/18
K-69
11/30/18
H-23
12/15/17
H-37
4/6/18
K-76
1/25/19
H-2
7/21/17
M-53
8/24/18
H-6
8/18/17
M-43
6/8/18
K-42
5/18/18
L-S8
11/30/18
H-24
12/22/17
H-36
3/30/18
H-24
12/22/17
H-37
4/6/18
M-49
7/20/18
H-18
11/10/17
H-2
7/21/17
M-50
7/27/18
M-54
8/31/18
M-57
9/21/18
H-30
2/16/18
K-33
3/9/18
H-30
2/16/18
1-40
5/4/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 1400
5* .8 - ' '
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Appendix , Ke-La
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley*
Hame
Sqdn.Ho*
Graduating
Date
Fame
Sqdn.Ho*
Graduate
Date
Kendrick, Frank E.
M-43
6/8/18
Kirkpatrick, Russell
O.M-56
9/14/18
Kendrick, Robert T.
M-45
6/22/18
Kirton, Ross TI,
M-62
10/26/18
Keniston, Harry C.
H-19
11/17/17
Kirsch, Gifford K,
1-40
5/4/18
Kennedy, James H»
H-24
12/22/17
Kitchel, Milton P*
M-45
6/22/18
Kennedy, John R, P,
M-50
7/27/18
Klemmedson, .Arthur E
* M-54
8/31/18
Kennedy, Robert E.
H-2S
2/9/18
KXingaman, Earl J*
H-30
2/16/18
Kenny, James B.
H-31
2/2 3/18
Kloke, Donald C»
H-31
2/23/10
Kent, Thomas T,
H-29
2/9/18
Klosky, S ,
H-4
8/4/17
Kenyon, Clarence F,
L-68
11/30/18
Knapp, Frank R.
M-52a
8/17/18
Kenyon, H. S,
H-I
7/14/17
Kneeland, Louis G„
M-65
11/16/18
Kern, Carl A*
M-64
11/9/18
Knettle, Lemyrt D,
H-36
3/30/18
Kern, John T.
1-40
5/4/18
Knode, Thomas E*
1-41
5/11/18
Kerr, Archibald G,
K-76
1/25/19
Khowlton, Philip A,
M-52
8/10/18
Kerr, Robert U«
11-37
4/6/18
Knuds on, Arthur L.
M-58
9/28/18
Kesemann, 1 illiam Jr,
H-31
2/2 3/18
Kohler, Carlos C,
H-34
3/16/18
Ker setter, Frank L»
54*65
11/16/18
ICoiner, Carl W,
H-24
12/22/17
Kesling, Erie E,
H-39
4/20/18
Eokjer, Thomas E.
M-51
8/3/18
Keys, Robert C*
M-62
10/26/18
Koppe, W, A,
H-2
7/21/17
Kilcline, William F.
H-23
12/15/17
Kopperud, Harmon
M-37
9/21/18
Killian, Edward K.
M-61
10/19/18
Koster, Harry B®
H-7
8/25/17
Kimball, Dan A,
H-26
1/19/18
Kregal, Mark G«
H-31
2/2 3/18
Kimball, Robert L.
M-51
8/3/18
Krieger, John E.
H-23
12/15/17
King, Alexander M,
H-29
2/9/18
Kuhlman, Roy A,
H-2 5
1/12/18
King, Edgar E.
M-55
9/7/18.
Kyle, William F.
E— 34
3/16/18
King, Frank L.
H*38
4/13/18
Lachmund, Harry G,
H-2 7
1/26/18
King, Wells R,
M-49
7/20/18
Lackey, Myron E«
M— 44
6/15/18
♦Kinn, L. E.
H«2
7/2 l/l7
Ladd , Culver S *
M-67
11/30/18
Kinnear , James S .
H-40
4/27/18
Lai'' or c e , . /ash ington
B* L— 68
11/30/18
Kinney, C « A .
H-9
9/8/17
LaForce, W. Watson
H-1S
10/27/17
Kinney, J, L,
H-2
7/2 1/17
Lahey, William P,
H-29
2/9/18
Kinney, Kenneth
H-37
4/6/18
Laidlaw, H. B.
H-6
8/18/17
Kirby, Frank J.
M-SO
10/12/18
Lain, Thomas W,
K-70
12/7/18
Kirk, Charles L.
M-52a
8/17/18
Laird, Burnal L,
M-66
11/23/18
Kirk, Harris C.
H-40
4/27/18
Lakin, Paul E.
H-16
10/27/17
Kirkpatrick, Ross C.
H-2 5
1/12/18
Lamb, Warren F.
K-77
2/1/19
Total to bottom of this sheet - 1470
♦Did not successfully pass all examinations but was ordered to San Diego before
results of examinations were known. Included among the graduates inasmuch as
he took all the work and was not discharged from this school.
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Lam-Li
Appendix .
Graduates - School of Military aeronautics - Berkeley,
Hame Sqdn.Ho. Graduating
Date
Lamborn, Chester A.
M-51
8/3/18
Lamborn, Dewey L,
M-48
7/13/18
Lankin, T.illiaM L*
n-23
12/15/17
Lamoreaux, Lowell P,
H-36
3/30/18
Lams on, Oliver
II- 40
4/27/18
Lane, Charles A*
H-40
4/27/18
Lane, David W,
11-24
12/22/17
Lanfall, John T.
H-14
10/13/17
Langf o r d , Harry
n-3i
2/23/18
Langstroth, Marshall
H-27
1/26/18
Lander s , Char 1 e s B «
11- 55
9/7/18
Landers, Sigmund F,
M-44
6/15/18
Landreth, Eli R-.
M-63
11/2/18
Lantz, Lyman S.
M-43
6/8/18
LaParle, alter E«
to
A
j-M
4/6/18
Largent, Ralph 11.
H-37
4/6/18
Laris on, Charles 0.
H-27
1/26/18
Larkin, George R*
H-27
1/26/18
Larrecou, l^ile A.
M-65
11/16/18
Larsen, William S,
M-58
9/28/18
Lar s on , Jam es ¥ *
M-64
11/9/18
Larson, Lloyd C,
H-31
2/23/18
Larson, Russell C»
I, 1-5 4
8/31/18
Larson, Westside T*
H-28
2/2/18
LaSalvia, James J,
K-69
11/30/18
Lathrop, William M.
M-64
11/9/18
LaToske, George H.
H-28
2/2/18
Lauennan, Otto S.
H-35
3/2 3/18
Lavelles, Michael J»
H-26
1/19/18
Lavene , C . C ,
H-7
8/25/17
Lavigne, Francis A,
M-44
e/15/18
Lawler, Victor F.
1-40
5/4/18
Lawrence, Harry F.
H-28
2/2/18
Lawrence, Henry D.
H-31
2/2 3/18
Lawrence, Lynn M«
M-45
6/15/18
Kane
Sqdn.Ho,
Graduating
Date
Laws, Frederick
M~52a
8/17/18
Lawson, Marion C»
M-57
9/21/18
Lawson, William E*
H-34
3/16/18
Lawton, Merritt Lyon
H-35
3/23/18
Lea, Curry
1-40
5/4/18
Leche, David H.
M-58
9/28/18
Ledger, Winslow ¥,
H-24
12/22/17
Lee, Cecill C«
' H-3 8
4/13/18
Leedy, Carl H.
M -56
9/14/18
Leferink, Richard
H-25
1/19/18
Leffler, Claude W. S.
H-21
12/1/17
Leggett, George P.
. H-31
2/23/18
Leggett, E, C.
H-9
9/8/17
Lehman, Ralph
M-44
6/15/18
Leib, William F.
H-29
2/9/18
Lei ghninger , Robert E. H-19
11/17/17
Leiser, Jesse 3«
M-55
9/7/18
Lendrum, Alexander M.
M-44
6/15/18
Lenihan, Thomas J,
H-3
7/28/17
Lenox, Lionel T.
M-49
7/20/18
Leonard, Cecil E*
H-34
3/16/18
Loute, Karl M.
H-3 9
4/20/18
Levisse, Rexford B.
II- 20
11/24/17
Levy, Sigmund
M-61
10/19/18
Lewis, George H.
M-58
9/28/18
Lewis, Joe L .
M-61
10/19/18
Lewis, Oliver I,
Ii-70
12/7/18
Lewis, Ralph E.
M-55
9/7/18
Lewis, Richard P.
H-27
1/2 6/18
Lewis, Robert
H-28
2/2/18
Lewis, William C.H.
H-3 3
3/9/18
Lewis, William T.
M-61
10/19/18
Leyden, Edward A.
H-27
1/2 6/18
Liebhardt, Frederick
C.M-61
10/19/18
Liebhauser, Edgar A,
H-22
12/8/17
Total to bottom of this sheet - 1540
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Li-Ma
Appendix ,
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley,
Name
Sqdn .No,
Graduating
Date
Name
Sqdn, No,
Graduating
Date
Liggett, Arthur G,
H-29
2/9/18
Lopez, Albert R.
M-48
7/13/18
Liggett, Ruel H,
M-56
9/14/18
Lorentz, Henry B,
M— 54
8/31/13
Like, Ralph M#
M-48
7/13/18
Lorenz, IT,
H-9
9/8/17
Likely, Robert D.
H-3
7/28/17
Love, Ernest A.
H-3
7/28/17
Lincoln, Elton P.
H-35
3/23/18
Love, George E,
M-59
10/5/18
Lindblad, William H»
H-40
4/27/18
Love, Hiltoii. H,
M-54
3/31/18
Linder smith, " .alter R
, M-52a
8/17/18
Lovett, Craig
K-42
5/18/18
Lindsey, Tilliam. ¥,
H-18
11/10/17
Lovett, W, W,
H-2
7/21/17
Linds ley, Deal L.
H-3 5
3/23/18
Low, R, P.
H-8
9/1/17
Ling, Homer J,
H-14
10/13/17
Lowell, George C.
H-3 3
3/9/18
Linton, Harry J,
M-56
9/14/13
Lowrey, Gerald R,
M-58
9/28/18
Lints, Roy T«
H-40
4/27/18
Lowry, William J,
11-27
1/26/18
Litterer, Robert R,
IT-25
1/19/18
Lubke, Arthur
H-36
3/30/18
Little, Fred E.
H-23
12/15/17
Lucas, Lesley H,
M-44
6/15/18
Little, Raymond J.
H-20
11/24/17
Lucas, Vernon R«
M-67
11/30/18
Littlepage, John D,
M~52a
8/17/18
Luckenbach , Harry B,
M-56
9/14/18
Livengood, illiam C.
L-68
11/30/18
Lunan, Frank A*
M-57
9/21/18
Livingston, Ivan D,
H-12
9/29/17
Lundell, Floyd A*
E-25
1/19/18
Lloyd, C* E,
H-2
7/22/17
Lundqu ist, Harry M*
H-2 6
1/19/18
Lloyd, Robert M,
K-72
12/21/18
Lurton, Noble
M-57
9/21/18
Lobd ell, Jacob K •
H-2 4
12/22/17
Lusher, Frank R,
K-75
1/25/19
Lockhead, Hugh ¥•
M-55
9/7/18
Lyle, John M,
H-3 7
4/6/18
Lofland, Knox
M-50
7/27/18
Lyman, Theo, B,
H-3
7/28/17
Logan, Tilliam L,
H-29
2/9/18
Lynch, H, H,
H-9
9/8/17
Logel, Jos , Francis
H-19
11/17/17
Lynch, Victor J,
M-55
9/7/18
Hogg, Charles P.
M-49
7/20/18
Maas, George J,
11-31
2/23/18
Hogg, David L«
H-3
7/28/17
MacChesney, Harold A.
H-15
10/20/17
Loller, Wilbur H,
M-60
10/12/18
MacClain, Albert L,
M-43
6/8/18
Lonam, Terrance A.
M-51
8/3/18
MacDonald, Edmund L,
M-47
7/6/18
Lon^ * C C #
H-7
8/25/17
MacDonald, Roderick J
. M-44
6/15/18
Long, Edgar G,
M-63
11/2/18
MacDonald, R. P.
H-l
7/14/17
Longeway, Forrest H.
H-12
9/29/17
MacDonald, Royal V*
M-63
11/2/18
Looff, H. W.
H-12
9/29/17
HacFayden, Archibald
G.M-48
7/13/18
Loomis, Bertram G*
M-50
7/27/18
9/8/17
Macgregor, .allace G.
M-56
9/14/18
Loomis, D, A,
H-9
Mac Inn i s , Thomas C •
L-42
5/25/18
Total to bottom of this sheet « 1610
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Mao-Mau
Appendix »
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley.
Name
Sqdn .No,
Graduating
Date
Name
Sqdn. No,
Graduating
Date
Mac Tver , Joseph K «
M-55
9/7/18
Maring, Wilbur R,
M-50
7/27/18
Mack, Lenard A.
M-53
8/24/18
Mar key, Joseph W,
H-29
2/9/18
UacKenzie, Charles A.
M-55
9/7/18
Marriott, J. S.
PI- 9
9/8/17
MacKenzie, Hugh F.
H-29
2/9/18
Marsh, Byron 17,
M-51
8/3/18
MacNeil, Bruce
PI-31
2/23/18
Marshall, Charles A,.
M-54
8/31/18
Macomber, Henry W.
H-30
2/16/18
Marshall, Dewitt T.
H-2 8
2/2/18
MacRae, John %•
M-51
8/3/18
Marshall, John H. Jr.
1-40
5/4/18
Macready, John A*
H-10
9/15/17
Marshall, Milton
M-54
8/31/18
MacSpadden, Chester Ii.
M-51
8/3/18
Marshall, Norman H.
PI-32
3/2/18
Madden, Joseph E.
M-53
8/24/18
Marshall, William J.
H-32
3/2/18
Madel, Fred Jr.
H-23
12/15/17
Martel, Alfred
IP-34
3/16/18
Magee, David 17.
H-24
12/22/17
Martin, Carl 0,
11-46
6/29/18
Mahon, " william L.
H-29
2/9/18
Martin, Charles K,
K-77
2/1/19
Mahoney, Janes J.
M— 60
10/12/18
Martin, Fred J,
M-54
8/31/18
1 lahoney, Laurence E.
H-19
11/17/17
Martin, George E,
11-15
10/20/17
Main, James B.
PI-33
3/9/18
Martin, Howard
H-24
12/22/17
Ha Hi, William S .
M-52
8/10/18
Martin, Morton S.
1 1—57
9/21/18
Maison, Harold G.
M-53
8/24/18
Martin, Pardoe
LI- 43
6/8/18
Makepeace, Alvin W.
M-58
9/28/18
Martin, Philip P.
IP-8
9/1/17
Ha kin, Ray L,
H-ll
9/22/17
Martin, Roland H,
H-30
2/1 6/18
Hal Ion, John B.
M-58
9/28/18
Martin, Stratton A,
H-57
7/6/18
Mall away, J. B.
IP-4
8/4/17
Marx, Arthur C,
1-40
5/4/18
I Lai one , John F .
K-74
1/11/19
Mason, Allen A,
M-49
7/20/18
Maloney, James W,
M-55
9/7/18
Mason, Clcsson E.
H-31
2/23/18
Maloney, Joseph A.
M-46
6/29/18
Mason, E. S,
PI-5
8/11/17
Maloney, Thomas P«
K-71
12/14/18
Mason, Lee J,
LI- 67
11/30/18
Mangel sdorf, Albert J.
M-44
6/15/18
Hasten, Richard L,
M-55
9/7/18
Hanildi, Joseph S*
M-47
7/6/18
Mathews, George C.
II- 2 5
1/19/18
Mann, Asa Cull is
1-41
5/11/18
Mathews, James C.
H-32
3/2/18
Mann, Laurence C.
H-10
9/15/17
Mattenlee, James H,
K-75
1/18/19
Mann, Orville T.
M-53
2/28/18
Matthews, David R.
H-34
5/16/18
Hanning, Lucius
H-34
3/16/18
Matthews, Thomas K.
1-40
5/4/18
Manville, Vasco
H-59
10/5/18
Matthie s s en, Fr eder i ck W.H- 3 1
2/23/18
Manzelman, Earl H.
H-35
3/23/18
Mau, Albert R.
K-69
11/30/18
Rapes, Gordon W,
H-2 5
1/19/18
Mau, Carl F,
o
CO
53
10/12/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 1680
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Mau-Me
Appendix .
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley,
Name
Sqdn.Ho.
Graduating
Bate
Maughan, Alexander R,
M-56
9/14/18
Maughan, Joseph H.
M-58
9/28/18
Maughan, Russell L,
H-10
9/15/17
Kaxson, Harold F.
H-31
2/2 3/18
Maxwell, Harold J,
M-60
10/12/18
Maxwell , .arren A,
H-30
2/16/18
Maynard, Elsdon L,
M-50
7/27/18
Mayott, Charles
M-45
6/8/18
Me Adam, Thomas D.
K-42
5/18/18
McAllen, William D,
H-33
3/9/18
McAllister, Robert W,
M-57
9/2 1/18
McAnear, Francis T«
M-48
7/13/18
McBride, J. A*
H-6
8/18/17
McBride, William W*
II- 2 9
2 /9 /18
McCabe, Alfred S.
H-19
11/17/17
McCabe, Edward E*
M-53
8/24/18
McCabe, Roscoe,E.
H-33
3/9/18
McCaddam, Glen J,
1-40
5/4/18
Me Caleb, Van Dyne
K-77
2/1/19
McCartney, Charles E.
H-25
1/13/18
LIcGaughey, Harold
H-37
4/6/18
McCleery, Harry
M-45
6/22/18
McClellan, Hez
H-36
3/30/18
McClelland, James
M-51
8/3/18
Me Cl into ck, Donald M*
M-55
9/7/18
McClory, H&rry G.
H-29
2/9/18
McClung, Thomas 0,
M-45
6/22/18
McClure, William R.
M-62a
8/17/18
McConihe, Paul M.
H-13
10/6/17
McCormac, Fred B.
H-39
4/20/18
McCornack, Robert D.
II- 40
4/27/18
Me Cr ill is, Hacob W*
H-35
3/23/18
McCrimmon, Frederick D.M-59
10/5/18
McCroskey, Floyd T.
M-59
10/5/18
McCubbin, Eugene L.
II- 11
9/22/17
Name
Sqdn.IIo
* Graduating
Date
McCulloch, Howard T.
M-45
6/22/18
McCulloch, John M.
H-32
3/2/18
McCullough, Gailor S
. II-15
10/20/17
McCutchen, Perry R.
M-43
6/8/18
McCutchen, Vernon I*
M-51
8/3/18
McDermott, John W,
H-37
4/8/18
McDill, Ellis L.
M-55
9/7/18
McDonald, Frank W«Jr
. H-37
4/6/18
McDonald, James E,
H-38
4/13/18
McDonald, James F,
H-30
2/16/18
McDonald, John Q.
CO
Cv2
A
2/2/18
McDonough, Harry L.
H-20
11/24/17
McBougall, Harry 0,
H-10
9/15/17
McDowell, Alfred A,
' H-38
4/13/13
McElory, J. H.
II- 5
8/11/17
McEwan, William C.
M-54
8/31/18
McFarland, James E,
M-51
8/3/18
Me Gann, William M.
M-54
8/31/18
McGiffin, Francis K.
■ 11-23
12/15/17
McGill, R. E,
H-2
7/21/17
McGlinchey, Eugene
H-36
3/30/18
HcGorray, ..illiam E ,
M-50
7/27/18
McGovern, Edward T«
H-2 8
2/2/18
McGowan, Francis J,
M-67
11/30/18
McHenry, Arthur J»
II- 2 4
12/22/17
McHenry., George A.
H-38
4/13/18
McHenry, Lorin H*
M-51
8/3/18
McHugo, Jack R.
H-29
2/9/18
McWilliams, Fred S.
K-77
2/1/19
McIntyre, Earl E*
M-44
6/15/18
Me Intyr e ,WashingtonF
8/31/18
McKean, E.
H-6
8/18/17
McKee, Lewis H,
M-66
11/23/18
McKenzie, Arthur B.
M-51
8/3/18
He Kim, Joseph L,
M-49
7/20/18
McKinley, Melvin P,
H-2 8
2/2/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 1751
Appendix , Me -Mi
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley,
Name
McKinney, Galen H,
McKinney, William H,
McKinnon, Morton H.
McKittrick, Roy E «
Me Knight, Harold M,
McKnight, James A,
Me Knight, Roy A,
McLaren, .illiam B,
McLean, Alexander C,
McLeod, Hornan Z.
McMahon, Lillian J,
Mcilaster , Augustine F,
McMicken, William E,
McMillan, Dan A,
McMullen, Alexis B.
LicMurry, George H,
LicMurty, Leslie B,Jr*
McHaaght, Roy A,
Mcheely, Roland J,
i.IcPeal; , Daniel
McPeak, Herman 3,
McPherson, Andrew F,
McPike, George V,
McC.uestion, Leavitt M,
McVey, Richard K,
Meade, Robert W,
Meadow, Lesl e ¥,
Meagher, Joseph E.
Mechling, Eugene
Me©, Karl J,
Meier, Milo S,
aelendy, Harold II,
Mellem, Conrad
Melville, Harold F0
Meng, Paul H,
Sqdn.IIo* Graduating
Date
H-66
11/23/18
H-28
2/2/18
H-41
5/11/18
M-53
8/24/18
11-8
9/1/17
H-7
8/25/17
H-28
2/2/18
H-10
9/15/17
H-23
12/15/17
H-37
4/6/18
L-68
11/30/18
1-41
5/11/18
M-SO
10/12/18
M-51
8/3/18
H-34 ‘
1 3/16/18
H-7 4
12/14/18
H-3
7/28/17
II-29
2/9/18
M-56
9/14/18
H-31
2/23/18
H-19
11/17/17
II- 2 6
1/19/18
M-44
6/15/18
1-40
5/4/18
1-40
5/4/18
H-71
5/11/18
K-72
12/21/18
H-23
12/15/17
H-30
2/16/18
H-36
3/30/18
H-25
1/19/18
M-47
7/6/18
M-52a
8/17/18
H-26
1/19/18
K-42
5/18/18
Name
Menke, Thomas II,
Meredith, Martin T,
Mero, Ralph M,
Merriam, Robert C,
Merritt, Wendell C.
Merwin, Ogle C,
Mes singer, Albert
Metcalfe, Frederick R.
Metcalfe, John ¥•
Metzger, Bernard L,
Metzger, Ilutzel
Meyer, Lester L.
Meyer, R, E,
Meyers, Ben E,
Meyers, Gordon B»
Meyers, Marion T,
Meyers, Robert K*
Mioander, Herbert C,
Michael, Berkeley S ,
Michener, Alfred C,
lichener, Edgar C,Jr,
Middleton, Mor timer
Mighell, Halbert J,
Milburn, George J,
Millard, Joseph H,
Miller, Charles W.
Miller, Clifton M,
Miller, Elmon G,
Miller, Ernest L,
■Miller, George ¥,
Miller, Gerald B
Miller, Harry B,
Hiller, Heber C,
Miller, Merrill A,
Miller , Hed 0,
Sqdn,Mo, Graduating
Date
H-21
12/1/17
H-37
4/6/18
11-11
9/22/17
1-41
5/11/18
M-46
6/29/18
M-44
6/15/18
II-27
1/26/18
M-61
10/19/18
H-30
2/16/18
H-36
3/30/18
H-37
4/6/18
H-16
10/27/17
LI-4
8/4/17
H-38
4/13/18
1-40
5/4/18
H-21
12/1/17
.,-52
8/10/18
H-36
3/30/18
11-35
3/23/18
M-59
10/5/18
M-44
6/15/18
H-31
2/2 3/18
M-51
8/3/18
H-30
2/16/18
H-23
2/9/18
H-31
2/23/18
M-52
8/10/18
M-S2
8/10/18
1-41
5/11/18
LI-31
2/23/18
8/17/18
LI-32
5/2/18
1-41
5/11/18
M-56
9/14/18
II-36
3/30/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 1821
y-u jOiti
Q 1-
Y£\i. V- L ..
Vi."\SS' *3 rx ,a
sr\li\y : >»!:
31 \££\c)
oJ
<
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lo.fir;
LOX '
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\ X \: .?SS. OS-f
6I\Cc\^ aS-->i
V -i
<L
Jo..
3l\o\£ T8-H
¥£\V£\0£ 31-;:
V.J ;,V3 i-~.
i\k flJUrv
c
tally; ,o
SlV s\g
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j\y ' t • -u /;..•• .
yN ~ . • Vf’.1,, '’r
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8i\ox\3 r.j~.
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Mi-Mo
Appendix .
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley.
Name
Sqdn.No.
Graduating
Name
Sqdn.No,
Graduati;
Date
Date
Miller, Ray N.
M-58
9/28/18
Moore, Charles R.
II- 31
2/23/18
Miller, Rolfe T.
H-26
1/19/18
Moore, Eugene H.
M-61
10/19/18
Miller, Vortis 0,
M-58
9/28/18
Moore, Harold A.
H-31
2/23/18
Miller, ‘..allace H.
M-43
6/8/18
Moore, Harold E,
11- 3 6
3/30/18
Miller, William R,
M-51
8/3/18
Moore, Henry R»
M-46
6/29/18
Miller? Jones, Henry
L-68
11/30/18
Moore, James A.
M-67
11/30/18
Mills, Harry H.
H-28
2/2/18
Moore, James C.
M-56
9/14/18
Miner, Valentine S,
H-8
9/1/17
Moore, John S,
H-30
2/16/18
Mins hall, William H,
jrM-61
10/19/18
Moore, Rollin B»
K-77
2/1/19
Minter, Hugh C«
M-53
8/24/18
Moorehead, Hobart E.
H-3 8
4/13/18
Mitchell, Daryl C.
M-54
8/31/18
Moores, Kenneth A.
H-3 4
3/16/18
Mitchell, Donald H,
H-28
2/2/18
Moreland, William H,
H-13
10/6/17
Mitchell, Earl R,
H-17
11/3/17
More ton, Amos L,
H-29
2/9/18
Mitchell, George
H-12
9/29/17
iioretti, Louis R,
H-40
4/27/18
Mitchell, J. Robert
H-20
11/24/17
Morey, Daniel F*
M-61
10/19/18
Mitchell, Mowatt M*
H-6
8/18/17
Morgan, Claude F,
H-13
10/6/17
Mitchell, Raymond A.
H-24
12/22/17
Morgan, John A,
M-60
10/12/18
Modlish, Gus P*
H-12
9/29/17
Morgan, Miles E.
L-68
11/30/18
Moe, Bardolph F.
H-60
10/12/18
Morgan, Percy T»
M-63
11/2/18
Lioff itt, Howard P,
H-39
4/20/18
Morgan, William V.
H-24
12/22/17
Mohan, Roy J,
11-30
2/16/18
Morgens tern, Edmund
L-42
5/25/18
Moir, Clarence D.
M-53
8/24/18
Morley, Bernard D*
M-46
6/29/18
Moisant, Stanley J.
H-24
12/22/17
Morley, James E.
M-44
6/15/18
Mol and, George R. Jr.
M-46
6/22/18
Morris, Gladstone Y.D.
M-58
9/28/18
i.Iollison, James A*
H-26
1/19/18
Morris, Wfilliam C.
H-24
12/22/17
Molumby, Loy J.
1-40
5/4/18
Morrison, Arthur R,
L-68
11/30/18
Monger, Walter V.
H-37
4/6/18
Morrison, ^eorge 11,
K-77
2/1/19
Monroe, Charles H,
H-3
7/28/17
Morrison, George R,
M-52a
8/17/18
Montagne, Alfred A.
H-24
12/22/17
Morrison, John M.
M-61
10/19/18
Montagne, Harley H.
II- 2 5
1/12/18
Morrison, Raymond
H-39
4/20/18
iontee, Kenneth W,
K-70
12/7/18
Morrison, alter S.
11-22
12/8/17
Montgomery, Goeffrey
H-6
8/25/17
Morrow, William M.
H-40
4/27/18
Mont gomery , Jam e s E .
H-21
12/1/17
Morsch, Jess© J.
H-3 4
3/16/18
Montgomery, Omer ¥1,
M-67
9/21/18
Morse, Herbert K.
M-45
6/22/18
Moore, Charles C, Jr.
H-3 3
3/9/18
Morse, Ralph L.
M-44
6/15/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 1891
sed-jsx.fi <38)
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8,«:\0o\s
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8'OT
Appendix
Mo-Ne
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley.
Name
Sqdn.IJo.
Graduating
Date
Name
Sqdn.No
Mortens on , Jos eph L •
M-60
10/12/18
Myers, Maurice C.
H-6
Morton, Robert E,
M-58
9/28/18
Myers, Ralph M.
M-61
Moseley, Carliss C.
H-14
10/13/17
Mylar, Fred T.
LI-46
Hosier, John T,
M-54
8/31/18
Names, .Arthur A.
M-43
Moss, Harry D*
H-22
12/8/17
Nash, Albert M.
M-57
Motley, J, W«
H-12
9/29/17
Nason, Bryon G.
M-63
Mounoe, Gordon E,
M-56
9/14/18
Hathan, Thomas C.
H-3
Hucke, Henry C.
H-36
3/23/18
Naumann, Arthur P,
H-30
Mueller, Charles P.
H-30
2/16/18
Neale, John R.
M-60
Mueller , Frank C.
H-37
4/6/18
N e edham , Chaun c ey E .
K-42
Mueller, Louis H.
H-38
4/13/18
Neely, John E*
1-40
Muirhead, Brian R,
1-41
5/11/18
Neet, Lewis E.
H-41
Mumma, Harry J.
M-59
10/5/18
ITehl, Albert H*
M-Sl
Munchof, Theodore J.
H-32
3/2/18
Neil, William D,
M-48
Muneke, Harold B.
M-59
10/5/18
Neill, Ernest L.
M-46
liunford, Edward S.Jr*
Hr 2 3
12/15/17
Neiman, Robert E*
M-49
Munro, A. H.
H-2
7/21/17
Heinhauser, Ralph P.
1-40
Munro, George A.
M-54
8/31/18
Nelson, Arlen C.
H-27
Munson, Clinton G.
H-7
8/25/17
Nelson, Augustus W.
K-69
Murphy, Cornelius L,
M-59
10/5/18
Nelson, Bert F.
K-69
Murphy, Eugene L.
M-61
10/19/18
Nelson, Carlyle L.
H-10
Murphy, Glenn R.
M-53
8/24/18
Nelson, Emil W*
M-54
Murphy, Joseph A.
1-40
5/4/18
Nelson, Frank J.
H-3 5
Murphy, Linus J,
H-6
8/18/17
Nelson, Gilbert 0.
M-52a
Murphy, Maurice Ii*
H-2 3
12/15/17
Nelson, Jean 0.
H-31
Murphy, Sidney S.
Mr 49
7/20/18
Nelson, Joseph T.
M-54
Murray, Francis F.
K-76
1/25/19
Nels on, Paul S .
M-59
Murray, John D.
1-40
5/4/18
Nepple, Edward
M-61
Murray, John IT.
H-14
10/13/17
Nestle, Joseph II.
H-31
Murray, Paul C«
M-57
9/21/18
H evicts, Ruliff
11-12
Murray, Rudolph C.
1-40
5/4/18
Newberry, Claire S,
M-49
Husselman, IT orman B.
M-54
8/31/18
Newell, Arthur E.
11-17
Mustain, Samuel J.
H-6
8/18/17
Newell, James M,
II- 17
Myers, Carl E.
H-38
4/13/18
New! in, Harold V.
II- 28
Myers, George 0.
1-40
5/4/18
Newmack, Gustave
M-52a
Total to 'bottom of this sheet - 1961
Graduating
Date
8/18/17
10/19/18
6/29/18
6/8/18
9/21/18
8/24/18
7/28/17
2/16/18
10/12/18
5/18/18
5/4/18
5/11/18
10/19/18
7/13/18
6/29/18
7/20/18
5/4/18
1/26/18
11/30/18
11/30/18
9/15/18
8/31/18
3/23/18
8/17/18
2/23/18
11/9/18
10/5/18
10/19/18
2/23/18
9/29/17
7/20/18
11/3/17
11/3/17
2/2/18
8/17/18
'
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Appendix , Ne'
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley*
"ame
Sqdn*iio.
Graduating
Name
Sqdn.ih
Date
Newman, Ira IN,
M-59
10/5/18
Ochsenbein, Orlo F.
M-54
Newton , Raymond A,
K-70
12/7/18
01 Connell, Robert E,
H-27
Nichols, E* E*
H-5
8/11/17
O’Connor, George R*
M-58
Nichols, Luther A*
H-26
1/19/18
Odell, Donald A,
M-60
Nichols, Samuel J.
M-57
9/21/18
Oden, James W,
M-59
Nielsen, Alvin J,
H-33
3/9/18
O'Dowda, John S,
H-18
Nielsen, Andrew J,
H-39
4/20/18
0’ Handley, John M*
M-54
Nielsen, Emil H,
M-52
8/10/18
0* Hanley, Myron E.«
H-34
Nigh, Gordon K*
Ii-28
2/2/18
Olds, Fred H.
M-45
Nilson, Harry 3*
M-43
6/8/18
Olds, Harvey R.
H-26
Nilsson, Arthur N,
M-53
8/24/18
0 * Leary, Charles
M-54
Nimmo, Sheldon H.
M-58
9/28/18
Oliver, Henry M.
M-56
Nims, Homer W*
H-33
3/9/18
Oliver, 17, E*
Ii-2
His sager, Fred D. M*
H-29
2/9/18
01ms tead, Paul H,
M-50
Noble, Edward C.
M-GO
10/12/18
Olsen, Leslie J.
M-55
Noble, Esmond E.
Nolan, Albert J.
K-72
M-52
12/21/18
8/24/18
O’Neal, illiam L*
O’Neill, Donald B,
M-67
M-56
Noll, Cecil R.
M-57
9/21/18
O’Neill, Edward M,
M-53
ITomis, Leo G*
H-25
1/19/18
O’Neill, John F.
H-25
Noonan, Leo E.
E-76
1/25/19
Or and, David H,
H-29
Nor by, Erling, S*
H-38
4/13/18
Ordway, Fill ism F*
H-24
Nordeen, Louis H.
1:1-42
6/1/18
Organ, Vernon C,
H-23
Nordeen, Ansel G.
H-22
12/8/17
Orme, Thomas H,
M-51
Nordin, Oscar
H-19
11/17/17
Or ms by , Or 1 and
M-57
Noren, Carl A*
H-29
2/9/18
Orr, Alexander B*
1-41
Norgren, Nelson G.
H-39
4/20/1 d
Orr, Charles IT,
M-53
orris, Elmer R,
L-68
11/30/18
Orr, Dale
Ii-31
Norris, Fred P.
H-38
4/13/18
Orr, Robert L,
K-69
Norton, Harrison E*
11-25
1/19/18
Osen, Frank 8*
M-57
Norton, Rolla W.
H-25
1/19/18
O’ Shaughnessy, Thomas
P.M-61
Norton, illiam X.
H-3
7/2 8/17
O’Shea, Edward Li*
H-32
Lowland, B, E,
H-5
8/11/17
Osterloh, William D.
M-54
ITunenmacher, Francis
W*Ii-32
3/2/18
O’Sullivan, John R,
M-53
Oalces, Gail C*
H-22
12/8/17
Otis, Clyde L«
: 1-52 a
Oakley, John FT.
H-17
11/3/17
Oviatt, Benjamin M«
M-59
Total to Bottom of this sheet - 2031
Ov
Graduating
Date
8/31/18
1/26 /l8
9/28/18
10/12/18
10/5/18
11/10/17
8/31/18
3/16/18
8/22/18
1/19/18
8/31/18
9/7/18
7/21/17
7/2 7/18
9/7/18
11/30/18
9/14/18
8/24/18
1/12/18
2/9/18
12/22/17
12/15/17
8/3/18
9/21/18
5/11/18
8/24/18
2/23/18
11/30/18
9/21/18
10/19/18
3/2/18
8/31/18
8/24/18
8/17/18
10/5/18
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Appendix , Ow-Ph
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley.
Name
Owen, Robert W,
Packard, Luke D.
Packard, Paul S«
Packer, Joseph K.
Pago, Frank T.
Paine, Grosvenor R.
Paine, Topi iff 0.
Pallette, Eugene W,
Palmer, Charles A.
Palmer, dames E,
Palmer, Leon,
Palmer, Lloyd
Pangborn, Clyde E.
Panton, John
Pardy, George ¥ ,
Parish, Cheaney L.
Parish, Hayward C.
Park, Bartholow
Park, Lawrence E.
Parker, Ralph C.
Parker, Robert M»
Parkhill, Homer L.
Parkin, halter E.
Parkinson, Donald B.
Parkinson, Oscar C,
Parmelee, Charles R,
Parmenter, Harley H,
Parrott, E, A.
Parry, Chauncey G.
Patten, Carl II.
Patterson, Robert D.
Patterson, .alter C.
Pattiani, _Ilois ¥,Jr.
Paul, Albert H,
Paul, Clarence L.
Sqdn, No,
Graduatin,
Date
H-14
10/13/17
M-51
8/3/18
K-77
2/1/19
M-57
9/21/1.8
M-67
11/30/18
H-30
2/16/18
H-33
3/9/18
M-56
9/14/18
M-48
7/13/18
H-33
3/9/18
M-58
9/28/18
1-41
5/11/18
M-51
8/3/18
M-46
6/29/18
H-21
12/1/17
H-32
3/2/18
H-23
12/15/17
H-39
4/20/18
M-S6
11/23/18
8/17/18
M-52a
H-16
10/27/17
M-46
6/29/18
H-3
7/28/17
M-56
9/14/18
M— 45
6/22/18
H-28
2/2/18
11-39
4/20/18
H-l
7/14/17
M-66
11/23/18
K-76
1/25/19
M-59
10/5/18
M-58
9/28/18
H-25
1/12/18
M-60
10/12/18
M-44
6/15/18
Name
Paul, Leo C«
Pauly, Charles Y/,
Paustian, Franz H»
Payne, Bryan W,
Payne, Halter T.
Peabody, Charles M.
Pearse, Rubee J,
Pearson, Alexander Jr
Pearson, Clarence W.
Pearson, Ernest E*
Pearson, Joseph R,Jr,
Peck, Llewellyn B.
Pelouze, Robert F .
Pemberthy, Paul
Pemberton, Guilford
Penn, Leonidas
Perrin, Jay C.
Perry, William L,
Per sons , S t enl ey M .
Peters, Rudolph C.
Peters, Sidney V,¥»
Peters, .'illiam H,
Peterson, Ernest J»
Peterson, Frank L,
Peterson, Frederick R
Peterson, G@orge S.
Pe t er s on , T emy C »
Peterson, Vance C,
Petrilli, John M.
Peugh, Wilbur D .
Peyton, Russell P«
Pheatt, Merrill N,
Phelps, Edward G«
Phelps, Horace F.
Phi'lbrook, Jacob B«
Sqdn ,11 o . Graduating
Date
K-71
12/14/18
H-ll
9/22/17
H-37
4/6/18
H-3 4
3/16/18
H-30
2/16/18
M-54
8/31/18
H-33
3/9/18
» H-40
4/27/18
H-37
4/6/18
M-53
8/24/18
H-8
9/1/17
M-59
10/5/18
M-66
11/23/18
II- 2 6
1/19/18
H-37
4/6/18
M-59
10/5/18
M-57
9/21/18
H-24
12/22/17
H-3 6
3/30/18
H-25
1/12/18
H-22
12/8/17
. M-58
9/28/18
H-20
11/24/17
H-3 6
3/30/1S
( 11-31
2/23/18
H-3
7/28/17
H-22
12/8/17
H-23
12/15/17
H-22
12/8/17
M-53
8/24/18
M-57
9/21/18
H-32
3/2/18
H-39
4/20/18
M-54
8/31/18
H-24
12/22/17
Total to bottom of this sheet - 2101
•.■'•Or; .io. a.. 111 !■-. r( . - . ix;; \ a a
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Appendix Ph-Qu
Graduates - School of military Aeronautics - Berkeley*
Name
Sqdn.No »
Graduating
Date
Name
Sqdn.No »
Graduating
Date
Phillips, Harry A.
M-67
11/30/18
Powell, Orlo A.
H-3 7
4/6/18
Phillips, Lyman L«
H-28
2/2/18
Powell, Robert W.
H-l 7
11/5/17
Phillips, Falter K*
M-66
11/23/18
Powelson, Karl D.
M-43
6/8/18
Phillipps, Robert D.
M-50
7/27/18
Power, Richard G*
M-51
8/3/18
Pieper, Howard K*
M-59
10/5/18
P ower s , Jos hua B «
M-57
9/21/18
Pier, inthrop
M-62a
8/17/18
Pratt, Donald L,
K-76
1/25/19
Pierce, Lew W.
K-72
12/21/18
Pratt, Erie T«
H-3 5
3/2 3/18
Pierce, Lillis F*
M-44
6/15/18
Preble, Boyd
M-56
9/14/18
Pike, Glenn M.
H-3
7/28/17
Preble, Edward W*
M-61
10/19/18
Pilkington, Fred W,
H-28
2/2/18
Preisker , William II.
H-38
4/13/18
Pillsbury, illiam. G.
II-3 8
4/13/18
Prentice, George G* Jr
.M-51
8/3/18
Pitts, James H.
M-57
9/2 ]/ 18
Pr es by. Cl in ton C •
M-59
10/5/18
Pitts, Raymond B*
M-45
6/22/18
Preston, C. I.
H-2
7/21/17
Pixl r, Ernest C*
M-60
10/12/18
Price, Alexander J.
M-60
10/12/18
Pixley, James L.
H-39
4/20/18
Price, Clarence M.
M-56
9/14/18
Ploeger, Frank C«
K-69
11/30/18
Prince, Rudolph A.
K-77
2/1/19
Plumb, Mar 11 J,
H-25
1/12/18
Pringle, Edward 0.
M-57
S/21/18
Plush, Lewis
H-12
9/29/17
Prior, Roger W*
H-19
11/17/17
Polhemus, George S,
H-25
1/12/18
Pritchard, Fred L.Jr*
II- 30
2/16/18
Polk, Claude A*
H-31
2/23/18
Proctor, Bernhard A.
K-77
2/1/19
Pollock, -irthur
M-44
6/15/18
Prosser, Frank II.
H-30
2/16/18
Poison, Harold J*
H-28
2/2 /LS
Prosser, Harvey W*
H-8
9/1/17
Poole, Charles F*
M-56
9/14/18
Provoost, Francis L*
M-52
8/10/18
Pope, H. H.
H-l
7/14/17
Puckett, Thomas L.
H-39
4/20/18
Poppic, Arnold
H-28
2/2/18
Pugh, Harvey M.
H-38
4/13/18
Porter, John E .
H-40
4/27/18
P ugh , . R ichard 0 ,
H-3 4
3/16/18
Post, John II.
H-32
3/2/18
Pullis, Edison H.
L-68
11/30/18
Post, Leo
H-4
8/4/17
Purdy, Harold S,
M-45
6/22/18
Post, Speed L*
H-23
12/15/17
Putman, Russell L.
H-28
2/2/18
Potter, Charles M*
H-23
12/15/17
Putzel,' Myron G.
M-44
6/15/18
Potter, Howard E.
M-43
6/8/18
Pyke, Charles L,
H-2 7
1/26/18
Potter, r. vr.
H-5
8/11/17
Pyper, Allan G.
K-74
1/11/19
Poulin, John A.
II-27
1/26/18
Quail, John L,
M-52
8/10/18
Poulson, Forrest C,
H-31
2/23/18
Quarnberg, Paul R.
H-37
4/6/18
Powell, Charles ¥.
H-5
8/11/17
Quaw, Clayton D.
H-39
4/20/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 2171
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Appendix . Qu-Ri
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley,
Name
Queen, Harold E.
Quigley, John V*
Radford, William A, Jr
Rady, William J,
Ragatz, Eduard G,
Rairden, David L.
Raisner, -"’bur W,
Raithel, Andrew G,
Raley, Edward W*
Ramsey, Alfred P,
Randall, Rex R.
Randall, Hugh P.
Rankin, C, A.
Rankin, Charles D,
Rankin, Ernest S,
Ratcliffe, Kent E.
Rauh, Joseph R,
Read, Edwin M.
Read, James E.
Ream, George D.
Reardon, John H.
Reavil, Richey B,
Reavis, Carlos L.
Rechsteiner, Victor M
Record, Fred A,
Reed, Edward H.
Reed, Emmet M,
Reed, Fred G,
Reed, Glenn A.
Reed, Harold A,
Reed, Joseph
Reed, Roy E*
Reed, Russell
Reed, T, R,
Reese, Le'wellyn J.
SqdruNo. Graduating
Date
II-31
2/23/18
H-40
4/27/18
H-36
3/30/18
II- 3 8
4/13/18
H-35
3/23/18
H-12
9/29/17
M-57
9/21/18
M-48
7/13/18
H-3
7/28/17
K-77
2/1/19
H-38
4/13/18
H-25
1/12/18
H-5
8/11/17
K-69
11/30/18
M-67
11/30/18
H-3 4
3/16/18
M-65
11/16/18
H-3 3
3/9/18
H-30
2/16/18
H-9
9/8/17
M-59
10/5/18
M-47
7/6/18
H-30
2/16/18
H-3 4
3/16/13
1-40
5/4/18
M-59
10/5/18
M-4S
6/29/18
ffi-55
9/7/18
M-58
9/28/18
M-43
6/8/18
M-59
10/5/18
K-77
2/1/19
M-58
9/28/18
H-4
8/4/17
H-23
12/15/17
Name
Neeves, Dache M.
Regan, Francis M.
Regan, Paul T.
Rehlmeyer, A* G,
Reichhold, Herbert A,
Reilly, George C.
Reis, John B.
Reisz, George S.
Remelin, Eldred L.
Renard, Gustave A.
Rensch, Joseph R.
Rentfrow, Frank M«
Reynard, Lester A.
Reynolds, Arnold R*
Reynolds, Burton R.
Reynolds, Clark C»
Reynolds, Clyde G*
Reynolds, Hugh M.
Reynolds, Jack W.
Reynolds, Samuel
Reynolds, Thomas E.
Rhoades, Otto V,
Rhodes, Arthur P,
Rhodes, illard F,
Rice, Franklin D.
Rice, George E.
Rice, Malcolm S*
Rice, Verner J.
Rich, Dan 0,
Rich, James L»
Richey, xlobert G*
Richards, Everett P,
Richardson, Asahel D.
Richardson, Carleton
Richardson, Elmer C.
Sqdn«Ho« Graduating
Date
H-3
7/28/17
H-3 7
4/6/18
M-48
7/13/18
H-6
8/18/17
M-60
10/12/18
H-19
11/17/17
H-22
12/8/17
H-26
1/19/18
K-70
12/7/18
M-45
6/22/18
M-50
7/27/18
H-29
2/9/18
H-27
1/26/18
H-38
4/13/18
M— 44
6/15/18
H-29
2/9/18
1-55
9/7/18
H-13
10/6/17
M-64
11/9/18
M-53
8/24/13
H-3 7
4/6/18
H-38
4/13/18
M-54
8/31/18
H-14
10/13/17
11-31
2/23/18
H-36
3/30/18
M-55
9/7/13
M-58
9/28/18
H-26
1/19/18
M-48
7/13/18
1-41
5/11/18
M-67
11/30/18
M-54
8/31/18
M-45
6/22/18
H-30
2/16/13
Total to bottom of this sheet - 2241
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Appendix •
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley.
^am.©
Sqdn.No.
Graduating
Date
Name
Sqdn.I
Richardson, William H,
. M-54
8/31/18
Robinson, Frederick A.
H-33
Richmond, Harold J.
K-69
11/30/18
Robinson, George S .
M-52
Richmond, Roy D.
K-70
12/7/18
Robinson, John H,
H-20
Rickard, C. H.
II- 5
8/11/17
Robinson, Kenneth W.
K-77
Riddick, Holland C,
H-27
1/26/18
Robinson, Leroy H.
M-59
Ridenour, Carlyle H.
H-38
4/13/18
Robinson, Percy M«
M-54
Riggs, Robert M»
H-2 3
12/15/17
Robinson, Sam J.
M-59
Riker, -Eugene A.
M-66
11/23/18
Robley, Richard R.
M-64
Ringer, Albert R.
K-29
2/9/18
Roche, John C,
II- 15
Riordan, Emmet F*
Ii-29
2/9/18
Roddan, Donald B*
M-50
Ripper ger , Clement M,
M-48
7/13/18
Roedel, Andrew E..
H-24
Ritchey, William M,
M-51
6/3/18
Rogers, Edward B*
H-28
Rivera, Reynaldo J.
H-25
1/12/18
Rogers, Emery H,
K-21
Rivers, Harold 3.
H-23
12/15/17
Rogers, James B*
H-3
Roach, Howard
H-36
3/30/18
Rogers, Thomas B,
M-56
Roadman , Roy C,
il— S3
11/2/18
Rogers, Vertus ¥.
H-37
Robbins, Ralph 3.
H-30
2/16/18
Roll, George H.
M— 54
Robbins, Ssnis E.
M-59
10/5/18
Rollins, Frank L,
K-74
Robbins, Urban G,
H-ll
9/22/17
Rollins, M, E.
H-4
Robbins, W, D,
II- 4
8/4/17
Romans, Edgar D,
H-30
Robesky, Itobley M*
M-44
6/15/18
Eonbough, Miles D.
H-38
Roberson, George 0.
H-41
5/11/18
Rome, Edwin H«
II- 10
Roberts, Charles P*
M-52
8/10/18
Rooney, Francis L,
M-49
Roberts, David B.
M-57
9/21/18
Roos, Camil N.
H-23
Roberts, EdwinA.
H-29
2/9/18
Root, Homer B*
H-33
Roberts, George D,
H-39
4/20/18
Rose, Charles D.
M-54
Roberts, George W*
K-69
11/30/18
Rose, Glenn ¥,
H-30
Roberts, Gordan A.
M-52
8/10/18
Rose, Joseph W.
H-26
Roberts, Philip W.
M-59
10/5/18
Rosenberg, Walter
M-57
Roberts, Ray C.
H-30
2/16/18
Ross, Howard S.
M-61
Roberts, William J.»
H-17
11/3/17
Ross, Norman De M.
H-31
Robertson, Arthur
H-19
11/17/17
Ross, Orrin E.
M-47
Robertson, Fitch
M-58
9/28/18
Rossen, Raymond C.
M-55
Robins, Edward J.
H-40
4/27/18
Rossiter, Ednor M.
H-33
Robinson, Edward T.
M-54
8/31/18
Roth, Archie F«
H-18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 2311
Graduating
Date
3/9/18
8/10/18
11/24/17
2/1/19
10/5/18
8/31/18
10/5/18
8/31/18
10/20/17
7/27/18
12/22/17
2/2/18
12/1/17
7/28/17
9/14/18
4/6/18
8/31/18
1/11/19
8/4/17
2/16/18
4/13/18
9/15/17
7/20/18
12/15/17
3/9/18
8/31/18
2/16/18
1/19/18
9/21/18
10/19/18
2/23/18
7/6/18
9/7/18
3/9/18
11/10/17
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.LOGS - -o'e LxIJ- '.'to . ion. ~ or .uGoY
Appendix Ro-Sc
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley,
Name
Sqdn,No,
Graduating
Datd
Name
Sqdn.No*
Graduating
Date
Rough, Howard F,
H-24
12/22/17
Sandvigen, Gilbert S*
H-30
2/16/18
Roullet, J, P,
H-l
7/14/17
Sansom, Jolin M*
M-59
10/5/18
Rowan, Lynn L,
M-58
9/28/18
Sargent, Bradley E*
H-39
4/20/18
Rowe, Charles S,
K-37
4/6/18
Sarthou, Alexander E*
PI-27
1/26/18
Rowe, Edward J,
M- 67
11/30/18
Satterberg, Elmer J.
M-57
9/21/18
Rowe, Harold D,
H-30
2/1S/18
Saunders, Edward F«
Mr 60
10/12/18
♦Rowe, Harry J,
H-3
7/28/17
Saunders, John J.
H-31
2/2 3/18
Rowe, Harvey J,
L-S8
11/30/18
Saunders, John M*
H-34
3/16/18
Rowe, Hiram H*
E-32
3/2 A®
Saunders, Minnett
H-7
8/25/17
Roy, Arthur C,
M-53
8/24/18
Saunders, Thomas J,
M-57
9/a /is
Royce, Walker W,
H-25
12/15/17
S avag e , Cla ir R «
H-29
2/9/18
Moyle, MLlliam H,
PI-4
8/4/17
Sayre, Harold W*
M-61
10/19/18
Rubin, Myer C,
H-39
4/20/18
Sayre,Robert PL
H-39
4/20/18
Ruby, Orville W,
H-44
6/15/18
Scammell, Edward J*
H-24
12/22/17
Rude, Arthur H,
M-55
9/7/18
Sc anti in, Thomas E«
H-18
11/10/17
Rue, Lars
H-30
2/16/18
Scarlett, Art L.
M-54
8/31/13
Ruegg, Joseph A,
H-3Q
3/30/18
Schaetzle, Arnold T,
M-61
10/19/18
Hugh, Charles V ,
H-25
1/12/18
Schank, Harry E.
H-31
2/2 3/18
Ruick, Melville H,
M-49
6/29/18
S chary, Harry A*
H-25
l/l 2/18
Rumfeit, Arthur E»
L-68
11/30/18
Schauss, Frederick A.
M-56
9/14/13
bundle, W, B,
H-31
2 A 3/18
Scheidegger, Ivin F*
M-61
10/19/18
Runyan, Clifford R,
M-61
10/12/18
cheilenbach, Gerald
H M-55
9/7/18
: upp , .ell ing ton
H-8
9/1/17
Scherzer , Ralph J,
H-23
12/15/17
Russell, Charles P,
H-31
2/2 3/1,3
Schick, Herbert M.
H-28
2/2/18
Russell, Foster
H-3 6
3/30/18
S chirm, Raymond J,
M-50
7/27/13
Russell, H, 0,
H-8
9/1/17
S chi ach ter , Henry
H-31
2/25/18
Russell, Horace W,
H-38
4/13/18
Schlatter, Donald ¥,
H-22
12/8/17
Rutledge, Eric A,
H-30
2/16/18
3 c lil earner , Har o Id P ,
1-40
5/4/18
Ryan, Joseph G.
M-5 6
9/14/18
Schmidt, Ernest E*
M-SO
10/12/18
Ryniker, Milton E«
H«29
2/9/18
Schmidt, Joseph F*
M-54
8/31/13
Saboe, Martin L,
M-56
9/14/18
Schneider, Char 1 e s M .
M-54
8/31/16
Sales, John P,
H-39
4/20/18
S chock, Rilliam 0.
1-40
5/4/18
Salmond, John
H-38
4/15/18
Schofield, .illiam
H-12
9/29/17
Samson, Fulton W«
K-76
1/25/19
Scholz, Chai'les
M-55
9/7/18
Sanborn, 'ill ism E*
IP- 40
4/27/18
Schramm, Ned
M-44
6/15/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 2381
♦Did not successfully pass all examinations but was ordered to San Diego before
results of examinations were known. Included among the graduates inasmuch as
he took all the work and -was not discharged from this school*
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Appendix .
Graduates - Sohool of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley.
Nome
Sqdn.No,
Graduating
Date
Name
Sqdn.Ho,
Graduating
Date
Schreuder, Otis B.
H-ll
9/22/17
Shaner, Melville ¥,
M-49
7/20/18
Schroeder, Elmore E.
M-58
9/28/18
Shannon, Loyal E.
M-56
9/14/18
Schroeder, Frederick M.M-53
8/24/18
Shappell, Maple
H-10
9/15/17
Schuch, Lei and S,
1-40
5/4/18
Sharon, Hurford 0,
H-8
9/1/17
Schuler, George F.
H-28
2/2/18
Sharon, Leon E.
H-28
2/2/18
Schultz, Llo^d G,
H-l
7/14/17
Sharp, Bayard
M-43
6/8/18
Schulze, Laclair B.
H-8
9/1/17
Sharp, Marion B.
M-44
6/15/18
S chumach er , Clyde J .
H-32
3/2/18
Sharp, Selwyn J,
M-56
9/14/18
Schumaither, Her non 0
. II- 3 6
3/30/18
Sharpnack, J, W.
H-2
12/8/17
Schuman, Fred W,
H-39
4/20/18
Shaul, Gilbert L.Jr.
II- 2 2
12/8/17
Schupp, Daniel E.
M-54
8/31/18
Shaw, Donevan n.
H-7
8/25/17
S ch.war tz , Cher les ¥,
H-30
2/16/18
Shaw, Harold H*
H-39
4/20/18
S chvrar z enb elc , Franc i s
X. Mi-45
6/22/18
Shay, Carleton C.
H-34
3/1S/18
Scott, Irvin L»
K-71
12/14/18
Sheehan, Frank E.
Li** 52 3#
8/17/18
Scott, ^ames H«
H-33
S/S/18
Sheehy, John F.
11- 2 9
2/9/18
Scott, John M*
H-40
4/27/18
Slieehy, Richard H.
M-54
8/31/18
Scott, Neal J.
H-35
3/23/18
Sheldon, Frederick H.
M-44
6/10/18
Sco veil, Haro Id B*
H-42
5/25/18
Shelton, Mil ton
M-59
10/5/18
Scoville, Howard II.
Mr 53
8/24/18
Sheperd, Harry ¥,
Li-46
8/29/18
Scroggins, Lovell V.
K-77
2/1/19
Sheperd, John G,
M-54
8/31/18
Searle, Piatt F.
H-31
2/23/18
Slier er. Bud F,
H-39
4/20/18
Seaton, Charles ¥.
H-l 7
1 1/3/17
Sheridan, Joseph N.
M-58
9/28/18
Seaton, Hunley E.
II-23
12/15/17
Sherman, Fred
H-40
4/27/18
Sebree, George M.Jr.
i.I-45
6/22/18
Sherman, John K*
11-25
1/12/18
Seeley, Abe L»
H-40
4/27/18
Sherwood, George C»
M-58
9/28/1S
Seeman, Louis M.
H-l 7
11/3/17
Sliipton, V.asnburne D,
11-36
3 /30/18
Segal, Abe J.
M-56
9/14/18
Shock, Raymond M,
K-71
12/14/18
Seifert, Frank W,
11-18
11/10/17
Shoenhair, Lei and F.
K-74
1/11/19
Seldon, James K.
H-31
2/2 3/18
Sholtus , Edward T .
Hr 58
9/28/18
Sells, illiam R.
M-49
7/20/18
Shortt, Chester A,
M-56
9/14/lS
- emple, Andrew
M-62
10/26/18
Shrader, Eyron
H-39
4/20/18
Segurson, Raymond P.
M-47
7/6/18
Slirader, Robert S.
M-47
7/6/18
Sexton, Vincent
M-58
9/28/18
Shugard, Donald F,
K-76
1/25/19
Shaffer, nor old B.
M-59
10/5/18
Shull, David R.
11-23
12/15/17
Shane, William K,
M-58
9/28/18
Shumway, Earl J.
M-51
8/3/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 2451
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Appendix . Si-Sn
Graduates - School of military Aeronautics - Berkeley,
Home
Siebenbaum, John II,
Silberman, Moe »
Silva, Gay II,
Simon, Arlo H,
Simon, Herbert J.
Simons, Neil L,
Simmons, Ralph
Simpson, Albert G,
Simpson, Harold G,
Simpson, L* B,
Simpson, Ralph T»
Simpson, Samuel M,
Simpson, Jilliam E,
Simms, Charles A,
Sirkegian, Paul J,
Sisson, Benjamin F,
Sjoberg, Carl E,
Skeily, Daniel A,
Skolfield, Emery W,
Gkoning, John II,
Skoog, Joe L.
Slater, Clyde Francis
Slater, Glen J,
Slater, Harry E.
Slaven, Thomas 17*
Slgan, Samuel A*
Sloniger, Eyir L«
Slovcr, Clark H,
Slusser, Horace G,
Smathors, Van C*
Smead, Armour L,
Smiley, Erie B.
Smith, Austin C,
Smith, Clarence A,
Smith, Claude H,
Sqdn,No» Graduating
Date
M-44
6/15/13
H-28
2/2/18
M-49
7/20/18
M-53
8/24/18
II-8
9/1/17
M-61
10/19/18
II- 2 9
2/9/18
H-6
8/18/17
M-45
6/22/18
H-4
8/4/17
II- 2 7
1/26/18
H-29
2/9/18
K-72
12/21/18
K-70
12/7/18
1-57
9/21/18
M-43
6/8/18
LI-58
9/28/18
K-70
3.2/7/18
M-57
9/21/18
H-38
4/13/18
M-54
8/31/18
II- 20
11/24/17
II- 11
S/22/17
H-23
12/15/17
11-22
12/8/17
H-24
12/22/17
II- 30
2/16/18
1,1-44
6/15/18
LI- 58
9/28/18
K-70
12/7/18
K-76
1/25/19
1-40
5/4/18
L-52
8/10/18
H-38
3/30/13
M-59
10/5/18
Name
Smith,
Clement J*
Smith,
C. M.
Smith,
Clifton S.
Smith,
Lari 17*
Smith,
Edwin C*
Smith,
Erie H.
Smith,
Ernest L.
Smith,
Ford G*
Smith,
Frank 17,
Smith,
Fred A*
Smith,
George B.
Smith,
George M.
Smith ,
Harrison D.
Smith ,
H. C.
Smith,
Herbert II.
Smith,
Irving S .
Smith,
Jones W*
Smith,
Kenneth D*
Smith,
L. H.
Smith,
Hal colm II*
Smith,
Mark E*
Smith,
Norval B.
Smith,
Paul Barr
Smith,
Ralph 0.
Smith,
Richard W.
Smith,
Roy R.
Smith,
Samuel R.
Smith,
Samuel S*
Smith ,
Stanly
Smith,
So II.
Smith,
Lesley L*
Smithers, Claude E
Smyth ,
Edward J,
Sneath.
j Lee J *
Snell,
Raymond C *
Sqdn.No Graduating
Date
M-49
7/20/18
E-l
7/14/17
M-54
8/31/18
M-52
8/10/18
M-51
8/3/18
M-46
9/29/18
11- 33
3/9/18
K-77
2/1/19
M-42
6/1/18
M-63
11/2/18
H-14
10/13/17
E-33
3/9/18
H-19
11/17/17
II- 4
8/4/17
L-26
1/19/18
M-58
9/28/18
K-77
2/1/19
Id-64
11/9/18
11-4
8/4/17
11-56
9/14/18
M-50
7/27/18
1-65
11/16/18
11-26
1/19/18
M-57
9/21/18
M-57
9/21/18
M-55
9/7/18
H-33 -
3/9/18
M-58
9/14/18
H-23
12/15/17
K-l
7/14/17
H-35
3/23/18
K-77
2/1/19
H-12
9/29/17
M-56
9/14/18
H-28
2/2/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 2521
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Appendix
Graduates - School of military Aeronautics - Berkeley.
Name
Sqdn.No*
Graduating
Date
Name
Sqdh.ho.
Graduating
Date
Snow, Cedric R,
H-40
4/27/18
Stagner, Lloyd 3.
M-58
9/29/18
Snyder, Dean M.
H-23
12/15/17
Stahl, Robert J,
H-17
11/3/17
Snyder, Delmar L.
M-43
6/8/18
Staley, Acs ley B#
M-59
10/5/18
Snyder, Edwin L.
M-55
9/7/18
Stanbery, Star ley R,
H-23
12/15/17
Soule, Arthur L.
H-33
3/9/18
Stanford, Frank C*
H-30
2/16/18
Soules, Alton E.»
M-62
10/26/18
Stanton, Arthur II.
H-33
3/9/18
Soens, Adolph L.
K-72
12/2 l/l8
S t ap 1 e s , Howard W .
M-52 a
8/17/18
S outh , Ch arl e s M,
1-41
5/11/18
Starr, Arthur T.
1-41
5/11/18
Southard, Alfred M.
H-20
11/24/17
Stauffacher, Earl M»
H-7
8/25/17
Southard, Edward 0.
K-77
2/1/19
Stauffacher, John D.
K-71
12/14/18
S outhwi c k , J o'nn J ,
M-49
7/20/18
Stearns , Francis A.
II- 2 2
12/8/17
Southworth, Orville V,
, M-51
6/3/18
Stearns, Frank L*
M-48
7/13/18
Spafford, Louis H,
H-29
2/9/18
S t ebb ins, 3 ar t on A •
M-50
7/27/13
Sparling, Edward J*
II- 37
4/6/18
Stebbins, Jolm R*
LI-55
9/7/1
Speidel, Frank K.
H-30
2/16/18
Stedman, Livingston B
« L— 30
2/16/18
Spellman, Sterling B.
H-34
3/16/18
Steffe, Karl
M-50
7/27/18
Spencer, Albert 0.
1-41
5/11/18
Stoic hen, Roman J*
K-75
1/18/19
Spencer, Bonifield M.
H-33
3/9/18
Steigman, Emanuel
M-43
6/8/18
Spencer, Eld ridge T.
H-6
8/18/17
Stein, C. V,
H-2
7/2 l/l7
Spencer, Elmer R.
H-29
2/9/18
Ste inhart, . .orton
M-55
9/7/18
Spencer, Vernon W*
H-29
2/9/18
Stenstrom, Samuel A*
11-21
12/1/17
Spicer, halter S,
M-57
9/21/18
Stephens, Frank
M-55
9/7/18
Spier, James 3.
H-28
2/2 /IS
Stephenson, Arthur W*
H-35
3/23/13
Spilman, Louis
H-33
3/9/18
S t ephens on, J ame s M •
M-49
7/20/18
Spiner, Louis H.
11-32
3/2/18
Stephenson, 7, B*
H-9
9/8/17
S p i tz el , Herman
M-56
9/14/18
S t er nbe r gh , L amber t
M-52
8/10/18
Sporlein, Louis W,
H-30
2/16/18
Sterrett, William 0,
K-71
12/14/18
Sprague, Hollister T«
H-13
10/7/17
Stetson, Philip C»
H-29
2/9/18
Spriegel, William R,
H-28
2/2/18
Stevens, P.obert R.
K-72
12/21/18
Sprinkle, Lloyd H,
M-52
8/10/18
Stevens, Thaddeus J.
H-36
3/30/18
Sproul, Harry A,
M-43
6/8/18
Stevenson, Norman M.
H-35
3/23/18
Stafford, Harold L.
M-57
9/21/18
Stewart, Clyde E.
M-47
7/6/18
Stafford, James N.
M-66
11/23/18
Stewart, Earl F.
H-3
7/28/17
Stafford, Raub M.
M-60
10/12/18
Stewart, Hal F,
M-42
5/25/18
Stagg, George T.
M-57
9/21/18
Stewart, Harold L,
M-51
8/3/18
Total to bottom of thi sheet - 2591
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Appendix .
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley.
Name
Sqdn.No.
Graduating
Date
Stewart, Ronald B.
M-61
10/19/18
Stewart, William F.
H-13
10/6/17
Stewart, William L.
M-53
8/24/18
Stewart, William Van
•V.H-13
10/6/17
Still, Leslie E,
H-29
2/9/18
Stillman, Clinton
M-63
11/2/18
Stites, James V,
H-30
2/16/18
Stitt, Donald G.
H-26
1/19/18
Stock, Sidney R.
1-61
10/19/18
Stoddard, David I*
H-24
12/22/17
Stoffer, Charles T.
H-30
2/16/18
Stone, Archie A. Jr.
H-30
2/16/18
Stone, Percy A.
H-28
2/2/18
Stoner, Rex K*
H-17
11/3/17
Stoops, Robert C.
H-27
1/26/18
Storey, Jack H.
H-28
2/2/18
Storie, Raymond E.
M-55
9/7/18
Storrie, alter
M-46
6/29/18
Stout, Sidneys A.
H-33
3/9/18
Stratton, Edwin L.
II- 3 7
4/6/18
S -brawn, Donald C.
H-17
11/3/17
Strehle, Robert L,
H-35
3/23/18
Stribling, George E.
M-58
9/28/18
Stringham, Varde B.
II- 3 7
4/6/18
Strong, Foster G.
H-28
2/2/18
Strong, Frederick A.
M-48
7/13/18
Strong, George E.
H-23
12/15/17
Struthers, Bruce
11-20
11/24/17
Stuart, George D.
Ii-19
11/17/17
Stukey, David C.
H-25
1/12/18
Stuller, Gilbert F.
H-28
2/2/18
Sturgis, Carl 5.
11-36
3/30/18
Stutzman, Theodore B
. H-29
2/9/18
Suhr, Donald L.
M-44
6/15/18
Suits, Charles
Li- 51
8/3/18
Name
SqdYuHo,
Graduating
fiat©
Sullivan, Daniel J,
H-23
12/15/17
Sullivan, Gerald M*
K-61
10/19/18
Sullivan, Henry 3,
H-24
12/22/17
Sullivan, Leonard
H-20
11/24/17
Sullivan, William S,
H-32
3/2/18
Slimmer field, Vernon D,
H-28
2/2/18
Suppes, Raymond L.
H-13
10/6/17
Sutcliffe, John R. Jr.
M-6S
11/23/18
Sutherland, John R.
M-54
8/31/18
Suttor, Howard F.
11-54
8/31/18
Sutter, Julius F.
H-29
2/9/18
Sutton, Harold P.
H-24
12/22/17
Sutton, Harry A.
H-3
7/28/17
Sutton, Wayne C.
L-42
5/25/18
Suver, Elmer V,
H-31
2/23/18
Swaller, Sidney R,
H-30
2/16/18
Swan, Harry T.
E-75
1/18/19
Swanner, John L»
M-49
7/20/18
Swanson, Charles L.
M-57
9/21/18
Swera, John 3.
H-20
11/24/17
Sweeney, David R.
H-36
3/30/18
Sweeney, Joseph E.
M-55
9/7/18
Swigert, Ernest G.
H-35
3/2 3/18
Swinger, Joseph F.
H— 21
12/1/17
Swinson, Caspar D*
K-3S
3/30/18
Switzer, Lewis
M-43
6/8/18
Sydney, Philip
K-70
12/7/18
Syan.es, Harold B.
M- 51
8/3/18
Symonds, Harry- R.
M-58
9/28/18
Symonds, Merrill E.
H-28
2/2/18
Symons, Spencer V,
H-13
10/6/17
Symons, Thomas W. Jr.
H-33
3/9/18
Talbot, Gilliam C.
H-16
10/27/17
Tallman, Buell J.
K-76
1/25/19
Tanner, Talman
H-12
9/29/17
Total to bottom of this sheet - 2661
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Ta-Tr
Appendix .
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley,
Name
Sqdn.IIo*
Graduating
Date
Name
Sxjdn.Ho.
Graduating
Date
Tate, LeRoy H.
H-31
2/2 3/18
Thompson, Harry S»
K-77
2/1/19
Tattersf ield, Ernest E,
„ K-77
2/1/19
Thomp s on , Henry
H-32
3/2/18
Tatum, Albert S ,
M-59
10/5/18
Thompson, John F.
H-35
3/23/18
Taub, Earl A,
M-67
11/30/18
Thompson, Lloyd Gf
M-58
9/28/18
Taubert, Max G,
M-55
9/7/18
Thompson, Roland S.
H-21
12/1/17
Taylor, Alfred 3,
H-33
3/9/18
Thornburg, David E «
H-29
2/9/18
Taylor, Benjamin H,
H-18
11/10/17
Thorne, William B.
H-38
4/13/18
Taylor, George F*
H-36
3/30/18
Thygeson, Riling
M-52
8/10/18
Taylor, Homer C,
M-48
7/13/18
Thynnes, Louis C,
H-23
12/15/17
Taylor, Leon B,
H-55
9/7/18
Tice, Thomas C,
H-29
2/9/18
Taylor, Lloyd J,
H-31
2/23/18
Tiller, Janes J.r
K-71
12/14/18
Taylor, Milton E*
M-61
10/19/18
Tipton, Andrew f «
H-29
2/9/13
Taylor, Russell V* **
M-52
8/10/18
Todd, Clarence W,
H-35
3/23/13
Taylor, Phillip B, **
M-60
10/12/18
Todd, E'dwin T»
H-21
12/1/17
Taylor, William R*
M-58
9/28/18
To errs, Fritz G.
H-57
9/21/18
Taylor, Willis R,
H-24
12/22/17
Tolbert, Benjamin II,
H-23
12/15/17
Templeton, John W,
H-24
12/22/17
Tomlinson, Kenneth C.
H-33
3/9/18
Templeton, Revert L,
H-37
4/3/18
Toncray, Henry S,
M-59
10/5/18
Tempi in, Ralph T,
M-65
11/16/18
Torney, Stewart W,
H-17
11/3/17
Terrett, Julian
1-41
5/11/18
Tout, Herbert W.
M-54
8/31/18
Terry, Raleigh W,
M-48
7/13/18
Towns, Josiah M.
M-35
3/23/18
Terry, S. W,
H-2
7/21/17
Towne, William B.
M-57
9/21/18
Teutscli, William L,
M-61
10/19/18
Townsend, Edward S«
H-21
12/1/17
Tevis, Gordon B.
H-14
10/13/17
T ovnris end, Leivis A*
M-51
8/3/18
Thalheimer, Ulrich S.
H-33
3/9/18
ToTfsley, Philip W,
M-58
9/28/18
Thatcher, Edward R,
M-51
8/3/18
Tozer, George A.
H-36
3/30/18
Thayer, H. W,
H-2
7/21/17
Tracy, Ray P,
H-29
2/9/18
Thierbacn, George C,
H-31
2/23/18
Trask, Elwood E.
M-55
9/7/18
Thomas , Clyde
H-17
11/3/17
Troughber, Leslie K.
K-70
12/7/18
Thomas, Eldred L,
M-55
9/7/18
Treat, Verne E.
IT-19
11/17/17
Thomas, James R,
H-38
4/13/18
Tresidder, Don
E-36
3/30/18
Thomas, Millard P.
1-40
5/4/18
Tribe, Frank L,
M-56
9/14/18
Thomas, William E,
H-39
4/20/18
Trotter, Keith F.
M-51
8/3/18
Thompson, franklin S,
H-32
3/2/18
Trout, William H.
M-48
7/13/18
Thompson, Harry S.
H-39
4/20/18
Trowbridge, James Q«
Ii-31
2/23/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 2731
** Invert order
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71
t;. . •
:3 **
Appendix .
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley*
Tu-Wa
1'Tame
Sqdn.Ho,
Graduating
Date
Ham*
Sqdn.Ho ,
Graduating
Date
Tupper, Preston E*
II- 3 2
3/2/18
T.achtel, Leonard R,
M-42
6/1/18
Turnbull, Ray W,
M-47
7/6/18
Waddell, Ch&uncey L,
H-31
2/23/18
Turner, Fred D.
M- 59
10/5/18
Waddell, Joseph
H-6
8/18/17
Turner, Henry E, Jr,
II-12
9/29/17
Wade, Herbert C,
H-22
12/8/17
Turrill, Gardner
H-28
2/2/18
Wagner, Paul T.
M-48
7/13/18
Tussing, Earl 3,
H-30
2/16/18
V.aite, Herbert E, Jr,
H-28
2/2/18
Tyrer, Ton D,
11-42
6/1/18
Waite, John D. Jr,
H-3 6
3/30/18
♦Tyrrel, Charles P,
H-3
7/28/17
Walberg, Hilding
M-51
8/3/18
Umbarger, Francis B.
1,1— 6 2
10/26/18
Waldo, Herbert S,
H-3 3
3/9/18
Vanasek, Tomas S.
M-60
10/12/18
Wales j Kenneth S,
II- 17
11/3/17
Van Auken, Jerome T.
H-19
11/17/17
Wales, Roy E,
H-3
7/28/17
Van Bibber, Ray 0.
H-23
12/15/17
Walker, Clarence R,
H-2 3
12/15/17
Valle, Paul
H-19
11/17/17
Walker, Clifton H,
M-42
6/1/18
Vancura, Joseph F,
M-53
8/24/18
talker, Edward W*
1-45
6/22/18
VanFenssel&er, Maunell
K-72
12/21/18
.alker, Edwin S,
M— 46
6/29/18
Varney, Falter T.
M-47
7/6/18
‘ alker, Glenn D,
M-43
6/8/18
Varnum, Ernest R,
M-48
7/13/18
Walker, Henry M*
M-54
8/31/18
Veitch, Samuel L*
K-69
11/30/18
Walker, Howe,
H-23
12/15/17
Velte, Charles H*
H-38
4/13/18
Talker, Joseph L»
II- 15
10/20/17
Vernon, Charles C, Jr,
H-25
1/12/18
V: alker, Kenneth 11,
M-44
6/15/18
Vernon, Fred
II-26
1/19/18
Walker, Paul
M-58
9/28/18
Vessey, Burton F,
H~29
2/9/18
Walker , Virgil L,
M-63
11/2/18
Vierra, Joseph R.
M-58
9/28/18
Walker, Waldo C,
11-35
3/2 3/18
Vilas, Edward P,
M-53
8/24/18
Walker, Warren H,
H-20
11/24/17
Vincent, Eugene G,
M-58
9/28/18
Walker, William L*
M-45
6/22/18
Vincent, J, D,
H-5
8/11/17
Wall, Earle R.
M-50
7/27/18
Vint, Ihomas C,
H— 17
11/3/17
Wall, Hampton G,
M-65
11/16/18
Von Adelung , Edward
H-14
10/13/17
Wallace, E, S,
H-l
7/14/17
Vogel tanz, Edward L*
M-55
9/7/18
Wallace, Herbert A,
M-67
11/30/18
Voigt, Edwin E,
M-49
7/20/18
Wallace, Karl E,
11- 2 9
2/9/13
Vollman, Roy W,
H-6
8/18/17
allace, Lawrence A.
M-56
9/14/18
Voorhees, Garret S,
H-31
2/23/18
Wallace, Lucian E,
M— 56
9/14/18
Vorachek, Frank L.
M- 50
7/27/18
Wal lace. Or val ,
M-52 a
8/17/18
Vorhees, Melvin
M-52
8/10/18
.alien, John V,
M-43
6/8/18
Vrang, Christian
M-58
9/28/18
Walsh, Edward M, Jr,
H-3
7/28/17
Total to bottom of this sheet - 2801
♦Bid not successfully pass all examinations but was ordered to San Diego before
results of examinations were known. Included among the graduates inasmuch as
he took all the work and was not discharged from this school.
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Wa-Wh
Appendix *
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley,
Home
Sqdn.ITo,
Graduating
Date
Name
Sqdn,Ho«
falter, illiam S ,
1-41
5/11/18
Webb er , Char 1 e s L *
M-53
falters, Harold B.
M-56
9/14/18
Webster, Carl B.
H-40
altham, Ralph 0,
H-31
2/2 3/18
Webster, Charles B*
H-2 7
Waltz, Henry W.
M-43
6/8/18
Webster, John Ordvray
H-19
Wand, Preston 3,
11-33
3/9/18
Wedekind, Richard E..
M-61
Ward, Charles H,
1-41
5/11/18
Weed, Robert 0,
M-46
Ward, Harold L.
M-54
8/31/18
Weeks, H* M.
H-9
?Jard, Lawrence A,
11-17
11/3/17
Weeks , J » S ,
H-l
Ward, M. L,
H-9
9/8/17
Weill , Lavrence I,
II- 41
Ward, Paul A,
M-44
6/15/18
We is sman, Arnold E.
H-2 9
Warde, Arthur F.
H-35
3/23/18
Weitekamp, Elmer J.
H-2 4
Ware, John A,
M-57
9/21/18
Welch, Paul R.
H-2 4
Warner, Jay L,
M-45
6/22/18
clch, Peter W.
PI-34
Warner, Leon G,
M-43
6/8/18
Welden, Walter I.
M-56
Warner, Orville H.
M-44
6/15/18
Wellman, Harrison W*
■ H-30
'Barren, Frank B,
M-52
8/10/18
Wells , Harold
H-20
Warrington, Jesse G,
M-56
9/14/18
Wells, Hoestis I.
K-72
W&tchorn, Emory E,
H-6
8/18/17
Wells, Howard H*
H-2 3
Waterhouse, Frederick
H-36
3/30/18
Wells, liathan L»
M-42
Waterman, E. S*
H-2
7/21/17
Wells, Roe E.
H-20
,'aters, G@orge B,
H-13
10/6/17
Wells, William C.
M-44
Waters, James F,
M-56
11/23/18
Belty, Donald R*
H-47
Waters, Leland R,
M-55
9/7/18
Wendell, Lay A.
11-25
Waters, Philip L,
H-39
4/20/18
Wendler, Kenneth S,
K-77
Watkins, Dudley W.
H-18
11/10/17
. enz 1 au , Char 1 e s II ,
H-31
Batkins, F, 0,
II- 9
9/8/17
or noth, Louis S,
H-2 8
Watson, Frank H.
K-74
1/11/19
West, Roman S.
H-28
Watson, Frederick F*T
•H-38
4/13/18
West, Stewart W.
M-45
, at son, Harry B.
M-56
9/14/18
Westby, Louis I*
H-40
Watson, Hugh
H-30
2/16/18
Westcott, Leo 3*
M-44
Watson, IRa G,
K-77
2/1/19
.©sterhaus, Luther 17*
H-30
Watson, Ralph
H-30
4/20/18
Weyerhauser, F*
H-5
Waver , Edward K,
W ebb , Henry W,
M-45
6/22/18
Whalley, Wan Delos
H-l 2
H-30
2/16/18
?Iheatley, Paul V.
M-57
Webb, Sigel G,
H-31
2/23/18
.heeler , Commodore P.
K-7S
Total to bottom of this sheet - 2871
Graduating
Date
8/24/18
4/27/18
1/26/18
11/17/17
10/19/18
6/29/18
9/8/17
7/14/17
4/27/18
4/20/18
12/22/17
12/22/17
3/16/18
9/28/18
2/16/18
11/24/17
12/21/18
12/15/17
6/1/18
11/24/17
6/15/18
7/6/18
1/12/18
2/1/19
2/23/18
2/2/13
2/2/18
6/22/18
4/27/18
6/15/18
2/16/18
8/11/17
9/29/17
9/21/18
1/25/19
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Appendix ^ , Wh-Wi
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley,
Name
Sqdn.No,
Graduating
Date
Name
Cqdn.No •
Gradual i:
Date
Wheeler, Howard T,
H-23
12/15/17
Wild©, Arthur W*
M-51
8/3/18
Wheeler , Mark S.
M-51
8/3/18
iley, Clarence D,
H-33
3/9/18
Wheeler, Oliver P,
H-33
3/9/18
Wiley, Dana
H-39
4/20/18
TEieeler , .illiam L*
M-44
6/15/18
Wiley, Esmond F.
1 1-3 5
3/2 3/18
Hheeler, Gilliam S,
.1-56
9/14/18
Wilke, Royal G,
II- 2 4
12/22/17
Wheless, .illiam M*
H-28
2/2/18
Wilkes on, Livingston E
.H-34
3/1 6/18
Hielihan, John F, Jr,
H-31
2/23/18
Wilkie, Donald W,
-.1-54
8/31/18
..'hit©, Abraham E.,
M— 62
10/26/18
Wilkins, Glenn B,
H-l 7
11/3/17
Elite, Azmon D.
M-48
7/13/18
Wilkins, Leslie T,
1—66
11/23/18
Thito, Charles D.
M-44
6/15/18
.Elkins, Paul C,
H-30
2/16/18
vJliite , Daryl E,
H-12
9/29/17
Wilkinson, John A*
H-28
2/2/18
Ghite, David L,
1.1—61
10/19/18
Will, Edward C.
M-53
8/24/18
Elite, Francis P,
K-74
1/11/19
Willard, D, W.
H-9
9/8/17
Eiito, George L»
H-38
4/13/18
' illiam, Lawrence J,
:. i—50
7/27/18
1 .hit e , liar old C •
H-28
2/2/18
. illiams, Alfred G, Jr
. H-25
1/12/18
’.Elite, Roy V.,
H-ll
9/22/17
Wiliams, Alfred L,
-31
2/23/18
Elite , William E,
M-65
11/16/18
Williams, Edward L.
H-3
7/28/17
'.'Elite, William J,
L-42
5/25/18
'illiams, Ernest E«
H-41
5/11/18
Whitehead , Fred E.,
1-40
5/4/18
.illiams, Glenn B*
H-31
2/23/18
Eiitelaw, ^ames C .
H-39
4/20/18
illiams, Hersohell 0,
H-18
11/10/17
Whiteside, Robert B.
H-30
2/16/18
Williams, Hugh J.
M -66
11/23/18
Exiting, Frederick C,
II— 60
10/12/18
illiams, Isaac J,
H-22
12/8/17
Ehitney, Chauncey B.
M-57
9/2 1/18
illiams, Joseph
M-53
8/24/18
Whitney, Vinal I.
1:1-62
10/26/18
illiams, Paul
M-48
7/13/18
.hittemore, uobie E,
M-55
9/7/13
Williams, Paul D,
H-30
2/1 6/18
Whitten, Lester C,
M-55
9/7/18
Williams, Paul L.
H-23
12/15/17
,'i chart, William F,
H-l
7/14/17
W ill isms , Phil ip
H-31
2/2 3/18
Tidenham, John M.
H-37
4/6/18
..illiams, Rex W*
I >54
8/31/18
Wiegnan, John P,
H-32
3/2/18
illiams, Teel
M-55
9/7/18
.1 ©man, Elton E,
M-53
8/24/18
illiams, W* A.
H-5
8/11/17
Wieslander, Leslie R,
H-33
3/9/18
Williams, Walden R«
K-69
11/30/18
ightman, . lor nan H.
H-31
2/2 3/18
.illiams, Garren L«
11-36
3/30/18
Hour, Clifford H,
1-40
5/4/13
Gilliams, illiam G.
M— 46
6/29/18
Wilbur, Lewis
H-74
12/14/18
.illiams, illiam P*
H-34
3/16/18
Wilcox, Claud© V.
M- 45
S/22/l8
'..illiams, . illiam W»
M-55
9/7/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 2941
:
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Wi-Wy
Appendix .
Graduates - School of military Aeronautics - Berkeley,
Name
Sqdn.Ho.
Graduating
Date
Ham©
Sqdn.Ho,
Graduating
Date
1'illiams on, Harlan A.
H-36
3/30/18
Wi shard, Leslie W«
H-10
9/15/17
W ill its, Emory E.
K-72
12/21/18
Witbeck, Robert R.
H-35
3/23/18
Fills on, Raymond A,
K-77
2/1/19
Witmer, Joseph P.
K-76
1/25/19
Wilmeth, Elmer L.
M-55
9/7/18
Witt, Joseph B.
H-37
4/6/18
Wilsford, Thomas F.
M-64
11/9/18
Wixcey, Earl
M-58
9/28/18
Wilson, Arthur fl.
M-56
9/14/18
W ohl er , Chester B .
II— 19
11/17/17
Wilson, Billy
M-45
6/22/18
Wpitishek, Alfred J.
M-64
11/9/18
.ilson, Edward E.
H-37
4/6/18
.oitishek, Louis A,
H-2
7/21/17
Wilson, Floyd A.
H-29
2/9/18
Wolf, John E,
H-33
3/9/18
ills on, F. G.
H-4
8/4/17
Wolfe, Everett L*
H-38
4/13/18
Wilson, Gordon
1.1-58
9/28/18
Wolfe, Kenneth B«
H-35
3/23/18
Wilson, Harold T,
M-52a
8/17/18
Wolff, Herman F*
M— 56
9/14/18
ilson, James E.
Li-42
6/1/18
' bod, -.lb in F*
K-75
1/18/19
Wilson, James R,
M-60
10/12/18
I .ood, Ben j amin H *
L-68
11/3 0/18
ilson, Joseph S.
M-62
10/26/18
I ood, Edward H,
H-7
8/25/17
'ilson, Maurice W*
H-31
2/23/18
Wood, Harry L,
M-62
.10/26/18
'ilson, Meredith L.
M-52&
8/17/18
Wood, Lester S.
H-37
4/6/18
Wilson, William A,
L-88
11/30/18
Wood, Walter J*
1-40
5/4./I8
. ilson, William G.
M-45
6/22/18
Woodman, Cony U»
H-7
8/26/17
Wilson, ¥• S*
H-l
7/14/17
Woodward, Ross E.
LI- 53
8/24/18
Wincote, Charles B.
H-31
2/23/18
Woolley, E ouglas F »
M-44
6/15/18
Wine, Edward A,
H-3Q
2/l 6/18
Woolston, Fletcher S*
M-55
9/7/18
Wing, Hugh A,
M-63
8/24/18
Worsham, George A.
H-32
3/2/18
Wing, Leo
H-28
2/2/18
Wot ton, Thomas A.
H-6
8/18/17
Wing, Leon ... Jr.
M-56
9/14/18
Wright, Arthur W,
M-50
7/27/18
Wing, Lester L.
M-54
8/31/18
right. Fay L.
H-40
4/27/18
.inner, William L,
H-36
3/30/18
. right, Harold 11.
K-76
1/25/19
Winning, Samuel E,
LI-53
8/24/18
Fright, Percy C,
K-77
2/1/19
inslow, K.
H-9
9/8/17
.right, William E.
H-l
7/14/17
Winter, Henry E*
II- 40
4/27/18
Wright, William M*
H-34
3/1 6/18
Tire, ^arold G,
K-76
1/25/19
riston, Roscoe C,
H-31
2/23/18
Wirt, Harry H.
H-34
3/16/18
Wuenker, Ralph F«
H-30
2/16/13
Wirz, alter
H-25
1/12/18
Wulfelcuhler , Irving W,
, M-60
10/12/18
wisdom, Everett S.
M— 43
6/3/18
.yckoff, Harry W,
H-19
11/17/17
Wise, Andrew B.
M-45
6/22/18
"lie, John
H-34
3/1 6/18
Total to bottom of this sheet - 3011
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Appendix .
Graduates - School of Military Aeronautics - Berkeley,
Name
Wyman, Sprague B,
Wymer , Harold J .
Yerkes, William D«
Young, Ernest E,
Young, Fred
Young, George E.
Young, Gerald C,
Young, Harry H,
Young, John H.
Young, Otis G, Jr,
Young, Thomas A,
Youngs, Grover A.,
Zacher, Edwin F,
Zander, William E.
Zane, Robert T,
Zant, Lawrence H.
Zaugg, Feliz R,
Ziebur, &ax C,
Ziesmer, George F«
Zimmerman, Earl H.
Zumwinlcel, Otto H,
Sqdn.Ho, Graduating
Date
H-14
10/13/17
M-66
11/23/18
H-37
4/6/18
M-44
6/15/18
H-38
4/13/18
H-31
2/2 3/18
M-46
6/29/18
: -53
C/24/13
M-46
6/29/18
M-59
10/5/18
M-49
7/20/18
Ii-23
2/2/18
II- 21
12/1/17
H-31
2/2 3/18
H-29
2/9/18
M-65
11/16/18
M-54
8/31/18
H-18
11/10/17
H-23
12/15/17
H-33
3/9/18
M-56
9/14/18
TOTAL 3032
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APPENDIX
L3
Contains the following:
Discharge Rules Under Pihich The School Operated
(Also see Appendix F7)
Memorandum No* 232 (2 pages)
Memorandum No* 2S5 (2 pages)
■ tpOiio ' ...
.T',' ' ' : - ■ •’ ".A.;
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Cadet Cores
Appendix
WAR DEPARTMFJTT
H-g
Office of the Chief Signal Officer,
V, ashing toil.
Ho. 232 20 _J£ SCHOOLS;
Octobei* 30, 1917.
1* The following rules govern discharges of candidates’ from the Schools
of Military ..eronauties. They supersede all prior memoranda;
{a} A student may he discharged at any tune during Ms course
of training hy reason of failure to pass tests or examinations?
hy giving evidence to his Commanding Officer that he is unfitted
mentally, morally or physically for the duties of a flying officer?
or for any other reason which, in the opinion of the framing Board
subject to such approval as is necessary, renders his services no
longer required.
( b) Ho candidate will he sent to a flying school who has not
passed all final examinations in the Ground School, and candidates
who fail but have excellent records for conduct and diligence may,
at the option of the Coiman&ant, be permitted to repeat examinations.
Those who fail to pass or vdiose record for conduct and. diligence is
not creditable will he recommended for discharge.
(c) The Bxaming Board, when dealing with recommendations for discharge,
shall consist of the Commandant and at least on© other commissioned
officer. In cases where an inquiry into the physical condition of a
candidate is necessary, the Board shall consist of the officers above
specified and one medical officer in addition thereto. This Board
will summon candidates proposed for discharge. The senior member
will explain to the candidate the charges, as, for example: failure
in military studies, unmilitary conduct, indifference, inefficiency,
etc. The candidate will have the opportunity to reply. His reply
will he noted in the proceedings of the Board, together with the
comments of the Examining Board thereon, and will be forwarded to
this office as a part of its record. This record should also con-
tain a statement from the candidate of the place where lie was
examined upon his application for admission to the school.
(d) Commandants will discharge students immediately upon recommenda-
tion of the Board of Examiners and will furnish the candidate with
his discharge x>apers. Where the discharge is given for the reason that
the man has proven himself unfitted mentally or otherwise for the
duties of a flying officer, he will be given an honorable discharge
for the reason that his services are no longer required.
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Appendix;
(e) Report of tills action should be wired 1 mediately to this
office. Full report to this office should follow giving a full
statement of the case and the reasons why the discharge was
recommended. This report should be attested 'by the Adjutant.
The letter will give the entire record of the man discharged,
including his marks in all subjects, and in conduct and efficiency
during his entire stay at the School up to the time the the Board
recommended him for discharge. The letter will quote the entire
proceedings of the Board with regard to the discharge and will
state whether the vote was unanimous or not. This report will
oe made in duplicate.
(f) In addition to this, a report indicating the ground for dis-
charge should be made by letter through military channels, to the
Adjutant General of the Army. This letter should be a separate
communication from the reports made to this office and need not be
made through this office. Blame forms which may be used for this
purpose are being prepared by this office and a supply will be sent
as soon as available.
(g) in all cases in which the candidate has claimed exemption
from the draft, the Commandant should notify the local Board of
the candidate, and the Adjutant General of the State in which said
Board is situated, of the discharge.
2* lour attention is called to the provisions of Special Regulations
Ho* 49, revised August 15, 1917, which prescribes the general rules applicable
to discharged from all training camps.
By direction of the Acting Chief Signal Officers
Hiram Bingham*
It. Col., Signal Corps.
A true copy.
(Signed} John E. Alden,
Captain a.o*, b.C«, U.S.Ii*
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WAR DEPARTMENT
Office of the Chief Signal Officer,
Washington.
April 3, 1918.
MEMORANDUM NO. 295 FOR ALL SCHOOLS : (Supplementing Memo. 232) .
DISCHARGE RULES .
1. A cadet is liable to demotion under the following conditions: (Exception Par. 8)
(a) Two failures in one week
(b) One failure and two marks (60-65) in one week
(c) Failure in any final examination
(d) Two consecutive failures in the same subject.
2. Failures and low marks except as mentioned above and in paragraph 4, should
not be considered cause for demotion or discharge.
3. A cadet should be demoted the first time he is liable to demotion and should
be discharged the second time.
4. Exceptions to paragraphs 2 and 3 above may be made at the discretion of the
Examining Board for extraordinary reasons, (memo ^232, Oct. 30, 1917). In
such cases, a special report shall be furnished this office under the heading
"Remarks" of the Board Proceedings.
5. A cadet may be discharged at the direction of the Examining Board as hereto-
fore if he is evidently unfitted to be made an officer (memo .=$232 ) -
6. Failure in Efficiency should count as failure in one subject with x'espect to
demotion and discharge.
7. A cadet's mark in Efficiency shall be determined each week by a Board appointed
by the Commandant. It shall be based on weekly reports from the Cadet's instruc-
tors, etc., and shall represent their estimate of the cadet's fitness as an
officer as shown, by his spirit and military bearing both on and off duty. Account
is to be taken of the cadet's alertness, initiative and per serve ranee. His ability
to command a unit in the drill shall be especially noted. In determining the
mark in Efficiency, a cadet's record in technical subjects and in theoretical
military subjects is to be disregarded.
8. Hereafter failure in Signalling prior to the end of the coarse shall have no
effect on the demotion or discharge of cadets. At the end of the course, a cadet
failing in Signalling, but in other respects desirable officer material shall be
retained at the School for one week and given intensive work in Signalling. For
this purpose no special classes need be formed but the cadet should be required
Air Division
Training Section
Schools Section
14th & Park Road.
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to attend classes already in operation in order to avoid putting an extra burden
on the instructors in Signalling. If, at the end of this extra week, the cadet's
■work is still unsatisfactory, he should be discharged. It is assumed that a
cadet has been faithful in his practice. If a cadet shirks his work, he should
be demoted or discharged as heretofore.
By direction of the Chief Signal Officer.
Geo. A. Washington.
Captain, Signal Corps
CIO, Schools Branch, Training Section,
A true copy:
(signed) J. M. Van Dyke,
First Lieut. Sig. R. C., A. S.
r.'V-. nn.\.jc:s: bicvB o,/ •: ns .t. r-.n xii ss>ssi:Xo hnnecs) cJt
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APPENDIX IA
Contains the following;
Disease Chart- School of Ililitary Aeronautics
Berkeley, California*
(6 pages)
V
::i . -,h; ■ : '
:
* ;
i . • ."f }-■ ?
. ■ • .
APPENDIX
Office of the Poet Surgeon
SCHOOL OP MILITARY AERONAUTICS,
Berkeley, California.
DISEASE CHu-RT
WEEK
July 7, 1917
to
My I?. 19H.
( MEN II
( SCHOOL
(_
( ADMITTED )
( QUARTERS )
( )
ADMITTED ] PREVAILING DISEASES WITH
HOSPITAL NUMBER OP EACH
( 211 (
)
Measles .... 1
—i —
1 } Measles ...» 1
3
\
July 14, 1917
to
My 3Q„ 1917-
! 226 l
July 21, 1917
to
July 27, 1917
213
July 26, 1917
to
August 3, 19 1 7
209
10
August 4, 1917
to
August 10, 1917
2 ) Measles .... 1 Tonsilitis 1
)
)
) Pleurisy ... 1
) Rubella .... 1 Rhinitis ..... 2
) Catarrh . . 4 Mental collapse 1
Diarrhea ... 1
1 — —
) Indigestion • » . • • 1
August 11, 1917
to
August 17, 1917
Augu >t 18, 1917
to
August 24, 1317
( 2X92 (
211
15, 1917 |
August
to
August 31, 1917
204
13
} Rhinitis .... S Malaria ... 2
) Vaccinia . » » • 2 Catarrh * • « 1
1 Rhinitis ...» 7 Malaise .«» 2
) Vaccinia .... 1
September 1, 1917 (215
to (
September 7, 19,17 (
17
September 8, 1917 (263
to (
September 14, 1917(
September 15, 19lf( 241
to (
September 21, 1917 (
IT
(
4 )
Rhinitis ..... 2 Gastritis
) Indigestion ,»»* 1
September 22,
to (
September 28, 1917(
1917(261 (
(
))
Vaccinia .... 2 Rhinitis
Indigestion .. 1
September 29, 1917(262
to (
QoMor 5, 1917 (
11 )
) Rhinitis ... 3 Malaise ...» 3
) Bronchitis . 1 Indigestion 1
) — _
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WEEK
X
( (
MON IN ( ADMITTED / ADMITTED
SCHOOL I QUARTERS [ HQPITAL
PREVAIL INC D IS EASES
WITH BOMBER OF EACH
October 6, 1917 ^ ( 291 (
to ( (
October 12, 1917 (
4> (
Vaccinia . ... 1
October 13, 1917
to
October 19, 1917
( 265 (
( (
( (
12 (
Vaccinia .... 4 Bronchitis., 1
Pharyngitis 1 Rhinitis ••• 1
309 y
October 20, 193»7
to
October 26, 1917
12
4-
Rhinitis .... 3 Neurasthenia 1
Malaise ..... 1 Vaccinia .... 1
October 27, 1917
to
November 2, 1917
( 329 (
( # (
( (Deaths
Dermatitis .*1 Rhinitis ••• 1
Vaccinia .... 1
November 3, 1917,
to
November 9, 1917
[ 361~T
- pneumonia,—- 2) ^
7 (
(
(
T
4 ( Bronchitis 3
( Rhinitis .... 1
( Vaccinia .... 1
Pharyngitis 2
Malaise .... 1
November 10, 1917
to
Rentier 16, 1917
367
(
16
(
(Deaths --
5
pneumonia.
7
- 1
) (
Conjunctivitis 9
Measles ...... 2
Malaise ...... 1
Tonsilitis. .. 3
Bronshiti ; .. 2
November 17, 1917 ( 3V1 (
to ( (
November 23, 1917 ( (
12 (
(
Bronchitis ... 6
Rhinitis ..... 2
Conjunctivitis 1
Malaise ..... 3
Appendicitis 1
Neur as thenia 1
November 24, 1917
to
November 50, 1917
431
4 ( Bronchitis ... 3
( Gastritis «... 1
Parotiditis
December 1, 1917 j 464
to /
December 7, 1917 j
10
4 | Bronchitis ... 5 Conjunctivitis 3
; Measles ...... 1 Rhini tis ..... 1
X
December 8, ^917 ( 510 (
to i (
December 14,19cb7 ( (
14 (
5 ( Conjuncti^L tis 5
( Bronchitis .. 2
December 15, 1917
(
504 (
7 (
3
(
Bronchitis ...
3
to
(
(
(
(
Conjunctivitis
.. 2
December 21, 1917
(
(
(
(
December 22, 1917
(
503 (
(
2
(
Bronchitis •»*
1 Measles •«« 1
to
(
(
(
(
December 28, 1917
(
(
(
m
(
December 29, 1917
(
509 (
a (
2
(
Bronchitis «...
1 Dermatitis 1
to
(
(
(
(
January 4, 1918
(
(
(
(
January 5, 1918
to
(
(
528 (
(
(
9 (
(
(
7
(
(
(
'RrrmcVh 1 tl n ....
• 2
Conjunctivitis
• * • • ^
January 11, 1918
(
January 12, 1918
(
565 (
1 (
6
(
Bronchitis ....
5 Measles ... ,
to
(
(
(
l
January 18, 1918
(
l
(
(
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(MEN IN ( ADMITTED ( ADMITTED ( PREVAILING DISEASES
,.:;EK (SCHORL ( QUARTERS ( HOSPITAL ( YflTII NUI'B'ER OF EACH
- r r (
January 19, 1918( 723 ( 9 ( 16 ( Pharyngitis 6 Vaccinia 5
to ( ( ( ( Bronchitis 3 Conjuncti-
J antiary 2 5, 1?1S(( ( { ( vitis _3
January 26, 1918 ( 755
to
F e au ary 1 , 1918
15
(
25
/ Bronchitis
/ Tons! litis
^ Vaccinia
7 Conjunctivitis 6
5 Me ales 3
3 Pharyngitis 2
February 2,1918 ( 726 ( 15
to ( (
February 3, 1918 ( (
February 7." "l*9l’G ("”701 X”
to (
February 15 , 1918 (
T2~~~r
u
( Pharyngitis 4 Conjunctivitis 4
( Bronchitis 3
(
^ Pharyngitis 6 Conjunctivitis 4
^ Tonsilitis 2
Feb. 16, 1918
to
Feb. 22, 1918
( 644 (
12
25 ( Measles 8 Conjunctivitis 6
( Pharyngitis 6
(
Feb. 25, 1918
to
March 1, 1918
( 643 (
(
March 2, 1918 ( 664
to (
March 8, 1918
18
( 13
( 15
Measles
2 Tonsillitis
( Pharyngitis 6 Conjunctivitis 2
(
(
(Conjunctivitis 6 Malaise 2
(pharyngitis 5 Tonsillitis 3
March 9, 1913
to
March 15, 1918
( £67
(
(
March 17, 1913
to
March 22, 1313
( 670 (
f (
14
17
( 11
(Pharyngitis 10 Tonsillitis
(Conjunctivitis 3 Parotiditis
2
4
2
(Constipation
(Pharyngitis
^Measles
8 Conjunctivitis 6
1 Tonsillitis 1
March 23, 1918
to
March 29, 1913 (
March 30, 1918
to
April 5, 1918
( 670 (
( (
(
19
19
(Pharyngitis 19 Conjunctivitis 6
(Bronchitis 1 Measles 1
(
( 642
(
(
14
( 19
(
(
(Pharyngitis 19 Conjunctivitis 4
(Bronchitis 1 Parotiditis 1
April 6, 1918
to
April 12, 1918
( 620 (
( (
24
( 14
( Death s-pnoufto ni a — 1 (
(Pharyngitis 16 Conjunctivitis 2
(Vaccinia 1 Measles 1
Mil 13, 1918
to
April 19, 191 J
( 594
(
j
19
j
23
( Parotiditis 11 Pharyngitis
(Conjunctivitis 3 Tonsillitis
(Diarrhea 2 Measles
9
2
1
April 20, 1918
( 574
(
2
(
14
(Parotiditis 5 Phar ngitis
3
to
(
(
(
(Conjunctivitis 2 Bronchitis
1
April 26, 1918
(
(
(
( 'eningitis 1 Scarlet fever
1
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( ADMITTED ( ADMIT
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t ~r — "
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TAL
( PREVAILING DIS ASES
( PITH NUMBER OF Eb.CH
’(" Parotiditis 2 Hmryng It i s 1
1918 to
\ 545
(
1
(
8
( Bronchitis
1
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1
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(
(
( Sc are it fever
1
Measles I
L
May A, 1918
( 516
(
(
13
( Parotiditis
7
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1
to
(
(
(
( Measles
1
Malaise
1
May 10, 1918
(
(
(
( Vaccinia
1
Hay 11, 1913
( 564
(
3
(
10
( Parotiditis
2
Conjunctivitis
2
to
(
\
(
(
( Gastritis
1
Phimosis
1
May 17, 1918
(
(
(
( Malaise
1
Vaccinia
1
May 13, 1918
( 633
(
7
(
24
( Conjunctivitis 9
Influenza
6
to
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